"I received your letter and observe what you desire inregard to the French factories and other goods. I addressyou seeing you are a man of wisdom and knowledge, andwell acquainted with the customs and trade of the world;and you must know that the French by the permission andphirmaund[60] of the King[61] have built them several factories,and carried on their trade in this kingdom. I cannottherefore without hurting my character and exposingmyself to trouble hereafter, deliver up their factories andgoods, unless I have a written order from them for so doing,and I am perswaded that from your friendship for me youwould never be glad at anything whereby my fame wouldsuffer; as I on my part am ever desirous of promoting" [yours]."Mr. Renault, the French. Governor being in your power, ifyou could get from him a paper under his own hand andseal to this purpose; 'That of his own will and pleasure, hethereby gave up to the English Company's servants, andempowered them to receive all the factories, money andgoods belonging to the French Company without any hindrancefrom the Nawab's people;' and would send this tome, I should be secured by that from any trouble hereafteron this account. But it is absolutely necessary you cometo some agreement about the King's duties arising from theFrench trade.... I shall then be able to answer to hisservants 'that in order to make good the duties accruingfrom the French trade I had delivered up their factoriesinto the hands of the English.'"[62]
Clive replied on the 8th of April:—
"Now that I have granted terms to Mr. Renault, andthat he is under my protection, it is contrary to our custom,after this, to use violence; and without it how would he everof his own will and pleasure, write to desire you to deliverup his master's property. Weigh the justice of this in yourown mind. Notwithstanding we have reduced the Frenchso low you, contrary to your own interest and the treatyyou have made with us, that my enemies should be yours,you still support and encourage them. But should youthink it would hurt your character to deliver up the Frenchfactories and goods, your Excellency need only signify to meyour approbation and I will march up and take them."[63]
The more we study the records of the time, the more clearly we realize the terrible determination of Clive's character, and we almost feel a kind of pity for the weak creatures who found themselves opposed to him, until we come across incidents like the above, which show the depths of meanness to which they were prepared to descend.
As to Renault's further career little is known, and that little we should be glad to forget. Placed in charge of the French Settlement at Karical, he surrendered, on the 5th of April, 1760, to what was undoubtedly an overwhelming British force, but after so poor a defence that he was brought before a Court Martial and cashiered. It speaks highly for the respect in which he had been held by both nations that none of the various reports and accounts of the siege mention him by name. Even Lally, who hated the French Civilians, though he says he deserved death,[64] only refers to him indirectly as being the same officer of the Company who had surrendered Chandernagore to Clive.
We shall now pass to what went on in Siraj-ud-daula's Court and capital.
[12: Journal of M. d'Albert.]
[13: Evidently the Parish Church of St. Louis. Eyre Coote tells us the French had four guns mounted on its roof.]
[14: In early accounts of India the Muhammadans are always calledMoors; the Hindus,GentoosorGentiles. TheTopasseswere Portuguese half-castes, generally employed, even by native princes, as gunners.]
[15: Captain Broome says there were fifty European ladies in the Fort. The French accounts say they all retired, previous to the siege, to Chinsurah and Serampore.]
[16: Captain, afterwards Sir, Eyre Coote.]
[17: The fullest account is one by Renault, dated October 26, 1758.]
[18: The only one, excepting the battle of Biderra, between the English and Dutch.]
[19: Governor of Pondicherry and President of the Superior Council.]
[20: Eyre Coote, in his "Journal," mentions an old ditch, which surrounded the settlement.]
[21: One hundred toises, or 600 feet; but Eyre Coote says 330 yards, the difference probably due to the measurement excluding or including the outworks.]
[22: Tanks, or artificial ponds, in Bengal are often of great size. I have seen some a quarter of a mile long.]
[23: Letter to M. de Montorcin, Chandernagore, August 1 1756. Signature lost.]
[24: The Nawab, in July, 1756, extorted three lakhs from the French and even more from the Dutch.]
[25:British Museum. Additional MS. 20,914.]
[26: A kind of fibre used in making bags and other coarse materials.]
[27: Surgeon Ives's Journal.]
[28: Letter to De Montorcin.]
[29: Both English and French use this word "inhabitant" to signify any resident who was not official, military, or in the seafaring way.]
[30: This he did through the Armenian Coja Wajid, a wealthy merchant of Hugli, who advised the Nawab on European affairs.Letter from Coja Wajid to Clive, January 17, 1757.]
[31: A French doctor, who has left an account of the Revolutions in Bengal, says there were eight outposts, and that the loss of one would have involved the loss of all the others, as they could be immediately cut off from the Fort, from which they were too distant to be easily reinforced. The doctor does not sign his name, but he was probably one of the six I mentioned above. Their names were Haillet (doctor), La Haye (surgeon-major), Du Cap (second), Du Pré (third), Droguet (fourth), and St. Didier (assistant).]
[32: M. Vernet, the Dutch Chief at Cossimbazar, wrote to the Dutch Director at Chinsurah that he could obtain a copy of this treaty from the Nawab's secretaries, if he wished for it.]
[33: See page 79 (and note).]
[34: See note, p. 89.]
[35: Governor.]
[36: A document authorising the free transit of certain goods, and their exemption from custom dues, in favour of English traders.—Wilson.]
[37: Orme MSS. India XI., p. 2744, No. 71.]
[38: Orme MSS. India XI., p. 2750, No. 83.]
[39: Still visible, I believe, in parts. The gateway certainly exists.]
[40: Mr. Tooke was a Company's servant. He had distinguished himself in the defence of Calcutta in 1756, when he was wounded, and, being taken on board the ships, escaped the dreadful ordeal of the Black Hole.]
[41: Neither of these accounts agree with the Capitulation Returns.]
[42: British Museum. Addl. MS. 20,914.]
[43: Remarks on board His Majesty's shipTyger, March 15th.]
[44: His maternal grandfather was a cousin of Aliverdi Khan.]
[45: Malleson explains this by saying that De Terraneau was employed in the blocking up of the passage, but the story hardly needs contradiction.]
[46: This announcement seems superfluous after fighting had been going on for several days, but it simply shows the friction between the naval and military services.]
[47: Clive's journal for March 16th. Fort St. George, Sel. Com. Cons., 28th April, 1757.]
[48: Eyre Coote's journal.]
[49: The passages interpolated are on the authority of a MS. in the Orme Papers, entitled "News from Bengal."]
[50: Accounts of this detail differ. One says it was stormed on the 21st, but if so the French would have been more on their guard, and would surely have strengthened the second battery in front of the Fort.]
[51: Lime plaster made extremely hard.]
[52: The Emperor at Delhi, who was supposed to be about to invade Bengal.]
[53: Orme MSS. O.V. 32, p. 11.]
[54: Orme MSS. O.V. 32, p. 10.]
[55: Sergeant Nover was pardoned in consideration of previous good conduct.Letter from Clive to Colonel Adlercron, March29, 1757.]
[56: Captain Speke was seriously and his son mortally wounded in the attack on Chandernagore.]
[57: I cannot identify this name in the Capitulation Returns. Possibly he was killed.]
[58: Surgeon Ives says the booty taken was valued at £130,000.]
[59: Orme MSS. India X., p. 2390. Letter of 30th March, 1757.]
[60:Firman, or Imperial Charter.]
[61: The Mogul, Emperor, or King of Delhi, to whom the Bengal Nawabs were nominally tributary.]
[62: Orme MSS. India XI. pp. 2766-7, No. 111.]
[63: Ibid., p. 2768, No. 112.]
[64: Memoirs of Lally. London, 1766.]
A few miles out of Murshidabad, capital of the Nawabs of Bengal since 1704, when Murshid Kuli Khan transferred his residence from Dacca to the ancient town of Muxadabad and renamed it after himself, lay a group of European Factories in the village or suburb of Cossimbazar.[65] Of these, one only, the English, was fortified; the others, i.e. the French and Dutch, were merely large houses lying in enclosures, the walls of which might keep out cattle and wild animals and even thieves, but were useless as fortifications. In 1756 the Chief of the English Factory, as we have already seen, was the Worshipful Mr. William Watts; the Dutch factory was under M. Vernet,[66] and the French under M. Jean Law. The last mentioned was the elder son of William Law, brother of John
MUXADABAD, OR MURSHIDABAD. (After Rennell.)
Law the financier, who settled in France, and placed his sons in the French service. French writers[67] on genealogy have hopelessly mixed up the two brothers, Jean and Jacques François. Both came to India, both distinguished themselves, both rose to the rank of colonel, one by his services to the French East India Company, and one by the usual promotion of an officer in the King's army. The only proof that the elder was the Chief of Cossimbazar is to be found in a few letters, mostly copies, in which his name is given as Jean or John. As a usual rule he signed himself in the French manner by his surname only, or as Law of Lauriston.
His experiences during the four years following the accession of Siraj-ud-daula were painful and exciting, and he has recorded them in a journal or memoir[68] which has never yet been published, but which is of great interest to the student of Indian history. For us it has the added charm of containing a picture of ourselves painted by one who, though a foreigner by education, was enabled by his birth to understand our national peculiarities. In the present chapter I shall limit myself almost entirely to quotations from this memoir.
Law was by no means an admirer of Aliverdi Khan's successor,—
"Siraj-ud-daula, a young man of twenty-four or twenty-five,[69]very common in appearance. Before the death of AliverdiKhan the character of Siraj-ud-daula was reported to be oneof the worst ever known. In fact, he had distinguished himselfnot only by all sorts of debauchery, but by a revoltingcruelty. The Hindu women are accustomed to bathe on thebanks of the Ganges. Siraj-ud-daula, who was informed byhis spies which of them were beautiful, sent his satellites indisguise in little boats to carry them off. He was oftenseen, in the season when the river overflows, causing theferry boats to be upset or sunk in order to have the cruelpleasure of watching the terrified confusion of a hundredpeople at a time, men, women, and children, of whom many,not being able to swim, were sure to perish. When itbecame necessary to get rid of some great lord or minister,Siraj-ud-daula alone appeared in the business, Aliverdi Khanretiring to one of his houses or gardens outside the town, sothat he might not hear the cries of the persons whom he wascausing to be killed."
So bad was the reputation of this young prince, that many persons, among them Mr. Watts, imagined it impossible that the people would ever tolerate his accession. The European nations in Bengal had no regular representatives at the Court of the Nawab; and the Chiefs of the Factories at Cossimbazar, though now and then admitted to theDurbar, transacted their business mainly throughwakils, or native agents, who, of course, had the advantage of knowing the language and, what was of much greater importance, understood all those indirect ways in which in Eastern countries one's own business is forwarded and that of one's rivals thwarted. Then, as now, the difficulty of dealing with native agents was to induce these agents to express their own opinions frankly and clearly.[70] So far from the English Chief being corrected by hiswakil, we find the latter, whilst applying to other nobles for patronage and assistance, studiously refraining from making any application to Siraj-ud-daula when English business had to be transacted at Court.
The English went even further:—
"On certain occasions they refused him admission intotheir factory at Cossimbazar and their country houses,because, in fact, this excessively blustering and impertinentyoung man used to break the furniture, or, if it pleased hisfancy, take it away. But Siraj-ud-daula was not the manto forget what he regarded as an insult. The day after thecapture of the English fort at Cossimbazar, he was heard tosay in fullDurbar, 'Behold the English, formerly so proudthat they did not wish to receive me in their houses!' Inshort, people knew, long before the death of Aliverdi Khan,that Siraj-ud-daula was hostile to the English."
With the French it was different:—
"On the other hand, he was very well disposed towardsus. It being our interest to humour him, we had receivedhim with a hundred times more politeness than he deserved.By the advice of Rai Durlabh Ram and Mohan Lal, we hadrecourse to him in important affairs. Consequently, wegave him presents from time to time, and this confirmed hisfriendship for us. The previous year (1755) had been avery good one for him, owing to the business connected withthe settlement of the Danes in Bengal. In fact, it was byhis influence that I was enabled to conclude this affair, andAliverdi Khan allowed him to retain all the profit from it,so I can say that I had no bad place in the heart of Siraj-ud-daula.It is true he was a profligate, but a profligate whowas to be feared, who could be useful to us,and who mightsome day be a good man. Nawajis Muhammad Khan[71] hadbeen at least as vicious as Siraj-ud-daula, and yet he hadbecome the idol of the people."
Law, therefore, had cultivated the young Nawab. Mr. Watts, on the other hand, was not only foolish enough to neglect him, but carried his folly to extremes. He was not in a position to prevent his accession, and ought therefore to have been careful by the correctness of his behaviour to show no signs of being opposed to it. So far from this, he is strongly suspected of having entered into correspondence with the widow of Nawajis Khan, who had adopted Siraj-ud-daula's younger brother[72] and was supporting his candidature for the throne, and also with Saukat Jang, Nawab of Purneah and cousin of Siraj-ud-daula, who was trying to obtain the throne for himself. Still further, he advised Mr. Drake, Governor of Calcutta, to give shelter to Kissendas, son of Raj Balav (Nawajis Khan'sDiwan), who had fled with the treasures in his charge when his father was called to account for his master's property.
Contrary to Mr. Watts's expectations, Aliverdi Khan's last acts so smoothed the way for Siraj-ud-daula, and the latter acted with such decision and promptitude on his grandfather's death, that in an incredibly short time he had all his enemies at his feet, and was at leisure to attend to state business, and especially the affairs of the foreign Settlements. Aliverdi Khan had always been extremely jealous of allowing the European nations to erect any fortifications, but, during his last illness, all of them, expecting a contested succession, during which, owing to complications in Europe, they might find themselves at war with each other in India, began to repair their old walls or to erect new ones. This was exactly what Siraj-ud-daula wanted. His first care on his accession had been to make himself master of his grandfather's and uncle's treasures. To these he had added those of such of his grandfather's servants as he could readily lay hands on. Other wealthy nobles and officers had fled to the English, or were suspected of having secretly sent their treasures to Calcutta. It was also supposed that the European Settlements, and especially Calcutta, were filled with the riches accumulated by the foreigners. Whilst, therefore, the Nawab was determined to make all the European nations contribute largely in honour of his accession, and in atonement for their insolence in fortifying themselves without his permission, he had special reasons for beginning with the English. In the mean time, however, he had first to settle with his cousin, Saukat Jang, the Nawab of Purneah, so he contented himself with sending orders to the Chiefs of the Factories to pull down their new fortifications. Law acted wisely and promptly.
"I immediately drew up anArzi, or Petition, and had onebrought from the Council in Chandernagore of the sametenour as my own. These two papers were sent to Siraj-ud-daula,who appeared satisfied with them. He even wroteme in reply that he did not forbid our repairing old works,but merely our making new ones. Besides, the spies whohad been sent to Chandernagore, being well received andsatisfied with the presents made them, submitted a reportfavourable to us, so that our business was hushed up."
The English behaved very differently, and their answer, which was bold if not insolent in tone,[73] reached the Nawab at the very moment when he had received the submission of the Nawab of Purneah. Law adds:—
"I was assured that the Nawab of Purneah showed himsome letters which he had received from the English. Thisis difficult to believe, but this is how the match took fire."Accordingly, no sooner had the Nawab heard the contentsof the answer from the English, than he jumped up inanger, and, pulling out his sword, swore he would go andexterminate all the Feringhees.[74] At the same time he gaveorders for the march of his army, and appointed severalJemadars[75] to command the advance guard. As in his firstburst of rage he had used the general word Feringhees,which is applied to all Europeans, some friends whom I hadin the army, and who did not know how our business hadended, sent to warn me to be on my guard, as our Factorywould be besieged. The alarm was great with us, and withthe English, at Cossimbazar. I spent more than twenty-fourhours in much anxiety; carrying wood, provisions, etc., intothe Factory, but I soon knew what to expect. I saw horsemenarrive and surround the English fort, and at the sametime I received an official letter from the Nawab, telling menot to be anxious, and that he was as well pleased with usas he was ill pleased with the English."
Cossimbazar surrendered without firing a shot, owing to the treacherous advice of the Nawab's generals, and Siraj-ud-daula advanced on Calcutta. It was with the greatest difficulty that Law escaped being forced to march in his train.
"The remains of the respect which he had formerly feltfor Europeans made him afraid of failure in his attackon Calcutta, which had been represented to him as a verystrong place, defended by three or four thousand men. Hewrote to me in the strongest terms to engage the Director ofChandernagore to give him what assistance he could in menand ammunition. 'Calcutta is yours,' he said to our agentin fullDurbar; 'I give you that place and its dependenciesas the price of the services you will render me. I know,besides, that the English are your enemies; you are alwaysat war with them either in Europe or on the CoromandelCoast, so I can interpret your refusal only as a sign of thelittle interest you take in what concerns me. I am resolvedto do you as much good as Salabat Jang[76] has done you inthe Deccan, but if you refuse my friendship and the offers Imake you, you will soon see me fall on you and cause youto experience the same treatment that I am now preparingfor others in your favour.' He wished us to send down atonce to Calcutta all the ships and other vessels which wereat Chandernagore. After having thanked him for hisfavourable disposition towards us, I represented to himthat we were not at war with the English, that what hadhappened on the Coromandel Coast was a particular affairwhich we had settled amicably, and that the English, inBengal having given us no cause of offence, it was impossiblefor us, without orders either from Europe or Pondicherry, togive him the assistance he asked for. Such reasons couldonly excite irritation in the mind of a man of Siraj-ud-daula'scharacter. He swore he would have what he wantedwhether we wished it or not, and that, as we lived in hiscountry, his will ought to be law to us. I did my best toappease him, but uselessly. At the moment of his departurehis sent us word by one of his uncles that he still countedon our assistance, and he sent me a letter for the Governor ofPondicherry, in which he begged him to give us the necessaryorders. I thought to myself this was so much time gained."
The Nawab captured Calcutta without any open assistance from the French, and, though he set free most of the prisoners who survived the Black Hole, he sent Holwell and three others before him to Murshidabad. Law, who had already sheltered Mrs. Watts and her family, and such of the English of Cossimbazar as had been able to escape to him, now showed similar kindness to Holwell and his companions. Of this he says modestly:—
"The gratitude Mr. Holwell expresses for a few littleservices which I was able to render him makes me regretmy inability to do as much to deserve his gratitude as Ishould have liked to do."[77]
He also, apparently with some difficulty, obtained consent to M. Courtin's request for the release of the English prisoners at Dacca; for—
"Siraj-ud-daula, being informed that there were two orthree very charming English ladies at Dacca, was stronglytempted to adorn his harem with them."
Law's success in these matters is a striking instance of his personal influence, for Siraj-ud-daula was by no means any longer well disposed towards the French and Dutch.
"The fear of drawing on his back all the Europeannations at once had made him politic. At first he pretendedto be satisfied with the reply sent by the Governorof Chandernagore, and assured him that he would alwaystreat us with the greatest kindness. He said the same tothe Dutch, but when Calcutta was taken the mask fell. Hehad nothing more to fear. Scarcely had he arrived at Hugliwhen he sent detachments to Chandernagore and Chinsurahto summon the commandants to pay contributions, or toresolve to see their flags taken away and their fortsdemolished. In short, we were forced to yield what theNawab demanded; whilst he, as he said, was content withhaving punished a nation which had offended him, and withhaving put the others to ransom to pay for the expenses ofthe expedition. We saw the tyrant reappear in triumph atMurshidabad, little thinking of the punishment which Providencewas preparing for his crimes, and to make which stillmore striking, he was yet to have some further successes."
It may be here pointed out that, not only did the Nawab not insist on the destruction of the French and Dutch fortifications, but he did not destroy the fortifications of Calcutta. This proves that if the English had shown the humility and readiness to contribute which he desired, he would have left them in peace at the first, or, after the capture of Calcutta, have permitted them to resettle there without farther disturbance. In short, the real necessity of making the European nations respect his authority, instead of guiding him in a settled course, merely provided a pretext for satisfying his greed. This is the opinion, not only of the French and English who were at Murshidabad when the troubles began, but of the English officials who went there later on and made careful inquiries amongst all classes of people in order to ascertain the real reason of Siraj-ud-daula's attack upon the English.
His avarice was to prove the Nawab's ruin.
"Siraj-ud-daula was one of the richest Nawabs that hadever reigned. Without mentioning his revenues, of whichhe gave no account at the Court of Delhi, he possessedimmense wealth, both in gold and silver coin, and in jewelsand precious stones, which had been left by the precedingthree Nawabs. In spite of this he thought only of increasinghis wealth. If any extraordinary expense had to be methe ordered contributions, and levied them with extremerigour. Having never known himself what it was to wantmoney, he supposed that, in due proportion, money was ascommon with other people as with himself, and that theEuropeans especially were inexhaustible. His violencetowards them was partly due to this. In fact, from hisbehaviour, one would have said his object was to ruin everybody.He spared no one, not even his relatives, from whomhe took all the pensions and all the offices which theyhad held in the time of Aliverdi Khan. Was it possible forsuch a man to keep his throne? Those who did not knowhim intimately, when they saw him victorious over hisenemies and confirmed as Nawab by afirman[78]from theGreat Mogul, were forced to suppose that there was in hischaracter some great virtue which balanced his vices andcounteracted their effects. However, this young giddy-patehad no talent for government except that of making himselffeared, and, at the same time, passed for the most cowardlyof men. At first he had shown some regard for the officers ofthe army, because, until he was recognized as Nawab, he felthis need of them. He had even shown generosity, but thisquality, which was quite opposed to his real character,soon disappeared,to make place for violence and greed, which decidedagainst him all those who had favoured his accession in thehope that he would behave discreetly when he became Nawab."
Owing to the general disgust felt at Murshidabad for the Nawab, his cousin, Saukat Jang, Nawab of Purneah, thought the opportunity favourable for reviving his claims, and, early in October, Siraj-ud-daula, hearing of his contemplated rebellion, invaded his country.
"Every one longed for a change, and many flatteredthemselves it would take place. In fact, it was the mostfavourable opportunity to procure it. The result would havebeen happiness and tranquillity for Bengal. Whilst contributingto the general good—which even the Dutch mighthave interested themselves in—we could have preventedthe misfortunes which have since happened to us. Three orfour hundred Europeans and a few sepoys would have donethe business. If we could have joined this force to theenemies of Siraj-ud-daula we should have placed on thethrone another Nawab—not, indeed, one wholly to our taste,but, not to worry about trifles, one to the liking of the houseof Jagat Seth,[79] and the chief Moors and Rajas. I am suresuch a Nawab would have kept his throne. The Englishwould have been re-established peaceably, they would certainlyhave received some compensation, and would have hadto be satisfied whether they liked it or not. The neutrality ofthe Ganges assured, at least to the same extent as in the timeof Aliverdi Khan, the English would have been preventedfrom invading Bengal, and from sending thither the reinforcementswhich had contributed so much to their successon the Madras Coast. All this depended on us, but howcould we foresee the succession of events which has been ascontrary to us as it has been favourable to the English? Asit was, we remained quiet, and the rash valour of the youngNawab of Purneah, whilst it delivered Siraj-ud-daula fromthe only enemy he had to fear in the country, made it clearto the whole of Bengal that the change so much desiredcould be effected only by the English."
Mir Jafar and other leaders of the Nawab's army were about to declare in favour of Saukat Jang when Ramnarain,[80] Naib of Patna, arrived to support Siraj-ud-daula. Whilst the malcontents were hesitating what to do, Saukat Jang made a rash attack on the Nawab's army, and was shot dead in the fight.
"Behold him then, freed by this event from all hisinquietudes; detested, it is true, but feared even by thosewho only knew him by name. In a country where predestinationhas so much power over the mind, the star ofSiraj-ud-daula was, people said, predominant. Nothing couldresist him. He was himself persuaded of this. Sure of thegood fortune which protected him, he abandoned himselfmore than ever to those passions which urged him to thecommission of every imaginable form of violence."It can be guessed what we had to suffer, we and theDutch, at Cossimbazar. Demand followed demand, and insultfollowed insult, on the part of the native officers and soldiers;for they, forming their behaviour on that of their master,thought they could not sufficiently show their contempt foreverything European. We could not go outside of our Factorieswithout being exposed to annoyance of one kind or another."
Every one in the land turned wistful eyes towards the English, but they lay inactive at Fulta, and it seemed as if help from Madras would never come. The English, therefore, tried to bring about a revolution favourable to themselves at Murshidabad, and began to look for persons who might be induced to undertake it; but this was not easy, as the Moor nobles had little acquaintance with the Europeans. Of the Hindus in Bengal—
"the best informed were the bankers and merchants, whoby their commercial correspondence had been in a positionto learn many things. The house of Jagat Seth, for instance,was likely to help the English all the more because to itsknowledge of them it joined several causes of complaintagainst Siraj-ud-daula. Up to the death of Aliverdi Khanit had always enjoyed the greatest respect. It was thisfamily which had conducted almost all his financial business,and it may be said that it had long been the chief cause ofall the revolutions in Bengal. But now things were muchchanged. Siraj-ud-daula, the most inconsiderate of men,never supposing that he would need the assistance of merebankers, or that he could ever have any reason to fear them,never showed them the slightest politeness. He wantedtheir wealth, and some day or other it was certain he wouldseize it. These bankers, then, were the persons to serve theEnglish. They could by themselves have formed a party,and, even without the assistance of any Europeans, haveput another Nawab upon the throne and re-established theEnglish, but this would have required much time. Businessmoves very slowly amongst Indians, and this would not havesuited the English. The bankers also were Hindus, and ofa race which does not like to risk danger. To stimulatethem to action it was necessary for the English to commenceoperations and achieve some initial successes, and as yetthere seemed no likelihood of their doing so. To negotiatewith Siraj-ud-daula for a peaceful re-establishment was quiteas difficult, unless they were inclined to accept the veryhardest conditions, for the Nawab had now the most extravagantcontempt for all Europeans; a pair of slippers, hesaid, is all that is needed to govern them."