Chapter 26

[240]Orellana was a native of Cuenca, and descended from the great navigator of the Amazons.

[241]Relacion del Gobernador de Puno, de sus expediciones, sitios, defensa, y varios acaecimientos, hasta que despoblo la villa de orden del Inspector y Commandante General Don José Antonio del Valle: corre desde 16 Noviembre 1780, hasta 17 de Julio 1781.

[242]During my stay at Puno I lived in the house which was occupied by Orellana during the siege. It is now the property of Don Manuel Costas.

[243]Information from Gen. San Roman.

[244]One thousand nine hundred and fifty men deserted in six days.—Letter from del Valle.

[245]Manifesto del Gen. del Valle. Se queja amargamente contra el visitador Areche.Cuzco, Septre. 1781.—GuzmanMSS.

[246]Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro.

[247]Angelis.

[248]Custom-house officers.

[249]Informe por Don Diego Tupac Amaru.Azangaro, Oct. 18, 1781.

[250]Angelis.

[251]By far the best account of the rebellion of the Cataris in Upper Peru, and of the two sieges of La Paz, is to be found in the work of Dean Funes.

[252]The Bishop of Cuzco, Dr. Don Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, afterwards had twenty-two accusations or charges brought against him connected with this rebellion, which he answered in detail in a work published at Madrid. One is that he excommunicated a priest for betraying the secrets of the Indians told under the seal of confession; another that he tried to save the lives of several Indian rebels; another that he asked for a general pardon after the death of the Inca; another that he permitted Mariano Tupac Amaru to celebrate the funeral of his father, &c. If these accusations were true, they all redound to the bishop's honour; and it is to be regretted that he was so anxious to defend himself against them. At the end of his book there are some letters to him from Diego Tupac Amaru. "Inocencia justificada contra los artificios de la calumnia. Papel que escribio en defensa de su honor y distinguidos servicios hechos con motivo de la rebelion del Reyno del Peru, por José Gabriel Tupac Amaru: el Illustrissimo Señor Don Juan Manuel Moscoso y Peralta, Obispo del Cuzco." (Fol. Madrid).

[253]Oficio del Inspector Don José del Valle, al Virey de Buenos Ayres.Ayaviri, July 14, 1782.

[254]Report of the Cabildo of Cuzco.

[255]Report of Don Augustin de Jauregui, Viceroy of Peru. Lima, March 29, 1783.

[256]Oficio de Don Gabriel de Aviles, a Don Sebastian de Segurola.Cuzco.

[257]Sentencia contra el reo Tupac Amaru, y demas acomplices, pronunciada por Don Gabriel de Aviles, y Don Benito de la Matta Linares.July, 1783.

[258]Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro. Dr. Valdez died in 1816. Don Pablo Pimentel, the worthy Subprefect of Caravaya, told me that he remembered the old cura well, as a tall man with a stately walk, who always gave him a dollar when he met him in Sicuani.

[259]A fabulous region supposed to exist far to the eastward of the Andes, in the unknown parts of the Amazonian valley.

[260]Oficio de Don Felipe Carrera, Corregidor de Parinacochas, Julio 12, 1783. AlsoSentencia dado por el Virey de Lima, contra los reos, Julio, 1783. Angelis.

[261]A person calling himself Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru, and professing to have been one of the sufferers, printed a pamphlet, which was deposited in the archives of Buenos Ayres. In it he relates the tale of his miseries in uncouth Spanish. He says that he beheld his fettered mother perish of thirst on the road to Lima, in presence of guards who turned a deaf ear to her cries for water. He saw his faithful wife die on board the ship, without being allowed length of chain enough to approach her. During an imprisonment of forty years at Ceuta the sentries never relaxed their cruelties until the ministry which came into power in Spain, after the military movement of 1820, set the few survivors at liberty.It is now confidently asserted that the author of this pamphlet was an impostor. He came to Buenos Ayres in 1822, and the republican government granted him a house, and a pension for life of 30 dollars a month.

It is now confidently asserted that the author of this pamphlet was an impostor. He came to Buenos Ayres in 1822, and the republican government granted him a house, and a pension for life of 30 dollars a month.

[262]The words of the Cura of Belem, who heard it.

[263]Don Luis Ocampo related this anecdote to Gen. Miller in 1835, when he was still living at Cuzco, but upwards of eighty years of age. After Peru had become independent, in about 1828, a person, calling himself Fernando Tupac Amaru, appeared in Buenos Ayres, and went on to Lima, becoming a monk in the convent of San Pedro; but he is believed to have been an impostor.

[264]Goyeneche was created Count of Huaqui. His brother, the late Bishop of Arequipa, and present Archbishop of Lima, is probably the senior Bishop of Christendom, dating his appointment from 1809; and he is certainly the richest man in all South America.

[265]Confesion de Pumacagua.

[266]Information from Gen. San Roman, who called themFresaderos.

[267]Diario de la expedicion del Mariscal de Campo Don Juan Ramirez, sobre las provincias interiores de la Paz, Puno, Arequipa, y Cuzco, por Don José Alcon, Teniente Coronel agregado a la misma expedicion.Lima, 1815. (1 tom. 4°, 112 paginas).

[268]Information from Gen. San Roman, whose father, a native of Puno, joined Pumacagua at Cavanilla.

[269]Colonel Alcon.

[270]Gen. San Roman.

[271]Documento, i.Oficio de Vicente Angulo a Ramirez.Feb. 28, 1815.

[272]Documentoii.Oficio de Pumacagua a Ramirez.Marzo 6, 1815.

[273]Documentoiii.Contestacion de Ramirez a Pumacagua.Marzo 7, 1815.

[274]Information from Gen. San Roman.

[275]Gen. San Roman, who gave me the account of this battle, was himself present at it, with his father, when a very little boy. His father was afterwards shot in the plaza of Puno, by the Spaniards, and when the liberating army arrived on the coast of Peru, in 1822, the young San Roman hurried down from his mountain home to join their ranks.

[276]In October, 1823, Gen. Miller saw the fair object of the poet Melgar's adoration, at Camana, on the coast of Peru. She was a native of Arequipa, with light hair, blue eyes, and a fair clear complexion. She refused Melgar, married another, and, being obliged to flee with her husband to escape the persecution of the Royalists, found an asylum on the banks of the river Camana. Her maiden name was Paredes.—Miller'sMemoirs, ii. p. 90.Melgar's brother is now Minister of Foreign Affairs at Lima.

Melgar's brother is now Minister of Foreign Affairs at Lima.

[277]Information from Don Luis Quiñones of Azangaro.

[278]So strong is the feeling of the Peruvian people generally against this oppressive system, that, in the reformed constitution promulgated on Nov. 25, 1860, forced recruiting was declared to be a crime."El reclutamiento es un crimen."—Tituloxvi.,art.123.

"El reclutamiento es un crimen."—Tituloxvi.,art.123.

[279]In 1859 there was a very formidable rising of the Indians in Chayanta, which was not put down until after much bloodshed.

[280]Humboldt.

[281]Hatun-colla was once the capital of the great Inca province of the Collao.

[282]The three latter are also mentioned by Haenke.

[283]Antiquedades Peruanas.

[284]One of the manufacturers, Don Manuel Zenon Ramos, has been very active in seeking for instruction, designs, and models from Europe.

[285]Lupinus Paniculatus.—Chloris Andina, ii. p. 252.

[286]Landa sent in a report of his expedition to the Corregidor of Cuzco. My friend Dr. Don Julian Ochoa, the rector of the university of Cuzco, has recently searched the archives of the ancient municipality of that city, as well as private collections, for this interesting document, at my request, but without success.

[287]SeeCuzco and Lima, chap. viii.; alsoRoy. Geo. Soc. Journalfor 1855.

[288]This is not the great river which flows near Cuzco, and falls into the Ucayali. The Indians call all rivers which serve as the trunk or centre of a system of streamsHuilcaorVilca-mayu.

[289]Brother of the present rector of the university of Cuzco.

[290]Account of the Valleys of Marcapata, by Don José Maria Pacheco.Museo Erudito del Cuzco, 1839, No. 21. See also an account of a journey down the course of the river Marcapata as far as its junction with the Ollachea, signed Paul Marcoy, in theRevue Contemporaine, tom. 4me, 1860.Scènes et Paysages dans les Andes.

[291]Comm. Real, ii. lib. iii. cap. xix. p. 174.

[292]Lib. iv. cap. iv.

[293]Don Pablo Pimentel says that the ancient name of the province wasInahuaya.

[294]Bosquejo del estado actual de la provincia de Carabaya, y majorias que proponen al Supremo Gobierno el Suprefecto de ella, Don Pablo Pimentel.Arequipa, 1846.

[295]Memorias de los Vireyeo, i. p. 36.

[296]Memorial de cosas tocantes las minas de Caravaya.J. 58, p. 441. A very illegible manuscript in the national library at Madrid.

[297]Relacion del Conde de Castellar, p. 222.

[298]Relacion del Obispo Melchor Liñan y Cisneros, p. 299.

[299]This appears from theInformeof Diego Tupac Amaru, dated Azangaro, Oct. 18, 1781; in which he stipulates that the coca estate near San Gavan, in Caravaya, shall be granted to Mariano Tupac Amaru as his rightful possession, because it belonged to his father the Inca.

[300]Bosquejo, &c.

[301]There is one other town, or rather wretched village, on this Arctic plain, within Caravaya, called Macusani, about 30 miles north-west of Crucero.

[302]A Quichua poem was written on the Cura Cabrera, and his breed of paco-vicuñas, by Don M. M. Basagoitia.Rivero's Antiq. Per.112-13.

[303]According to Don Pablo Pimentel. The people of Sandia told me 45,000 cestos, or 900,000 lbs.; and Lieut. Gibbon, U.S.N., in his work, says 500,000 lbs.

[304]These Chunchos of Caravaya belong to the same tribe as the fierce Indians of the Paucartambo valleys, for some account of whom see my former work,Cuzco and Lima, p. 272.Don Pablo Pimentel calls the wild tribes of CaravayaCaranquesandSumahuanes, but I think this is a mistake. Garcilasso de la Vega mentions theCoranquesas a fierce tribe to the north of Quito, who were conquered by the Inca Huayna Capac.—Comm. Real, i. lib. viii. cap. vii. p. 274.

[304]These Chunchos of Caravaya belong to the same tribe as the fierce Indians of the Paucartambo valleys, for some account of whom see my former work,Cuzco and Lima, p. 272.

Don Pablo Pimentel calls the wild tribes of CaravayaCaranquesandSumahuanes, but I think this is a mistake. Garcilasso de la Vega mentions theCoranquesas a fierce tribe to the north of Quito, who were conquered by the Inca Huayna Capac.—Comm. Real, i. lib. viii. cap. vii. p. 274.

[305]Challhua, fish, in Quichua; anduma, water, in Aymara.

[306]Lijera descripcion que hace Juan Bustamante, de su viaje a Carabaya, y del estado actual de sus lavaderos y minerales.Arequipa, 1850. Bustamante says that, at the time of his visit, there were a hundred people at thelavaderosof the Challuma, and that the Indians received 4 rials a day.

[307]On the Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru, by David Forbes, Esq., in the Journal of the Geological Society for Feb. 1861, p. 53.Mr. Forbes had, of course, personally examined only a portion of this great Silurian region. At Tipuani, in Bolivia, there is a very rich auriferous country, composed of blue-clay slates, with no fossils; while the beds near Sorata contain fossils, and consist of blue-clay shales, micaceous slates, grauwacke, and clay slates, with gold-bearing quartz, metallic bismuths, iron-ore, and argentiferous galena. "The whole of this Silurian formation is eminently auriferous, and contains everywhere frequent veins of auriferous quartz, usually associated with iron pyrites."

[307]On the Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru, by David Forbes, Esq., in the Journal of the Geological Society for Feb. 1861, p. 53.

Mr. Forbes had, of course, personally examined only a portion of this great Silurian region. At Tipuani, in Bolivia, there is a very rich auriferous country, composed of blue-clay slates, with no fossils; while the beds near Sorata contain fossils, and consist of blue-clay shales, micaceous slates, grauwacke, and clay slates, with gold-bearing quartz, metallic bismuths, iron-ore, and argentiferous galena. "The whole of this Silurian formation is eminently auriferous, and contains everywhere frequent veins of auriferous quartz, usually associated with iron pyrites."

[308]The thermometer was at 25° Fahr. inside the hut.

[309]Observations by Negretti and Zambra's boiling-point thermometer.

[310]Titulo 14, s. 104.

[311]TheJuntas Departmentaleshave since been abolished by the Reformed Constitution, promulgated in Nov. 1860. Up to May, 1860, Gen. Castilla, the President, had never permitted them to meet.

[312]Titulo 15, s. 114.

[313]La Revista de Lima, tom. i. p. 159-60. Nov. 15, 1859. An article by G. A. Flores.

[314]The same was once the case all over Peru, in the good old days of the Incas, as we know from the curious dying confession of the last of the conquerors, Marcio Serra de Lejesama, addressed to Philip II.,A.D.1589."Your Majesty must understand that my reason for making this statement is to relieve my conscience, for we have destroyed the government of this people by our bad example. Crimes were once so little known among them, that an Indian with 100,000 pieces of gold and silver in his house left it open, only placing a little stick across the door, as a sign that the master was out; and nobody went in. But when they saw that we placed locks in our doors, they understood that it was from fear of theft; and when they saw that we had thieves amongst us, they thought little of us; but now these natives, through our bad example, have come to such a pass that no crime is unknown to them."—Calancha, lib. i. cap. 15, p. 98.

"Your Majesty must understand that my reason for making this statement is to relieve my conscience, for we have destroyed the government of this people by our bad example. Crimes were once so little known among them, that an Indian with 100,000 pieces of gold and silver in his house left it open, only placing a little stick across the door, as a sign that the master was out; and nobody went in. But when they saw that we placed locks in our doors, they understood that it was from fear of theft; and when they saw that we had thieves amongst us, they thought little of us; but now these natives, through our bad example, have come to such a pass that no crime is unknown to them."—Calancha, lib. i. cap. 15, p. 98.

[315]G. de la Vega,Com. Real.i. lib. viii. cap. 15.

[316]Acosta, lib. iv. cap. 22, who cannot agree with those who believe its reputed virtues to be the effects of imagination.

[317]Cedula, 18 Oct. 1569.

[318]Solorzano,Polit. Ind., lib. ii. cap. 10, quoted by Unanue.

[319]J. de Jussieu was the first botanist who sent specimens of coca to Europe, in 1750.Dr. Weddell suggests that the word comes from the Aymarakhoka, a tree, i. e.thetreepar excellence, likeyerba,theplant of Paraguay. The Inca historian Garcilasso, however, spells the wordcuca.

[319]J. de Jussieu was the first botanist who sent specimens of coca to Europe, in 1750.

Dr. Weddell suggests that the word comes from the Aymarakhoka, a tree, i. e.thetreepar excellence, likeyerba,theplant of Paraguay. The Inca historian Garcilasso, however, spells the wordcuca.

[320]The cesto of coca sells at 8 dollars in Sandia. In Huanuco it is 5 dollars the arroba of 25 lbs.

[321]Report of the Prince of Esquilache.

[322]Poeppig calculates the yield of Huanuco at 500,000 lbs.

[323]Poeppig,Reise, ii. p. 252; also Van Tschudi, p. 455.

[324]In Caravaya thelliptais made into a pointed lump, and kept in a horn, or sometimes in a silver receptacle, in thechuspa. With it there is also a pointed instrument, with which thelliptais scratched, and the powder is applied to the pellet of coca-leaves. In some provinces they keep a small calabash full of lime in theirchuspas, callediscupurus.

[325]Bonplandia, viii. p. 355-78.

[326]The information in this chapter is derived from personal observation; from the essay on coca by Dr. Don Hipolito Unanue, in Nos. 3 to 8 of theMuseo Erudito; and from the works treating of coca, by Van Tschudi,Travels in Peru, p. 455; Dr. Poeppig,Reise in Peru, ii. p. 248; Dr. Weddell,Voyage dans le Nord de Bolivie, p. 516; theBonplandia; and a memorandum by Dr. Booth, of La Paz. These are the best authorities on the subject.

[327]Dr. Weddell, the discoverer of this species, had never seen it in flower. I brought home leaves, flowers, and fruit of theC. Caravayensis, which are now in the herbarium at Kew.

[328]An Umbellifer. The roots taste something like a parsnip, and there are four kinds—white, yellow, brown, and reddish.

[329]Lencoappears to mean "sticky mud," andhuayccuis a ravine, in Quichua.

[330]Com. Real.i. lib. viii. cap. 15.

[331]Lib. iv. cap. 29.

[332]Not, of course, the famous gold-bearing river of the same name.

[333]Carhua-carhua-blanca (Lasionema ?) Tree.—30 or 40 feet high, growing in moist parts of the valley of Tambopata.Leaves.—Opposite, entire, petiolate, oblong, acute, smooth on both sides, dark green above, lighter beneath, with veins and midrib nearly white. 2½ feet long by 9 or 10 inches broad. Coarse, bulging, and wrinkled between the veins.Calyx.—Deep purple and green, leathery, 5-toothed, teeth rounded.Corolla.—Tube white, tinged with light purple, leathery, 5 laciniæ, smooth and reflexed.Stamens.—5, attached to the middle of the tube of the corolla, exserted. Filaments pillose at the base, tinged with purple. Anthers a little shorter than the filaments, all lying on the lower sides of the tube of the corolla, light brown.Style.—Exserted, but a little shorter than the stamens, light green colour.Stigma, bi-cleft.Panicles.—Corymbose and multiflor, in threes, 6 to 15 buds on each.Pedicelsa brownish purple.I have attempted to describe this tree, because I have been unable to identify it with any of the chinchonaceous plants in Dr. Weddell's work.

[333]Carhua-carhua-blanca (Lasionema ?) Tree.—30 or 40 feet high, growing in moist parts of the valley of Tambopata.

Leaves.—Opposite, entire, petiolate, oblong, acute, smooth on both sides, dark green above, lighter beneath, with veins and midrib nearly white. 2½ feet long by 9 or 10 inches broad. Coarse, bulging, and wrinkled between the veins.

Calyx.—Deep purple and green, leathery, 5-toothed, teeth rounded.

Corolla.—Tube white, tinged with light purple, leathery, 5 laciniæ, smooth and reflexed.

Stamens.—5, attached to the middle of the tube of the corolla, exserted. Filaments pillose at the base, tinged with purple. Anthers a little shorter than the filaments, all lying on the lower sides of the tube of the corolla, light brown.

Style.—Exserted, but a little shorter than the stamens, light green colour.Stigma, bi-cleft.

Panicles.—Corymbose and multiflor, in threes, 6 to 15 buds on each.Pedicelsa brownish purple.

I have attempted to describe this tree, because I have been unable to identify it with any of the chinchonaceous plants in Dr. Weddell's work.

[334]Yana, in Quichua, is black; andmayua river.

[335]Rupicola Peruviana(family ofAmpelidæ). Van Tschudi says that they feed on the seeds of chinchona-trees.—Travels in Peru, p. 427.

[336]The bark, leaves, and capsules from this tree are deposited in the herbarium and museum at Kew.

[337]I brought home a bunch of the capsules, now in the herbarium at Kew.

[338]There we also found theTrichomanes muscoides, a pretty little fern which, I am informed by Mr. J. Smith, of Kew, though common in the West Indies, was not previously known to be a native of Peru.

[339]Specimens from this locality were examined and reported upon at 28, Jermyn-street.

[340]Described by Dr. Weddell, in hisHistoire Naturelle des Quinquinas, in a note under the genusPimentelia.

[341]In Peru the father of a child iscompadreto its godfather. It is considered a very close and sacred relationship.

[342]Hence the nameLenco-huayccu.Lenquiis anything sticky in Quichua, andhuayccua ravine.

[343]Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Feb. 1, 1860, p. 59.

[344]Dr. Weddell believes it to be a distinct species from theC. Micranthaof Huanuco, and has named itC. Affinis.

[345]"Alcalde Municipal del Distrito de Quiaca, al Señor Juez de Paz Don Juan de la Cruz Gironda."6 de Mayo de 1860."Teniendo positivas noticias de que sea internado a los puntos de Tambopata un estranjero Ingles, con objeto de estraer plantas de cascarilla, me es de absoluta necesidad pasarle a vm esta nota, para que sin permitir que en grave perjuicio de los hijos del pais, lo tome ni una planta, por lo que como autoridad debe vm de aberiguar bien para capturar a el y al persona quien se propone a facilitarle dichas plantas, y conducirlos a este."Dios guarde a vm.,"José Mariano Bobadilla."

[345]"Alcalde Municipal del Distrito de Quiaca, al Señor Juez de Paz Don Juan de la Cruz Gironda.

"6 de Mayo de 1860.

"Teniendo positivas noticias de que sea internado a los puntos de Tambopata un estranjero Ingles, con objeto de estraer plantas de cascarilla, me es de absoluta necesidad pasarle a vm esta nota, para que sin permitir que en grave perjuicio de los hijos del pais, lo tome ni una planta, por lo que como autoridad debe vm de aberiguar bien para capturar a el y al persona quien se propone a facilitarle dichas plantas, y conducirlos a este.

"Dios guarde a vm.,"José Mariano Bobadilla."

[346]Hence the name of the Peruvian province ofParinacochas.Parihuana-cocha, the Flamingo lake.—G. de la Vega,Comm. Real.i. lib. iii. cap. ix. p. 83.

[347]"We give here the notices which we have collected respecting the existence and position of a lake which is not to be found in any map, and which bears the name of Arapa. It is said to be 6 leagues to the north of lake Titicaca, and is 30 leagues in circumference. It extends from the foot of a very abrupt chain of mountains, and its figure is that of a half-moon. It contains some islands. Its waters, having traversed two other smaller lakes to the west, fall into the Ramiz, which is thus rendered navigable at all seasons. The principal villages around the lake of Arapa are Chacamana, Chupan, Arapa, and Vetansas. Round the latter place it is said that there are many veins of silver and mines of precious stones."—Castelnau, tom. iii. chap. xxxix. p. 420.

[348]Tayais an Aymara word, meaning "cold."

[349]La Balsa de Arequipa, Junio 15."Las cuestiones municipales han hecho gran daño al puerto de Islay, pues todo va mal con el desacuerdo que reina entre el cuerpo y las demas autoridades que lo combaten escandalosamente."Quiero que se sepa en esa ciudad que los estranjeros han dado en esportar per esta plantas de cascarilla, que es sabido esta prohibido hacerlo: acaba de embarcar un Ingles una multitud de ellas para la India, por comision official de su Gobierno. Yo no sé como es que esto se tolera, defraudando asi uno de los mejores y mas esclusivos ramos de nuestra riqueza."

[349]La Balsa de Arequipa, Junio 15.

"Las cuestiones municipales han hecho gran daño al puerto de Islay, pues todo va mal con el desacuerdo que reina entre el cuerpo y las demas autoridades que lo combaten escandalosamente.

"Quiero que se sepa en esa ciudad que los estranjeros han dado en esportar per esta plantas de cascarilla, que es sabido esta prohibido hacerlo: acaba de embarcar un Ingles una multitud de ellas para la India, por comision official de su Gobierno. Yo no sé como es que esto se tolera, defraudando asi uno de los mejores y mas esclusivos ramos de nuestra riqueza."

[350]"Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio."Lima, Junio 20 de 1860."En el expediente relativa a la medida tomada por el Administrador de la Aduana de Islay, impediendo la extraccion de cierto numero de plantas de cascarilla, ha recaido con fecha de hoy, el siguiente decreto."Visto este expediente, y atendiendo a que no esta prohibida por reglamento de Comercio, la extraccion de plantas de cascarilla, y a que de impedirse su exportacion, con detrimento de la libertad comercial que las leyes de la Republica, y ese reglamento protejan, no se conseguiria en manera alguna el objeto que el Administrador de la Aduana se ha propuesto al impedir el embarque de varias plantas de esa especie, se desaprueba dicha prohibicion, sin que por este se entiende que el Gobierno deja de apreciar el celo y patriotismo que revela en el preindicado Administrador la enunciada medida."Dios guarda a V. S.,"Juan José Salcedo."

[350]

"Ministerio de Hacienda y Comercio."Lima, Junio 20 de 1860.

"En el expediente relativa a la medida tomada por el Administrador de la Aduana de Islay, impediendo la extraccion de cierto numero de plantas de cascarilla, ha recaido con fecha de hoy, el siguiente decreto.

"Visto este expediente, y atendiendo a que no esta prohibida por reglamento de Comercio, la extraccion de plantas de cascarilla, y a que de impedirse su exportacion, con detrimento de la libertad comercial que las leyes de la Republica, y ese reglamento protejan, no se conseguiria en manera alguna el objeto que el Administrador de la Aduana se ha propuesto al impedir el embarque de varias plantas de esa especie, se desaprueba dicha prohibicion, sin que por este se entiende que el Gobierno deja de apreciar el celo y patriotismo que revela en el preindicado Administrador la enunciada medida.

"Dios guarda a V. S.,"Juan José Salcedo."

[351]In an Appendix will be found a list of these knights errant in the cause of liberty. It was one of the last things upon which that gallant old warrior, General Miller, the most distinguished of their number, was engaged before his death in November 1861.

[352]"Pos las narraciones tan calumniosas como absurdas de algunos aventureros maldicientes, se nos considera punto menos que salvages," says a Peruvian writer.

[353]In Spanish times there were 83 "titulos de Castilla" in Peru, consisting of 1 duke, 46 marquises, 35 counts, and 1 viscount. The descendants of several of these noblemen still reside on their estates in Peru.

[354]The boundary between Ecuador and Peru is now founded on theuti possidetisof 1810, and the treaty of 1829.

[355]Pruvonena, i. p. 688.

[356]Pedro Castilla discovered the class of ore calledlecheador(chloro-bromide of silver). See Bollaert'sAntiquarian and other Researches in Peru, &c. In this work there is a full and interesting account of the province of Tarapaca, and of the nitrate of soda works, and other mineral products of that part of Peru.

[357]This province also yields great quantities of tobacco, sugar, rice, and maize; and the adjoining province of Truxillo produces cochineal, which was introduced by Mr. Blackwood.

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