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[50]See these quotations on Solon and Lycurgus inProperty, by Ch. Letourneau, ch. XIV, sec. V, 6.
[51]That property was created by law it is proved by Montesquieu and Bentham. In theSpirit of Laws, Montesquieu argues that civil law is Paladium of property, and as the people acquired by political laws liberty, so they acquired by the civil laws property. [The Spirit of Laws, book XXVI, ch. 15].—InThe Principles of Civil Code, by J. Bentham, we find the same idea expressed in these words: “Property is entirely the creature of law.... Property and law are born and must die together. Before the laws, there was no property; take away the laws, all property ceases”. [The Principles of the Civil Code, pt. I, ch. VIII].
[52]Cf.Ch. Letourneau,Property, ch. XIV and XV. See also Aristotle’sPolitics, bk. I, ch. VIII.
[53]Cf.F. de Coulange,Cité Antique, English by W. Small, 1901, book II, ch. VIII, p. 120.
[54]What Shall We Do Then, ch. XXI. p. 163.
[55]Cf.Qu’est ce que la Propriété, 1840, English translation by B. Tucker, 1876, First Memoir, ch. I.
[56]What Shall We Do Then, ch. 39. Wiener’s ed. p. 318.
[57]Plato’s view on property is expressed inThe Republic, bk. III, IV, V and VIII. Then inThe Laws, bk. III, where he speaks of distribution of land and equalizing of property. In the same work, he further on says that property does not belong to the individual but to the whole family, and property and family alike belong to the State,The Laws, b. XI.
[58]“I do not think”, says Aristotle, “that property ought to be common”. [The Politics, bk. VII, ch. 10]. On the other place he argues that there are two things which principally inspire mankind with care and affection, namely, the sense of what is one’s own, and exclusive possession. [The Politics, bk. II, ch. IV]
[59]In aeltester Zeit das Ackerland gemeinschaftlich, wahrscheinlich nach den einzelnen Geschlechtsgenossenschaften bestellt und erst der Ertrag unter die einzelnen dem Geschlecht angehoerigen Haeuser vertheilt ward ... erst spaeter das Land unter die Buerger zu Sondereigenthum aufgetheilt ward. [Roemische Geschichte, 2te Auflage, 1856, bd. I, st. 171-72.]
[60]Tum [zur Zeit des Romulus] erat res in pecore et locorum possessionibus, ex quo pecuniosi et locupletos vocabantur.—[Numa] primum agros, quos bello Romulus ceperat, divisit viritim civibus. [Cited by Mommsen fromDe Republica, 2, 9, 14.]
[61]Du Caractere Collectif des Premieres Propriétés Immobilieres, 1872.
[62]De la Propriété et de ses Formese Primitives, 1874. [English tr. 1878].
[63]L’Evolution de la Propriété, 1888. [English translation, 1892].
[64]Ancient Law, ch. VIII. London, 1861.
[65]Especially P. Lafargue,The Evolution of Property, 1908.
[66]On this Pope, Professor P. Villari says: “One of his strongest passions was an insatiable greed for gold ... he accumulated the immense fortune that served to raise him to the papacy”.... SeeStoria di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suvi tempi, 1859. English by Ll. Villari, 1909, ch. IX, 152.
[67]The Rights of Property, by A. Thiers, London, 1848.
[68]The Origin of Property in Land, by F. de Coulanges. English translation, London, 1891.
[69]On the private property during the French Revolution seeLe Socialisme et la Revolution Francaise, par Dr. A. Lichtenberg, Paris, 1899, ch. VII, 1. Another valuable book on this subject isThe French Revolution and Modern French Socialism, by Dr. J. B. Peixotto, New York, 1901, ch. I, 4; ch. III, 3; and ch. VI, 2.
[70]SeeProgress and Property, by H. George, 1879, bk. VII-VIII. Tolstoy mentioned George in several of his political articles, and wroteTwo Letters on Henry George, 1893. In Wiener’s translations of the Complete Works of Count Tolstoy, theseTwo Lettersare published in volume XXIII, pp. 396-401.
[71]A parallel drawn between George’s and Tolstoy’s theory of property may be found in C. B. Fillebrown,The A B C of Taxation, App. B. pp. 168-170. [New York, 1909].