The Project Gutenberg eBook ofTrees of Indiana

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofTrees of IndianaThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: Trees of IndianaAuthor: Charles Clemon DeamRelease date: December 26, 2012 [eBook #41702]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: E-text prepared by Carol Wilbur, Bruce Albrecht, Tom Cosmas,*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF INDIANA ***

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Trees of IndianaAuthor: Charles Clemon DeamRelease date: December 26, 2012 [eBook #41702]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024Language: EnglishCredits: E-text prepared by Carol Wilbur, Bruce Albrecht, Tom Cosmas,

Title: Trees of Indiana

Author: Charles Clemon Deam

Release date: December 26, 2012 [eBook #41702]Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by Carol Wilbur, Bruce Albrecht, Tom Cosmas,

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TREES OF INDIANA ***

The Project Gutenberg eBook, Trees of Indiana, by Charles Clemon Deam

(First Revised Edition)

CHAS. C. DEAM

APRIL, 1921FORT WAYNE PRINTING COMPANYCONTRACTORS FOR INDIANA STATE PRINTING AND BINDINGFORT WAYNE, INDIANA1921

THEDepartment of ConservationSTATE OF INDIANA

W. A. GUTHRIE, Chairman.STANLEY COULTER.JOHN W. HOLTZMAN.E. M. WILSON, Secretary.PUBLICATION No. 13RICHARD LIEBER.Director.

Plate 1.

SYCAMORE NEAR WORTHINGTON. IND., THE LARGEST BROAD-LEAVED TREE IN THE U. S. FIVE FEET ABOVE THE GROUND IT IS 42 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC.; THE EAST BRANCH IS 27 FT. 3 IN. IN CIRC. AND THE WEST BRANCH IS 23 FT. 2 IN. IN CIRC. SEE JOUR. HEREDITY, VOL. 6:407:1915.

The first edition of Deam's "Trees of Indiana" was published in 1911. By limiting the distribution, the edition of 10,000 lasted about three years. The demand for a book of this kind was so great that a second edition of 1,000 copies was published in March 1919. This edition was exhausted within five days after its publication was announced, and thousands of requests for it could not be filled. These came from all classes of people, but the greatest demand was from the school teachers of the State.

Since forestry is an integral part of agriculture which is now taught in our public schools, and since a book on the trees of the State is in demand, the Conservation Commission has authorized a revised edition of "The Trees of Indiana." What was formerly Bulletin No. 3 of the Division of Forestry is now published as Publication No. 13 of the Department. The reader's attention is called to a new departure in illustrations, which were made from photographic reproductions of specimens in Mr. Deam's herbarium. The photographs were taken by Mr. Harry F. Dietz of the Division of Entomology. It is believed that it will be gratefully received by the public and will stimulate an interest in forestry that should achieve practical results.

RICHARD LIEBER,Director, The Department of Conservation.

Table of Contents

Trees of Indiana

The present edition has been entirely rewritten. While the general plan of the first edition has been followed, some changes have been made.

The number of trees included has been wholly arbitrary. All woody plants of the State which generally attain a maximum diameter of 10 cm. (4 inches) at breast high are regarded as tree forms.Alnus rugosawhich so closely resemblesAlnus incana, is an exception, and a description of it is given to aid in the identification of our tree form ofAlnus. Also several species of Cratægus are included which commonly do not attain tree size. The species of all Cratægus begin to flower and fruit many years before they attain their maximum size. The genus is much in need of study, and the smaller forms are included to stimulate a study of the genus, and in order that the larger forms may be more easily and certainly identified.

The number of introduced trees has been limited to those that more or less freely escape at least in some parts of the State. The one exception isCatalpa bignonioides, which is given to help separate it from our native catalpa, both of which are now commonly planted.

Botanic Description.—The botanic descriptions have been made from specimens collected in Indiana. In most instances the material has been quite ample, and collected from all parts of the State. Technical terms have been avoided, and only when precision and accuracy were necessary have a few been used which can be found in any school dictionary. The length of the description varies in proportion to the importance and interest of the species and the number of characters necessary to separate it from other forms. The characters used are those which are the most conspicuous, and are generally with the specimen at hand. In most instances mature leaves are at hand, and these are most fully described. When leaves are discussed, only mature and normal leaves are considered. The descriptions are not drawn to include the leaf forms, and sizes of coppice shoots or seedlings. Measurements of simple leaves do not include the petiole unless mentioned.

When the term twig is used, it means the growth of the year. Branchlets and branches mean all growth except the present year. By seasons are meant the calendar seasons.

The size of trees is designated as small, medium and large. These terms are defined as follows: Small trees are those that attain a diameter of 2 dm.; medium-sized trees are those whose maximum diameter is between 2 dm. and 6 dm.; large-sized trees are those which are commonly more than 6 dm. in diameter. Diameter measurements are at 14 dm. (41/2) feet above the ground, or breast high.

The common names given are those most generally used in our area. Where common names are rarely applied to our forms, the common commercial or botanical common name is given. In some instances where a tree is known by several names, one or more of which are often applied to a related species, the liberty has been taken to select a common name which should be restricted to the one species.

Botanical names are usually pronounced according to the English method of pronouncing Latin. The accented syllables have been marked as follows: the grave (\) accent to indicate the long English sound of the vowel and the acute (/) accent to show the short or otherwise modified sound.

Measurements have been given in the metric system, and in some instances the English equivalent has also been given.

The nomenclature attempted is that of the International Code. The sequence of families is that of Gray's Manual, 7th Edition.

Distribution.—The general distribution of the species is first given, which is followed by the distribution in Indiana. The general distribution has been obtained by freely consulting all the local floras and general works on botany. The Indiana distribution has been obtained for the greater part from specimens represented in the writer's herbarium and from notes in doing field work during the past 24 years. Since the first edition of the "Trees of Indiana" was published the writer has traveled over 27,000 miles in Indiana, via auto, making a special study of the flora of the State, and has visited every county and has traversed practically every township in the State. In discussing numbers in distribution it was decided to use terms already in common use, but to assign a definite meaning to each as follows: Very common means more than 25 trees to the acre; common, 5-25 trees to the acre; frequent 1-5 trees to the acre; infrequent, 1 tree to 2-10 acres; rare, 1 tree to every 11-100 acres; very rare, 1 tree to more than 100 acres; local when the distribution is circumscribed or in spots.

Where a species has the limit of its range in our area, its distribution is sometimes given at length for scientific reasons. It should be remembered that some of the older records of distribution were made bygeologists or inexperienced botanists, and when such records are questioned it is done with a spirit of scientific accuracy. Some of our early authors did not distinguish between cultivated and native trees, which involves the distribution of certain species.

The habitat of many species is discussed; which suggests forestal, horticultural and ornamental possibilities. Then too, the habitat of a tree, helps to identify it. When associated trees are given, those are enumerated which are characteristic of the species throughout its range in our area and they are arranged in the order of their abundance.

A county map of the State is included which will assist in finding the range of each species. A forestal area map is also added to visualize certain habitats of the State.

The range and distribution of the species in the State has been given considerable attention to encourage investigation along this line.

Remarks.—Under this title the economic uses of the trees and their products have been given. In addition horticultural and unclassified information is included.

Illustrations.—All of the illustrations except two are photographic reproductions of specimens in the writer's herbarium. The two drawings were used in the first edition.

About 20 of the photographs were made by Paul Ulman, and the remainder by Harry F. Dietz, who has laboriously tried to obtain good reproductions from the material at hand.

Explanation of Map of Certain Forestal Areas.—In describing the distribution of certain species of trees within the State, it was found convenient to speak of certain forestal areas which are here described, and are illustrated by a map which may be found at the end of the text.

Lake Region:—The southernmost lakes in Indiana are those located in the southwestern part of Wells County; Lake Galacia about five miles northeast of Fairmount in Grant County; Lake Cicott in Cass County; and Kate's Pond about 11/2miles northwest of Independence in Warren County. Roughly estimated, all of Indiana north of a line connecting these lakes might be considered the lake area of the State.Prairie Area:—While the interior of Indiana has quite a few small areas called prairies, the real western prairie did not extend far into the State. The dividing line is very irregular, and several elongated lobes extended farther east than indicated by the map. The larger areas east of the line were the extensive prairie area of the Kankakee Valley; the northern part of Pulaski County; and parts of White and Tippecanoe Counties."Knob" Area:—This is the hilliest part of the State and is located in the southcentral part. It is contained in the unglaciated portion of the State, and includes the "knobs" of the Knobstone, Chester and Mansfield sandstone areas of Indiana. Inthis area are included the scrub pine and chestnut oak, with one exception; sorrel tree and the chestnut, with two possible exceptions.The Flats:—This is a level stretch of country, here and there deeply eroded. Being level, and the soil a fine compact clay, the drainage is poor which suggested the local name "flats."The Lower Wabash Valley:—This is part of Knox, Gibson and Posey Counties which is usually inundated each year by the Wabash River.

Acknowledgments.—The character and qualities of the wood have for the greater part been taken from the works of Britton and Brown, Hough, and Sargent, to whom indebtedness is acknowledged.

TheSalicaceæ, except the genusPopuluswas written by C. R. Ball, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. TheMalaceæwas contributed by W. W. Eggleston, also of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. These authors were asked to make their part conform to the general plan of the book. Mr. Ball and Mr. Eggleston are recognized authorities on the respective parts they have written and users of this book will appreciate the value of having these difficult parts written by our best authorities. The author wishes to gratefully acknowledge this great favor.

The most grateful acknowledgement is given to Prof. Stanley Coulter, Dean, School Science, Purdue University, who has read all of the manuscript and made valuable suggestions, corrections and criticisms.

I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Stella M. Deam, my wife, in field and clerical work.

I wish to thank the Department of Conservation for the opportunity of doing this work.

PAGELeaves linear or scale-like.Pinaceæ19Leaves not as above.A. Leaves compound.Leaves palmately compound.Æsculaceæ251Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end.Cæsalpinaceæ226Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end.Leaves alternate.Leaflets toothed all around.Juglandaceæ52Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near the base.Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, generally less than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.Fabaceæ233Trees without thorns, leaflets entire or with 1-4 teeth near the base, generally longer than 4 cm. (11/2inches).Simarubaceæ237Leaves opposite.Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs.Aceraceæ239Leaflets 5-11, fruit single.Oleaceæ267A. Leaves simple.Leaves opposite or whorled.Petioles more than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.Blades palmately 3-5 lobed.Aceraceæ239Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes.Bignoniaceæ284Petioles less than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round.Cornaceæ259Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened.Caprifoliaceæ288Leaves alternate.B. Leaves entire.Trees with thorns and a milky sap.Maclura in Moraceæ155Trees without thorns, sap not milky.Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base.Leaves 3-nerved at the base.Celtis in Ulmaceæ146Leaves 5-nerved at the base.Cercis in Cæsalpinaceæ227Leaves with 1 primary nerve.Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flowers solitary.Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.Anonaceæ161Flowers appearing after the leaves.Magnoliaceæ155Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flowers in clusters.Bark and leaves aromatic.Lauraceæ163Bark and leaves not aromatic.Fruit dry, an acorn.Quercus imbricaria in Fagaceæ119Fruit fleshy.Fruit with one seed, stone cylindrical.Nyssa in Cornaceæ259Fruit with more than one seed, rarely one, seeds flat.Ebenaceæ265B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed or lobed.C. Leaves with one primary vein.Bark and leaves aromatic.Lauraceæ163Bark and leaves not aromatic.Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in catkins.Scales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded, seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit.Salix in Salicaceæ34Scales of winter buds more than 2, ovary 1-seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs at the summit.Betulaceæ78Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not in catkins.Fruit dry.Fruit a samara.Ulmus in Ulmaceæ137Fruit not a samara.Bark smooth; fruit spiny.Fagaceæ92Bark furrowed; fruit a smooth capsule.Ericaceæ263Fruit fleshy.Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3inch) broad, fruit edible, apple-like.Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with remnant of calyx at apex of fruit, normally with more than 1 seed.Malaceæ171Trees without thorns, fruit with no remnant of calyx at the apex, fruit a 1-seeded edible drupe.Amygdalaceæ216Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3inch) across, fruit a non-edible drupe.Cornaceæ259C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein.Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.Fruit dry.Populus in Salicaceæ45Fruit fleshy.Morus in Moraceæ151Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins.Pistillate and staminate flowers separate.Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a 1-seeded drupe.Celtis in Ulmaceæ146Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of carpels or achenes.Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes, leaves aromatic.Altingiaceæ166Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not aromatic.Platanaceæ168Pistillate and staminate flowers in one.Fruit dry.Tiliaceæ255Fruit fleshy.Malaceæ171

Leaves linear or scale-like.

Leaves not as above.

A. Leaves compound.

Leaves palmately compound.

Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end.

Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end.

Leaves alternate.

Leaflets toothed all around.

Leaflets entire, or with 1-4 teeth near the base.

Trees with thorns, leaflets entire, generally less than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.

Trees without thorns, leaflets entire or with 1-4 teeth near the base, generally longer than 4 cm. (11/2inches).

Leaves opposite.

Leaflets 3-5, fruit in pairs.

Leaflets 5-11, fruit single.

A. Leaves simple.

Leaves opposite or whorled.

Petioles more than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.

Blades palmately 3-5 lobed.

Blades entire or with 1 or 2 lateral lobes.

Petioles less than 4 cm. (11/2inches) long.

Flowers 4-parted, stone of fruit round.

Flowers 5-parted, stone of fruit flattened.

Leaves alternate.

B. Leaves entire.

Trees with thorns and a milky sap.

Trees without thorns, sap not milky.

Leaves 3-5 nerved at the base.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base.

Leaves 5-nerved at the base.

Leaves with 1 primary nerve.

Leaves usually more than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flowers solitary.

Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

Flowers appearing after the leaves.

Leaves less than 1.5 dm. (6 inches) long, flowers in clusters.

Bark and leaves aromatic.

Bark and leaves not aromatic.

Fruit dry, an acorn.

Fruit fleshy.

Fruit with one seed, stone cylindrical.

Fruit with more than one seed, rarely one, seeds flat.

B. Leaves finely serrate, coarsely toothed or lobed.

C. Leaves with one primary vein.

Bark and leaves aromatic.

Bark and leaves not aromatic.

Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit in catkins.

Scales of winter buds 2, ovary many-seeded, seeds with a tuft of hairs at the summit.

Scales of winter buds more than 2, ovary 1-seeded, seeds without a tuft of hairs at the summit.

Staminate and pistillate flowers and fruit not in catkins.

Fruit dry.

Fruit a samara.

Fruit not a samara.

Bark smooth; fruit spiny.

Bark furrowed; fruit a smooth capsule.

Fruit fleshy.

Flowers more than 8 mm. (1/3inch) broad, fruit edible, apple-like.

Trees mostly with thorns, fruit with remnant of calyx at apex of fruit, normally with more than 1 seed.

Trees without thorns, fruit with no remnant of calyx at the apex, fruit a 1-seeded edible drupe.

Flowers less than 8 mm. (1/3inch) across, fruit a non-edible drupe.

C. Leaves with more than 1 primary vein.

Staminate and pistillate flowers in catkins.

Fruit dry.

Fruit fleshy.

Staminate and pistillate flowers not in catkins.

Pistillate and staminate flowers separate.

Leaves 3-nerved at the base, fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

Leaves 5-nerved at the base, fruit a head of carpels or achenes.

Bark fissured, not peeling off in flakes, leaves aromatic.

Bark peeling off in flakes, leaves not aromatic.

Pistillate and staminate flowers in one.

Fruit dry.

Fruit fleshy.

Trees and shrubs with a resinous sap, which yields rosin, tar, turpentine and essential oils. The leaves are linear or scale-like, alternate, whorled or clustered; flowers naked, appearing in the spring; fruit a cone or sometimes berry-like. A large family of trees and shrubs, containing over 200 species, found in many parts of the world, and of great economic importance. In Indiana only nine species are native, and the distribution of seven of these species has always been very limited.

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