Adams, John Quincy:In presidential election of 1824-5,59-61;makes Clay secretary of state,61;and is assailed therefor,62;outlines Whig policy in his inaugural,63;on the Panama mission,64;in election of 1828,69;preserves purity of civil service,81;on recognition of Texas,180;"Albany Regency," the, adopts "spoils system,"81;Arnold, Benedict:compared with Burr and J. Davis,163.Atchison, protests against admission of California,338.Benton, town of, founded,25.Benton, Thomas Hart:—local character of his statesmanship,13;birth,23;boyhood and education,24et seq.;religious training,26;fights a duel,27;affray with Jackson,28;admitted to the bar,29;in legislature of Tennessee,29;on the Hartford Convention,31;a slave-holder,31;favors war of 1812,32, in service,32; befriends Jackson,32;associations in Tennessee,33et seq.;some traits of character,34;settles in Missouri,35;surroundings and influences there,40;speech on treaty with Spain concerning Florida,41;first position concerning slavery,43;enters U. S. Senate,44;honorable financial sacrifice,45;position on the Oregon question,50-53,65,263-270,273-279,281-289;bill to establish a trading road through Missouri,53;on the removal of the Indians,55;votes for Clay's protective tariff bill,58;opposes internal improvements and Cumberland Road bill,58;condemns election of John Q. Adams to Presidency,60;supports Clay, then Jackson,61;will not join outcry against Adams and Clay,61;a leader of the opposition to Adams in the Senate,63;represents ultra-Southern feeling concerning revoltedSpanish colonies,65;vote on the protective tariff of 1828,66,91,102;efforts concerning disposal of public land,68,77,149,154,217;hostility to the Northeastern States,76;in the Webster-Hayne debate,78;opposes Jackson's "spoils system,"79-85;leader of the Jacksonians in the Senate,85,86;shows that protective tariff has not helped the West,91;urges repeal of the tax on salt,92,227;vigorously sustains Jackson in the nullification troubles,100-105;sustains the Force bill,105;opposes Clay's compromise measure,107-109;remarks on his position at this period,112;campaign against the Bank of the United States,114,130,136,143;speech on the currency,122,136-138,253;conflict with Clay,129;on the removal of the deposits,131;opposes the resolution of censure against Jackson,133;and pushes through his own expunging resolution,134-136,139-142;advocates establishment of mints at the South,144;opposes distribution of surplus,145,149;wishes it used for fortifications,146,150-153;advocates insisting on our claims against France,147;but opposes paying claims of American citizens,148;opposes the so-called specie circulars,154;views concerning Southern slavery politicians,162;opposed to the Abolitionists,165;criticises Calhoun,167,168;aids to defeat bill prohibiting circulation of abolitiondocuments through U. S. mails,169;carries bill extending boundaries of Missouri,170;urges admission of Michigan,171;carries through treaty with Cherokees,171;defends governmental treatment of Indians,172;condemns treaty establishing Southwestern boundary,175;position concerning annexation of Texas,180-183;hostility to separatist doctrines,188;blames bankers and politicians for financial crisis of 1837,190,194;his forebodings of this trouble,191-193;demeanor in the crisis,197;supports issue of Treasury notes,198;opposes payment of further installment of surplus,199;supports scheme for independent Treasury,200,207;action concerning resumption by bonds,203;a supporter of the administration in these times,263;his knowledge,204;hostile to paper currency,206;defends administration in matters of Seminole war,212;theory for conducting this war,215;advocates; homestead law,217;opposes assumption of State debts by national government,220;explains greater rapidity of progress at North than at South,222;on the tariff of 1833,224-230;defends Jackson and Van Buren against charges of squandering public moneys,230;in the Harrison campaign,233;holds the Democrats for the Union,234;feeling concerning slavery about Van Buren's time,235;leads the Democrats in struggle between President Tyler and Clay,240-244;exalts the "Democratic idea,"241;comments on Tyler's first message to Congress,245;opposes sub-Treasury bill,246;also the bank, distribution and bankruptcy bills,246-249;opposes the hour limit for speeches in the Senate,250-252;speech concerning the district banks and the currency,253;opposes effort to establish a national bank during Tyler'sadministration,255-258;opposes new form of Treasury notes,258;opposes subsidizing steamship lines,258;also the abuse of the pension system,258;always an advocate of extending the national boundaries,263,267;opposes the Ashburton treaty,269,273-279;remarks concerning the Caroline imbroglio,270;opposes making an efficient navy,272;references to slavery in speeches on the Ashburton treaty,274,280;on the Oregon question,281-289;position concerning annexation of Texas in time of Polk,299-317;opposes the South,301;opposes Calhoun's treaty,306-310;hoodwinked by the annexationists,313;attacks Calhoun and opposes the Mexican war,315;offered the command of the army,318;awakes to importance of slavery question,318;his later position concerning it,320,333-336;contests with pro-slavery Senators,322,323;opposes Calhoun as to power of Congress over slavery in territories,323-327;and as to admission of Oregon,328;criticises Polk's administration,328;visits New York in presidential campaign in 1848,329;defends Taylor's message,331;opposes Clay's compromise,332,333-336;more antagonism towards Calhoun,333;position on the Wilmot Proviso,336;advocates admission of California as a Free State,337;refuses to support Fugitive Slave Act,339;nickname of "Old Bullion,"342;opposition to him in Missouri,342;defeated,343;goes to House of Representatives,343;begins work on the "Thirty Years' View,"344;supports Pierce for Presidency,344;but later goes into opposition,345;supports scheme for Pacific Railroad,346;discusses the Indian policy,347;speeches on land-bounty and pension bills,348;opposes Kansas-Nebraska bill,349-352;discusses historically the Missouri Compromise,349;ridicules squatter sovereignty,350;opposes the Gladstone treaty,352;view of Southern disunion scheme,352;again defeated in Missouri elections,353;returns to labor on "Thirty Years' View,"354;votes for Buchanan,354;candidate for governorship,354;stumps the State,354;respected at the North,355;prepares his "Abridgment of the Debates of Congress,"356;death,356;value of his works357;criticism of the Dred Scott case,358;and of the new Democratic theories,358;domestic relations,360;extensive knowledge,360;on board the Princeton at time of explosion of great gun,361;generous temper,362.Biddle, Nicholas:president of Bank of United States,116;his errors,124;his bank goes to pieces,208.Birney, James G.:abolitionist candidate for Presidency,291,292;folly of nominating him,293,294,310.Blair, Francis C., displaced,317.Buchanan, James:on annexation of Texas,310;Benton votes for him,354.Burr, Aaron:introduces "spoils system" in New York,81;compared with Benedict Arnold,163.Calhoun, John C.:rupture with Jackson, resignation from Vice-Presidency,86;position concerning tariff in 1816,89;position as a nullifier,96;introduces nullification resolutions,103;threatened with hanging,104;arranges compromise with Clay,106;subsequent quarrel with Clay concerning this,110;his purposes at this time,111;assails Jackson,132;opposes Webster's bill for rechartering bank,133;on the expunging resolution,141;proposes constitutional amendment for distribution of Treasurysurplus,144;opposes appropriating Treasury surplus for fortifications,146;attack on President Pierce,166;his honesty,168;on admission of Texas,180;in connection with trouble with Mexico,260;on the Oregon question,285;instrumental in election of Polk,292;letter to Lord Aberdeen,300;assailed by Benton as to annexation of Texas,307,309;action as to legislation about Texas,313;relations as to Mexican war,314;and the Wilmot Proviso,323;resolution as to power of Congress over slavery in the territories,323-326;not a "Union man,"326;on the admission of Oregon,326,327,328;dislikes Taylor's message to Congress,331.California, admission of,337.Caroline, affair of the,270.Cartwright, Peter,33.Cass, Lewis: nominated for Presidency,329.Cherokees, treaty for their removal,171.Clay, Henry:introduces his first tariff bill,58;secretary of state under Adams,61;assailed therefor, and fights Randolph,62;devises the Panama mission,63;leader of National Republican or Whig party,86;defies "the South, the President, and the devil,"90;erroneous statement as to effect of tariff in the West,91;angers the nullifiers,99;defeated in presidential election in 1832,100;alarmed at position of Calhoun,106;and prepares compromise,106;afterward quarrels about it with Calhoun,110;befriends Bank of the United States,124,127,129;effect on his political fortunes,125;introduces resolution for return of deposits,131;also for censuring President Jackson,132;opposes Webster's bill for rechartering Bank,136;on the expunging resolution,141;opposes establishment of mints at the South,144;also appropriating surplus for fortifications,146;in financial crisis of 1837,200;on the sub-Treasury bill,201,205;on resumption,202,203;opposes payment of state debts by national government,221;prepares financial measures upon Tyler's accession,240,244;construction of a presidential election,241;programme for legislation under Tyler,245;attempts to introduce hour-limits for speeches in Senate,250-252;lectures Tyler in the Bank debate,256;defeated by Polk,290;causes thereof,310;attacks Taylor's message to Congress,331;proposes compromise of slavery controversy,331;defeated by Benton,336;compared with Benton,339.Crawford, William H.:adopts the "spoils system,"80;Crockett, David,27,33;berates Jackson,113.Cumberland Road, Benton votes against bill for,58.Davis, Jefferson:compared with Benedict Arnold,163;a repudiator,220;and Calhoun's resolution as to slavery in the territories,325;protests against admission of California,338.Drayton, family, loyalty of the family in South Carolina,96.Florida, the treaty securing it to the United States,41.Foote, Senator from Mississippi, opposition to his public land schemeby Benton and Webster,77.Fremont, John C.:explores Rocky Mountains,283;Benton will not vote for,354;Benton's interest in his explorations,363.Giddings, Joshua R., sound policy of,294.Harrison, Wm. Henry:election not affected by slavery question,235;death and character,237.Hartford Convention, criticised by Benton,31,78;causes of,49.Houston, Samuel,34:wins victory of San Jacinto,180;hates Van Buren,188; description of,327;votes to admit California,338.Indian tribes, Benton on the removal of,55;criticism on treatment of,57,172,347;removal of Cherokees in 1836,171.Jackson, Andrew:affray with Benton,28;befriended by Benton at Washington,32;in presidential election of 1824,29,60;incensed against Adams and Clay,61;success in election of 1828,59;character of his following,71,74,75;his opponents,72;his victory compared with Jefferson's,73;compared with Wellington,73;foster-father of the "spoils system,"79,82;inferior character of his cabinet,86;relations of his followers with those of Clay and Calhoun,86;struggles with the Bank and the nullifiers,88;expected to support nullification,96;but does not,97;repudiates Calhoun and adopts Van Buren,97;at the Jefferson birthday banquet,98;again defines his position,99;signs new tariff bill,99;reelected in 1832,100;issues proclamation against nullification,101;special message on nullification,102;opinion on tariff,102;threatens to hang Calhoun,104;signs "Force Bill," also Clay's compromise bill,108;behaves badly in case of Georgia,112;attack on U. S. Bank,114et seq.;reasons of his political success,116;opposes re-charter of Bank in message of 1829,117;vetoes bill for re-charter,127;reelected,130;removes the deposits,130;protests against Clay's resolution of censure,133;continued assaults on the Bank,139;gives a dinner to the expungers,141;signs bill for distributing Treasury surplus,153;issues Treasury order concerning payments for public lands,155;Kitchen Cabinet and "machine politics,"184,185;liking for Van Buren,186;his nationalism,234;praised by Benton for hanging Arbuthnot and Ambrister,272;favors annexation of Texas,298;and Van Buren,299.Jefferson, Thomas:character of his following,70,71;his victory compared with Jackson's,73;his pseudo-classicism,92;quoted as authority for nullification,95;celebration of birthday of,97.Lee, Robert E.:military standing of,38.Lincoln, Abraham:services in anti-slavery cause,159.Livingston, Edward:aids in preparing proclamation against nullification,101.Lucas, Benton's duel with,28.Madison, James, quoted,163.Marcy, Wm. L., adopts "spoils system,"81;cringes to the South,108.McDuffie, passage at arms with Benton,304,305;deceives Benton as to taxes,313.McLeod, Alexander, case of,271.Missouri, character of its population,39;admission to the Union,43,47;land titles in,45.Missouri Compromise bill,43;not the beginning of the slavery and anti-slavery divisions in theUnion,48;Benton concerning repeal of,349.Monroe, James, remarks,47,58,59;signs bill for trading road,53.New Orleans, Benton's astonishing description of,93.Oregon, disputed between Great Britain and the United States,50;Benton's remarks concerning,51;comes into notice again in J. Q. Adams's term,65;final settlement of the matter,260-273;neglected in Ashburton treaty,278,and by Calhoun,278,and others,279;Benton's feeling about,281,284;bill for settlement of,284;Calhoun on the admission of,326-328.Panama mission, disputes concerning,63-65.Phillips, Wendell, estimate of,160.Pierce, Franklin, assailed by Calhoun,166;relations with Benton,344,345;a valuation of,345;Benton upon pro-slavery tendencies of,359.Polk, James K., character of his following,234;and the Southwestern boundary,287;elected President,290,310;estimate of,292;deceives Benton as to Texas,313;displaces Blair,317;relations with various portions of Democratic party,317,318.Randolph, John:duel with Clay,62.Rynders, Isaiah, a type,291,292.Seminoles, war with,209-216.Taney, Roger B., removes the deposits,130;afterward made chief justice,131;criticised by Benton for his opinion in Dred Scott case,358.Taylor, Zachary, elected President,329;character,330,337;message to Congress,331;dies,337.Tyler, John, opposes "Force Bill,"105;estimate of, on his accession,237;his political affiliations,238-240;first message to Congress,245;conduct concerning bill for establishing a bank,254-257;his cabinet resigns,257;identifies himself with the separatist Democrats,298;schemes for annexation of Texas,300,306;assailed by Benton,307,309;behavior at time of explosion of gun on board the Princeton,361.Van Buren, Martin, supports Crawford for Presidency in 1824,61;adopts "spoils system,"81;adopted by Jackson as his heir,97;Vice-President,100;product of "machine politics,"184;befriended by Jackson,186;sketch of, and causes of his elevation,186-188;his inaugural,188;financial crisis and his doings therein,189et seq.,194,196,197;financial measures,200;has to deal with the Seminoles,209;public dishonesty under,219;charged with squandering the public money,230;significance of his defeat,234;slavery question did not arise in his administration,235;champion of old-style Union Democrats, and opposed to annexationof Texas,298;candidate for Presidency,299,310;and the Free Soil party,329.War of 1812, a cause of the,7;political influence on Benton,30.Warsaw, social habits of the town,36.Webster, Daniel, position of, concerning Clay's first tariff bill,58;position on the tariff question in 1828,67;in the debate on Foote's resolution concerning sales of public land,77,97;leader of National Republican, or Whig, party,86;aids Jackson in nullification troubles,103,104;advocates the "Force Bill,"105;resolute in opposition to the South,106,107,108;remarks as to his services,111;befriends Bank of United States,124,126,127,129;personal relations with the Jacksonians,131;introduces bill for re-charter of Bank,136;on the expunging resolution,142;supports establishment of mints at the South,144;opposes appropriating Treasury surplus for fortifications,146;in financial crisis of 1837,200;on sub-Treasury scheme,201,205;opposes payment of state debt by national government,221;remains in Tyler's cabinet,257;negotiates treaty with England, settling boundaries between UnitedStates and British possessions,260,262,268;criticised by Benton,273-277,280;neglects Oregon controversy,278;compared with Benton on the slavery question,320,339;compliments Benton's knowledge,360;on friendly terms with Benton,362.Wellington, Duke of, compared with Washington and Jackson,73.Wilmot Proviso, Benton's remarks upon,323,336.Wright, Silas, adopts "spoils system,"81;expresses the "dough face" sentiment at time of nullificationtroubles,107.