Footnotes[1]This chapter is taken largely from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1915, vol. 7, page 602.[2]This chapter is largely taken from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The section on Microscopic Examination is substantially a reprint of an article by Bigelow and Donk published in the trade papers in September, 1918. For further information on the analysis of tomato products the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919) should be consulted.[3]Tomatoes are sometimes found with rotten centers of which there is little or no external evidence. This is unusual, however, and the influence of this form of rot under manufacturing conditions is negligible.[4]Apochromatic objectives may now be obtained but are more expensive than the achromatic.[5]We are informed that the Bausch and Lomb Optical Co. also furnishes suitable apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars for use in counting molds, yeast and bacteria by the Howard method.[6a][6b]Comment by authors: In using these cells the plane parallel cover glasses furnished with them by maker should be used instead of the ordinary microscope cover-glasses, since the latter are subject to curvatures that introduce errors in the thickness of the mounts.[7]Comment by authors: Obviously after the proper draw-tube length has been secured that adjustment should be noted and always used in making mold counts.[8]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Agricultural Chemists.[9]Comment by authors: The organisms counted as “yeasts and spores” are the yeast cell and yeast and mold spores, not bacteria spores.[10]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.[11]The 4 mm. achromatic objective and the 10X ocular as given in the list of apparatus may also be used to secure this magnification.[12]“Ueber quantitative Bestimmungen wässeriger Lösungen mit dem Zeiss-schen Eintauch-refraktometer,” Table XVII.[13]Ibid., Table I.[14]Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919).[15]All specific gravities given in this bulletin are on a 20°C/20°C basis.[16]This counterpoise may be prepared with a can or bottle weighted with some heavy material such as solder or shot, until it balances approximately the weight of the can full of pulp. The counterpoise, once prepared, may be left in the centrifuge.[17]If it is preferred a chemical thermometer with Centigrade scale may be used having a range of from 0 to 100 degrees.[18]Table 7gives the results obtained in the determination of specific gravity of several samples of pulp by different methods. The specific gravity given in the first column under the head “Centrifuging at 68° F.” has been proved to be correct by other analytical methods. It will be noted that where duplicate determinations are given in this column they agree with each other very closely. The errors in the other methods in determining specific gravity are shown in the remaining columns. It will be noted that the duplicates given in these columns vary materially from each other.It should be stated that the results given under the heading “Pouring cold and whirling by hand” were obtained by much more careful work than is practicable in the factory. The flasks in which the determination was made were equipped with a bail, as shown in Fig. 5. page 44, and the samples were whirled by hand until air bubbles were eliminated as far as practicable by that method. The results, in this column are therefore much more accurate than are obtained by the method as ordinarily practiced.[19]These temperature corrections are for a Brix instrument standardized for 20°C. There are Brix hydrometers on the market standardized for 17.5°C. Temperature corrections for a Brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to 20° by means of the above table (for instrument graduated at 20°C.) and adding to this corrected reading 0.12. For instance suppose the reading for a 17.5° instrument is 7.00 at 25°C. The correction from the above table will be .28 or a total of 7.28. Adding .12 to this gives a corrected reading of 7.40. If the reading is 7.00 at 15°C. the correction from the above table amounts to .22 (to be subtracted) giving 6.78. Adding 0.12 to this gives the corrected reading of 6.90.[20]This table gives the per cent of total solids contained by pulp of different specific gravities varying from unconcentrated pulp as it comes from the cyclone to the highly concentrated product.[21]Geerlig’s table for dry substance in sugar house products by Abbé refractometer at 28°C.[22]“The Manufacture of Tomato Products, 1919.”
Footnotes[1]This chapter is taken largely from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1915, vol. 7, page 602.[2]This chapter is largely taken from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The section on Microscopic Examination is substantially a reprint of an article by Bigelow and Donk published in the trade papers in September, 1918. For further information on the analysis of tomato products the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919) should be consulted.[3]Tomatoes are sometimes found with rotten centers of which there is little or no external evidence. This is unusual, however, and the influence of this form of rot under manufacturing conditions is negligible.[4]Apochromatic objectives may now be obtained but are more expensive than the achromatic.[5]We are informed that the Bausch and Lomb Optical Co. also furnishes suitable apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars for use in counting molds, yeast and bacteria by the Howard method.[6a][6b]Comment by authors: In using these cells the plane parallel cover glasses furnished with them by maker should be used instead of the ordinary microscope cover-glasses, since the latter are subject to curvatures that introduce errors in the thickness of the mounts.[7]Comment by authors: Obviously after the proper draw-tube length has been secured that adjustment should be noted and always used in making mold counts.[8]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Agricultural Chemists.[9]Comment by authors: The organisms counted as “yeasts and spores” are the yeast cell and yeast and mold spores, not bacteria spores.[10]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.[11]The 4 mm. achromatic objective and the 10X ocular as given in the list of apparatus may also be used to secure this magnification.[12]“Ueber quantitative Bestimmungen wässeriger Lösungen mit dem Zeiss-schen Eintauch-refraktometer,” Table XVII.[13]Ibid., Table I.[14]Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919).[15]All specific gravities given in this bulletin are on a 20°C/20°C basis.[16]This counterpoise may be prepared with a can or bottle weighted with some heavy material such as solder or shot, until it balances approximately the weight of the can full of pulp. The counterpoise, once prepared, may be left in the centrifuge.[17]If it is preferred a chemical thermometer with Centigrade scale may be used having a range of from 0 to 100 degrees.[18]Table 7gives the results obtained in the determination of specific gravity of several samples of pulp by different methods. The specific gravity given in the first column under the head “Centrifuging at 68° F.” has been proved to be correct by other analytical methods. It will be noted that where duplicate determinations are given in this column they agree with each other very closely. The errors in the other methods in determining specific gravity are shown in the remaining columns. It will be noted that the duplicates given in these columns vary materially from each other.It should be stated that the results given under the heading “Pouring cold and whirling by hand” were obtained by much more careful work than is practicable in the factory. The flasks in which the determination was made were equipped with a bail, as shown in Fig. 5. page 44, and the samples were whirled by hand until air bubbles were eliminated as far as practicable by that method. The results, in this column are therefore much more accurate than are obtained by the method as ordinarily practiced.[19]These temperature corrections are for a Brix instrument standardized for 20°C. There are Brix hydrometers on the market standardized for 17.5°C. Temperature corrections for a Brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to 20° by means of the above table (for instrument graduated at 20°C.) and adding to this corrected reading 0.12. For instance suppose the reading for a 17.5° instrument is 7.00 at 25°C. The correction from the above table will be .28 or a total of 7.28. Adding .12 to this gives a corrected reading of 7.40. If the reading is 7.00 at 15°C. the correction from the above table amounts to .22 (to be subtracted) giving 6.78. Adding 0.12 to this gives the corrected reading of 6.90.[20]This table gives the per cent of total solids contained by pulp of different specific gravities varying from unconcentrated pulp as it comes from the cyclone to the highly concentrated product.[21]Geerlig’s table for dry substance in sugar house products by Abbé refractometer at 28°C.[22]“The Manufacture of Tomato Products, 1919.”
Footnotes
[1]This chapter is taken largely from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1915, vol. 7, page 602.
[1]This chapter is taken largely from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1915, vol. 7, page 602.
[2]This chapter is largely taken from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The section on Microscopic Examination is substantially a reprint of an article by Bigelow and Donk published in the trade papers in September, 1918. For further information on the analysis of tomato products the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919) should be consulted.
[2]This chapter is largely taken from an article by Bigelow and Fitzgerald, published in the Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. The section on Microscopic Examination is substantially a reprint of an article by Bigelow and Donk published in the trade papers in September, 1918. For further information on the analysis of tomato products the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919) should be consulted.
[3]Tomatoes are sometimes found with rotten centers of which there is little or no external evidence. This is unusual, however, and the influence of this form of rot under manufacturing conditions is negligible.
[3]Tomatoes are sometimes found with rotten centers of which there is little or no external evidence. This is unusual, however, and the influence of this form of rot under manufacturing conditions is negligible.
[4]Apochromatic objectives may now be obtained but are more expensive than the achromatic.
[4]Apochromatic objectives may now be obtained but are more expensive than the achromatic.
[5]We are informed that the Bausch and Lomb Optical Co. also furnishes suitable apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars for use in counting molds, yeast and bacteria by the Howard method.
[5]We are informed that the Bausch and Lomb Optical Co. also furnishes suitable apochromatic objectives and compensating oculars for use in counting molds, yeast and bacteria by the Howard method.
[6a][6b]Comment by authors: In using these cells the plane parallel cover glasses furnished with them by maker should be used instead of the ordinary microscope cover-glasses, since the latter are subject to curvatures that introduce errors in the thickness of the mounts.
[6a][6b]Comment by authors: In using these cells the plane parallel cover glasses furnished with them by maker should be used instead of the ordinary microscope cover-glasses, since the latter are subject to curvatures that introduce errors in the thickness of the mounts.
[7]Comment by authors: Obviously after the proper draw-tube length has been secured that adjustment should be noted and always used in making mold counts.
[7]Comment by authors: Obviously after the proper draw-tube length has been secured that adjustment should be noted and always used in making mold counts.
[8]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Agricultural Chemists.
[8]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Agricultural Chemists.
[9]Comment by authors: The organisms counted as “yeasts and spores” are the yeast cell and yeast and mold spores, not bacteria spores.
[9]Comment by authors: The organisms counted as “yeasts and spores” are the yeast cell and yeast and mold spores, not bacteria spores.
[10]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
[10]This number refers to the section as given in the Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
[11]The 4 mm. achromatic objective and the 10X ocular as given in the list of apparatus may also be used to secure this magnification.
[11]The 4 mm. achromatic objective and the 10X ocular as given in the list of apparatus may also be used to secure this magnification.
[12]“Ueber quantitative Bestimmungen wässeriger Lösungen mit dem Zeiss-schen Eintauch-refraktometer,” Table XVII.
[12]“Ueber quantitative Bestimmungen wässeriger Lösungen mit dem Zeiss-schen Eintauch-refraktometer,” Table XVII.
[13]Ibid., Table I.
[13]Ibid., Table I.
[14]Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919).
[14]Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1919).
[15]All specific gravities given in this bulletin are on a 20°C/20°C basis.
[15]All specific gravities given in this bulletin are on a 20°C/20°C basis.
[16]This counterpoise may be prepared with a can or bottle weighted with some heavy material such as solder or shot, until it balances approximately the weight of the can full of pulp. The counterpoise, once prepared, may be left in the centrifuge.
[16]This counterpoise may be prepared with a can or bottle weighted with some heavy material such as solder or shot, until it balances approximately the weight of the can full of pulp. The counterpoise, once prepared, may be left in the centrifuge.
[17]If it is preferred a chemical thermometer with Centigrade scale may be used having a range of from 0 to 100 degrees.
[17]If it is preferred a chemical thermometer with Centigrade scale may be used having a range of from 0 to 100 degrees.
[18]Table 7gives the results obtained in the determination of specific gravity of several samples of pulp by different methods. The specific gravity given in the first column under the head “Centrifuging at 68° F.” has been proved to be correct by other analytical methods. It will be noted that where duplicate determinations are given in this column they agree with each other very closely. The errors in the other methods in determining specific gravity are shown in the remaining columns. It will be noted that the duplicates given in these columns vary materially from each other.It should be stated that the results given under the heading “Pouring cold and whirling by hand” were obtained by much more careful work than is practicable in the factory. The flasks in which the determination was made were equipped with a bail, as shown in Fig. 5. page 44, and the samples were whirled by hand until air bubbles were eliminated as far as practicable by that method. The results, in this column are therefore much more accurate than are obtained by the method as ordinarily practiced.
[18]Table 7gives the results obtained in the determination of specific gravity of several samples of pulp by different methods. The specific gravity given in the first column under the head “Centrifuging at 68° F.” has been proved to be correct by other analytical methods. It will be noted that where duplicate determinations are given in this column they agree with each other very closely. The errors in the other methods in determining specific gravity are shown in the remaining columns. It will be noted that the duplicates given in these columns vary materially from each other.
It should be stated that the results given under the heading “Pouring cold and whirling by hand” were obtained by much more careful work than is practicable in the factory. The flasks in which the determination was made were equipped with a bail, as shown in Fig. 5. page 44, and the samples were whirled by hand until air bubbles were eliminated as far as practicable by that method. The results, in this column are therefore much more accurate than are obtained by the method as ordinarily practiced.
[19]These temperature corrections are for a Brix instrument standardized for 20°C. There are Brix hydrometers on the market standardized for 17.5°C. Temperature corrections for a Brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to 20° by means of the above table (for instrument graduated at 20°C.) and adding to this corrected reading 0.12. For instance suppose the reading for a 17.5° instrument is 7.00 at 25°C. The correction from the above table will be .28 or a total of 7.28. Adding .12 to this gives a corrected reading of 7.40. If the reading is 7.00 at 15°C. the correction from the above table amounts to .22 (to be subtracted) giving 6.78. Adding 0.12 to this gives the corrected reading of 6.90.
[19]These temperature corrections are for a Brix instrument standardized for 20°C. There are Brix hydrometers on the market standardized for 17.5°C. Temperature corrections for a Brix hydrometer standardized at this temperature may be obtained by correcting to 20° by means of the above table (for instrument graduated at 20°C.) and adding to this corrected reading 0.12. For instance suppose the reading for a 17.5° instrument is 7.00 at 25°C. The correction from the above table will be .28 or a total of 7.28. Adding .12 to this gives a corrected reading of 7.40. If the reading is 7.00 at 15°C. the correction from the above table amounts to .22 (to be subtracted) giving 6.78. Adding 0.12 to this gives the corrected reading of 6.90.
[20]This table gives the per cent of total solids contained by pulp of different specific gravities varying from unconcentrated pulp as it comes from the cyclone to the highly concentrated product.
[20]This table gives the per cent of total solids contained by pulp of different specific gravities varying from unconcentrated pulp as it comes from the cyclone to the highly concentrated product.
[21]Geerlig’s table for dry substance in sugar house products by Abbé refractometer at 28°C.
[21]Geerlig’s table for dry substance in sugar house products by Abbé refractometer at 28°C.
[22]“The Manufacture of Tomato Products, 1919.”
[22]“The Manufacture of Tomato Products, 1919.”