TRAVELS IN INDIA.
CHAPTER XXI.Malabar.Calicut—Houses and gardens—Population of Malabar—Namburi Brahmins—Nairs—Tiars—Slaves—Moplahs—Assessment of rice-fields, of gardens, of dry crops—Other taxes—Voyage up the Beypoor river—The Conolly teak plantations—Wundoor—Backwood cultivation—Sholacul—Sispara ghaut—Blackwood—Scenery—Sispara—View of the Nellemboor valley—Avalanche—Arrival at Ootacamund341CHAPTER XXII.Neilgherry Hills.Extent—Formation—Soil—Climate—Flora—Hill tribes—Todars—Antiquities—Badagas—Koters—Kurumbers—Irulas—English stations—Kotergherry—Ootacamund—Coonoor—Jakatalla—Government gardens at Ootacamund and Kalhutty—Mr. McIvor—Coffee cultivation—Rules for sale of waste lands—Forest conservancy358CHAPTER XXIII.Selection of Sites for Chinchona-Plantations on the Neilgherry Hills.The Dodabetta site—The Neddiwuttum site379CHAPTER XXIV.Journey to the Pulney Hills.Coonoor ghaut—Coimbatore—Pulladom—Cotton cultivation—Dharapurum—A marriage procession—Dindigul—Ryotwarry tenure—Pulney hills—Kodakarnal—Extent of the Pulneys—Formation—Soil—Climate—Inhabitants—Flora—Suitability for chinchona cultivation—Forest conservancy—Anamallay hills390CHAPTER XXV.Madura and Trichinopoly.Arrive at Madura—Peopling of India—The Dravidian race—Brahmin colonists in Southern India—Foundation of Madura—Pandyan dynasty—Tamil literature—Aghastya—Naik dynasty—The Madura pagoda—The Sangattar—The Choultry—Tirumalla Naik's palace—Caste prejudices—Trichinopoly—Coleroon anicut—Rice cultivation—The palmyra palm—Caroor—Return to the Neilgherries—Shervaroy hills—Courtallum408CHAPTER XXVI.Mysore and Coorg.Seegoor ghaut—Sandal-wood—Mysore—Seringapatam—Hoonsoor—The tannery—Fraserpett—Mercara—The fort—The Rajahs of Coorg—The Coorgs—Origin of the river Cauvery—Coorg—Climate—Coffee cultivation—Sites for chinchona-plantations—Caryota Urens—Virarajendrapett—Cardamom cultivation—Kumari—Poon, blackwood, and teak—Pepper cultivation in Malabar—Cannanore—Nuggur and Baba Bodeen hills—The Beebee of Cannanore—Compta—Sedashighur—Arrive at Bombay432CHAPTER XXVII.The Mahabaleshwur Hills and the Deccan.Journey from Bombay to Malcolm-penth—The Mahabaleshwur hills—The village and its temples—Elevation of the hills—Formation—Soil—Climate—Vegetation—Sites for chinchona-plantations—Paunchgunny—Waee—Its temples—The babool-tree—Shirwul—The village system—Village officials—Barra-balloota—Cultivators—Festivals—Crops and harvests—Poona—The Bhore ghaut—Return to Bombay458CHAPTER XXVIII.Cultivation of the chinchona-plants in the Neilgherry hills, under the superintendence of Mr. McIvor483CHAPTER XXIX.Chinchona Cultivation.Ceylon—Sikkim—Bhotan—Khassya hills—Pegu—Jamaica—Conclusion509APPENDIX A.General Miller and the Foreign Officers who served in the Patriot Armies of Chile and Peru, between 1817 and 1830521APPENDIX B.Botanical descriptions of the genus Chinchona, and of the species of Chinchonæ now growing in India and Ceylon530APPENDIX C.Notes on the principal plants employed in India on account of their real or supposed febrifuge virtues: by Alexander Smith, Esq.546APPENDIX D.Report, by Mr. McIvor, on the cultivation of Chinchona-plants in Southern India566APPENDIX E.Note on the export-trade in Peruvian bark from the South American ports, and on the import-trade into England571
PAGEChinchona-plants at OotacamundFrontispiece.Chinchona Micranthato face32Arequipa"75Arequipa Cathedral"76A Cholo of Arequipa87Balsa on Lake Titicaca107The Towers of Sillustanito face111Genealogical Table of the Family of the Incas of Peru"134The Sondor-huasi, at Azangaro"193Chinchona Nitida Trees"323Chinchona Chahuarguera"329Canoe on the Beypoor river520Capsules and parts of the flower of Chinchona Chahuarguera—magnified and natural size532Capsule and parts of the flower of Chinchona Succirubra534Parts of the flower and fruit of Chinchona Micrantha539Map to illustrate Mr. Spruce's journeys to the forests on the Western slopes of Chimborazoto face313Map of part of Peru, to illustrate Mr. C. Markham's journey to the Chinchona forests of Caravayaat the end.
Oct. 16, 1862.
LATEST INTELLIGENCE OF THE CHINCHONA PLANTS, FROM THE NEILGHERRY HILLS.
Number of Chinchona plants on the Neilgherry Hills on August 31st, 1862.
Species.Number.C. Succirubra30,150C. Calisaya1,050C. Condaminea(var.Uritusinga)41C. Condaminea(var.Chahuarguera)20,030C. Condaminea(var.Crispa)236C. lancifolia1C. nitida8,500C. micrantha7,400C. Peruviana;2,295Species without name2,440C. Pahudiana425Total 72,568[2]
The total number of plants permanently placed out in the plantations, on August 31st, 1862, was 13,700, and, although only recently transplanted, they are in a very promising condition. The number placed out, at the same date, in the nurseries in the open air, and in the hardening-off frames, was 18,076, all in the finest possible state of health. The number of small plants under glass, including those used for the production of wood for propagation, was 40,792.
There are four plantations for Chinchona cultivation, either cleared and planted, or about to be cleared, at Neddiwuttum and Pycarrah; besidesthe loftier one at Dodabetta. At Neddiwuttum the "Denison Plantations" will contain about 210 acres of planted land, the "Markham Plantation" about 200 acres; and near Pycarrah about 250 acres are to be planted, of fine well-watered land, completely sheltered from the west winds, to be called the "Wood Plantation," after the Secretary of State for India: altogether about 660 acres, besides the Dodabetta site.
Plants are to be disposed of to private individuals who may be desirous of undertaking the cultivation, and 22,000 had already been ordered in the beginning of September.
LATEST INTELLIGENCE FROM DARJEELING.
Dr. Anderson, who is in charge of the Chinchona cultivation in Bengal, brought the plants to the Darjeeling Hills early in May 1862. He then had 84 plants ofC. succirubra, 44 ofC. micrantha, 48 ofC. nitida, 2 ofC. Peruviana, 5 ofC. Calisaya, and 53 ofC. Pahudiana. On July 26th these had been increased, by layers and cuttings, to 140 ofC. succirubra, 53 ofC. nitida, 43 ofC. micrantha, 7 ofC. Calisaya, and 3 ofC. Peruviana.See page 512.
LATEST INTELLIGENCE FROM CEYLON.
On July 29th, 1862, Mr. Thwaites had raised 960 young plants ofC. Condamineafrom seeds. At the same date the plants ofC. succirubrawere thriving admirably, several being planted out in the hill garden, and a few at Peradenia. The other species were doing well, and Mr. Thwaites was propagating as fast as possible from cuttings.See page 509.
C. PAHUDIANA.—The Dutch Species.
TheC. Pahudiana, which forms the bulk of the Java plantations, is now generally acknowledged to be worthless. A tree of this species has been chemically analyzed by Professors G. F. Mülder and F. A. W. Miquel, and, in consequence of the joint report of these gentlemen, the Dutch Government have determined to put an entire stop to its cultivation.See page 56. See letter from M. Hasskarl, dated May 23rd, 1862.