[1]Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the leaves; they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. Seepage 18.
[1]Look on the elongated branches for the arrangement of the leaves; they are too closely clustered on the short side shoots. Seepage 18.
CLASS I. ANGIOSPÉRMÆ.
Plants with a pistil consisting of a closed ovary, which contains the ovules and forms the fruit.
OrderI. MAGNOLIACEÆ.(Magnolia Family.)
Trees or shrubs, mainly of tropical regions, including, in our section, the three following genera:
Genus1. MAGNÒLIA.
Trees and tall shrubs with alternate, thick, smooth, entire leaves with deciduous stipules which form the bud-scales, and are attached entirely around the stem, leaving a ridge, as in Liriodendron.
Flowers very large (3 to 10 in. in diameter), usually white, solitary.
Fruit a large cone from which the seeds, drupe-like, usually red, hang out on long threads during the autumn.
M. grandiflòra.M. grandiflòra.
M. grandiflòra.
1.Magnòlia grandiflòra, L. (Large-flowered Magnolia.Southern Evergreen Magnolia.) Leaves evergreen, thick, oval-oblong; upper surface glossy, under surface somewhat rusty. Flowers large, 6 to 10 in. wide, white, fragrant. In spring. Fruit oval, 3 to 4 in. long, ripe in October. Seeds scarlet. Splendid evergreen tree (50 to 80 ft.) in the Southern States; half hardy, and reduced to a shrub (10 to 20 ft.) when cultivated in the Middle States.
M. glaùca.M. glaùca.
M. glaùca.
2.Magnòlia glaùca, L. (Sweet-Bay.Swamp-Magnolia.) Leaves quite thick, oblong-oval, obtuse, smooth and glossy above, white or rusty pubescent beneath; evergreen in the Southern States. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers globular, white, and very fragrant. June to August. Fruit about 1½ in. long, ripe in autumn. Shrub, 4 to 20 ft. high, in the swamps of the Atlantic States from Massachusetts southward. Slender tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, when cultivated in good damp soil.
M. acuminàta.M. acuminàta.
M. acuminàta.
3.Magnòlia acuminàta, L. (Cucumber-tree.) Leaves thin, green above, paler beneath, oblong, usually pointed at both ends, 5 to 10 in. long. Leaf-buds silky. Flowers pale yellowish-green, 3 in. wide, late in spring. Fruit irregular-oblong (2 to 3 in. long), rose-colored when ripe, with a few hard, bony, black seeds, coated with red pulp, ripe in autumn. Large (50 to 90 ft.) noble forest tree, wild in western New York and southward. Wood rather soft, yellowish-white, quite durable, and extensively used for pump logs. Occasionally cultivated; fine for avenues.
M. cordàta.M. cordàta.
M. cordàta.
4.Magnòlia cordàta, Michx. (Yellow Cucumber-tree.) Leaves broadly ovate or oval, rarely cordate at base, smooth above, white-downy beneath, 4 to 6 in. long. Flowers lemon-yellow slightly streaked with red. June. Fruit nearly 3 in. long, red when ripe in autumn. A rather small, broad-headed tree (20 to 50 ft.), wild in the Southern States, but hardy as far north as Boston; not often cultivated. Probably an upland variety of the preceding.
M. macrophýlla.M. macrophýlla.
M. macrophýlla.
5.Magnòlia macrophýlla, Michx. (Great-leaved Magnolia.) Leaves very large, sometimes 3 ft. long, crowded at the summit of the branches, obovate-oblong, cordate at the narrowed base, glaucous-white beneath, green above; twigs whitish pubescent. Flowers very large (12 in. broad), white with a purple spot near the base; fragrant. Fruit cylindrical, 4 in. long, deep rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A medium-sized (30 to 40 ft.), spreading tree; wild from Kentucky south, hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City.
M. Fràseri.M. Fràseri.
M. Fràseri.
6.Magnòlia Fràseri, Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.) Leaves crowded at the ends of the flowering branches, obovate or spatulate, auriculate at base, smooth (1 ft. long). Leaf-buds smooth. Flowers (6 in. wide) white, slightly scented. April to May. Fruit 3 to 4 in. long, rose-colored, ripe in autumn.Medium-sized, rather slender tree (30 to 50 ft.), with soft yellowish-white wood. Virginia and southward. Hardy and extensively cultivated as far north as New York City.
M. umbrélla.M. umbrélla.
M. umbrélla.
7.Magnòlia umbrélla, Lam. (Umbrella tree.) Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 1 to 2 ft. long; downy beneath when young, but soon becoming smooth. Flowers white, 6 to 8 in. broad. May. Fruit oblong, 4 to 6 in. long, rather rose-colored when ripe in autumn. A small, rather straggling tree, 20 to 40 ft. high; common in the Southern States, and wild as far north as New York State; cultivated throughout.
M. hypoleùca.M. hypoleùca.
M. hypoleùca.
8.Magnòlia hypoleùca, S. & Z. (Japan Magnolia.) Leaves large (1 ft. long), somewhat purple-tinted above, white and glaucous beneath. Midrib and leafstalk often red. Flowers cream-white, fragrant, appearing after the leaves in June. Twigs stout and polished. A medium-sized, very erectly growing tree; from Japan.
M. conspícua.M. conspícua.
M. conspícua.
9.Magnòlia conspícua,Salisb. (Yulan or Chinese White Magnolia.) Leaves deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate, pubescent when young. Flowers large (4 in.), cream-white, very fragrant, appearing very early (May), before any of the leaves. Fruit rarely formed, with few (1 to 3, rarely more) seedsto a cone. Bark dark brown on the young branches; terminal winter buds over ½ in. long. Small tree (10 to 30 ft.) with spreading habit and stout branches; very extensively cultivated for its abundant early bloom; from China.
M. Kòbus.M. Kòbus.
M. Kòbus.
10.Magnòlia Kòbus.(Thurber's Japan Magnolia.) Leaves similar to the preceding, but smaller. Flowers also similar, but pure white. Fruit abundantly formed, with several (2 to 12) seeds to the cone. Bark green on the young growth; terminal winter-buds under ½ in. long. Small tree (15 to 40 ft.) with erect habit and slender branches. A beautiful tree of recent introduction from Japan.
M. purpùrea.M. purpùrea.
M. purpùrea.
11.Magnòlia purpùrea, Sims. (Purple Japan Magnolia.) Leaves obovate, pointed at both ends, dark green. Flowers erect, of 3 sepals and 6 obovate, purple petals; blooming about as the leaves expand. A low tree, or usually merely a shrub, from Japan; often cultivated.
Besides the Magnolias here given, there are quite a number of varieties and hybrids in cultivation, from China and Japan, most of them blooming before the leaves expand in spring.
Genus2. LIRIODÉNDRON.
Trees with alternate, deciduous, smooth, stipulate, 4-lobed leaves, the stipules large, attached entirely around the stem, and leaving a ridge when they drop off, as in the genus Magnolia. Flowers tulip-shaped, large (3 in.), greenish-yellow. May to June. Fruit a pointed cone, 3 in. long, hanging on the tree till autumn.
L. tulipífera.L. tulipífera.
L. tulipífera.
Liriodéndron tulipífera, L. (Tulip-tree.) Leaves large, smooth on bothsides, somewhat 3-lobed, the end one seemingly cut off, leaving a shallow notch; stipules light-colored, large, oblong, attached all around the stem, often remaining on through half the season. A very large (80 to 150 ft. high), beautiful, rapidly growing tree, with soft, straight-grained, greenish wood, of great use for inside work. Southern New England and southward. Especially abundant and large in the Western States. Also cultivated.
Genus3. CERCIDIPHÝLLUM.
Shrubs or trees with opposite, rarely subalternate, simple, deciduous leaves. Fruit short-stemmed, with divergent pods, 2-4 in number, splitting open on the outer edges; each one-celled, with one row of lapping, pendulous seeds with membranous wings.
C. Japónicum.C. Japónicum.
C. Japónicum.
Cercidiphýllum Japónicum.(Katsura-tree.) Leaves broadly heart-shaped, palmately veined with 5-7 ribs, and with an apparently entire margin, dark green above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Under a magnifying glass the margin will be found to have pellucid crenulations. Leafstalk dark red and jointed above the base, the veins somewhat red-tinted. A beautiful, upright tree with birch-like, dotted, brown bark; of recent introduction from Japan, and probably completely hardy throughout the region.
OrderII. BIXÍNEÆ.
A rather small order of mostly tropical trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves.
Genus4. IDÈSIA.
I. polycárpa.I. polycárpa.
I. polycárpa.
Large trees with terminal and axillary panicles of very small flowers and berries.
Idèsia polycárpa, Hook. Leaves large, heart-shaped, serrate, palmately veined with 5 ribs; leafstalk very long, red, with twoglands near the base; twigs also glandular; berries very small (¼ inch), with many seeds. A large tree recently introduced from Japan, which may prove hardy from Pennsylvania south, but is killed by the climate of Massachusetts.
OrderIII. ANONÀCEÆ.
(Custard-apple Family.)
An order of tropical trees and shrubs except the following genus:
Genus5. ASÍMINA.
Small trees or shrubs with simple, deciduous, alternate, entire, pinnately-veined leaves. Flowers large, dull purplish, solitary in the axils of last year's leaves. Fruit a large, oblong, several-seeded, pulpy berry.
A. tríloba.A. tríloba.
A. tríloba.
Asímina tríloba, Dunal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves large (8 to 12 in. long), oblong-obovate, acuminate, thin, lapping over each other in such a manner as to give the plant a peculiar imbricated appearance. Flowers 1 in. broad, appearing before the leaves. Fruit 3 in. long, 1½ in. thick, yellowish, fragrant, about 8-seeded, ripe in the autumn. Small (10 to 20 ft. high), beautiful tree with dark-brown twigs. All parts have a rank, fetid smell. Wild in New York and southward along streams; cultivated.
OrderIV. TAMARISCÍNEÆ.
A small order, consisting mostly of shrubs (from the Old World) with minute leaves.
Genus6. TÁMARIX.
Leaves simple, very small, alternate, clasping; old ones almost transparent at the apex. Flowers in spike-like panicles, small, red, or pink, rarely white.
T. Gállica.T. Gállica.
T. Gállica.
Támarix Gállica, L. (French Tamarisk.) Leaves very small, acute; spray very slender, abundant. A sub-evergreen shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high; with very small pinkish flowers, in spike-like clusters, blooming from May to October. A very beautiful and strange-looking plant, which, rather sheltered by other trees, can be successfully grown throughout.
OrderV. TERNSTRŒMIÀCEÆ.
(Tea or Camellia Family.)
An order of showy-flowered trees and shrubs of tropical and subtropical regions, here represented by the following genera:
Genus7. STUÁRTIA.
Shrubs or low trees with alternate, simple, exstipulate, ovate, serrulate leaves, soft downy beneath. Flowers large (2 in.), white to cream-color, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves; blooming in early summer. Fruit a 5-celled capsule with few seeds; ripe in autumn.
S. pentágyna.S. pentágyna.
S. pentágyna.
1.Stuártia pentágyna, L'Her. (Stuartia.) Leaves thick, ovate, acuminate, acute at base, obscurely mucronate, serrate, finely pubescent, 3 to 4 in. long, one half as wide. Flowers whitish cream-colored, one petal much the smallest; stamens of the same color. Pod 5-angled.
S. Virgínica.S. Virgínica.
S. Virgínica.
Handsome shrub or small tree (10 to 15 ft.), wild south in the mountains, and hardy and cultivated as far north as New York City without protection. In Massachusetts it needs some sheltered position.
2.Stuártia Virgínica, Cav. (Virginia Stuartia.) Leaves elliptic-ovate, acuminate at both ends, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide, thin, serrate, silky pubescent beneath. Flowers white with purple filaments and blue anthers. Pod globular and blunt; ripe in October. A beautiful shrub rather than tree (8 to 12 ft.), wild in Virginia and south; hardy as far north as Washington.
Genus8. GORDÒNIA.
Shrubs or small trees with alternate, simple, feather-veined leaves. Flowers large (3 to 4 in. wide), white, showy, solitary in the axils of the leaves. Blooming in summer. Fruit a dry, dehiscent, conical-pointed, 5-celled capsule with 10 to 30 seeds, ripe in the autumn.
G. Lasiánthus.G. Lasiánthus.
G. Lasiánthus.
1.Gordònia Lasiánthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves thick, evergreen, lanceolate-oblong, minutely serrate, nearly sessile, smooth and shining on both sides. The large, solitary, sweet-scented, axillary flowers on peduncles half as long as the leaves. A large tree (30 to 70 ft. high) in the south (wild in southern Virginia), and cultivated as far north as central Pennsylvania, without protection; at St. Louis and Boston it needs protection. Wood of a reddish color, light and brittle.
G. pubéscens.G. pubéscens.
G. pubéscens.
2.Gordònia pubéscens, L'Her. Leaves thin, deciduous, obovate-oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath. Flowers nearly sessile. A small tree or shrub of thesouth (30 ft. high in Georgia), hardy, and rarely cultivated as far north as Philadelphia, or still farther north if slightly sheltered.
OrderVI. MALVÀCEÆ.(Mallow Family.)
A large family, mainly of herbs, found in tropical and temperate regions. One cultivated species, almost a tree, is included in this work.
Genus9. HIBÍSCUS.
Herbs or shrubs; one sometimes tree-like, with simple, deciduous, alternate, stipulate, usually lobed leaves. Flowers large, showy, 5-parted (Hollyhock-shaped), in late summer. Fruit a 5-celled, many-seeded pod, ripe in autumn.
H. Syrìacus.H. Syrìacus.
H. Syrìacus.
Hibíscus Syrìacus, L. (Tree Hibiscus.) The only woody and sometimes tree-like species; has ovate, wedge-shaped, 3-lobed, toothed leaves, and large (3 in.) white, purple, red, or variegated flowers. Usually a shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, often cultivated throughout; introduced from Syria.
OrderVII. STERCULIÀCEÆ.
Trees or shrubs (a few are herbs), with alternate leaves, and the stamens united into a tube. A large order of tropical plants.
Genus10. STERCÙLIA.
Leaves alternate, simple, usually lobed, ovaries more or less divided into 5 carpels, each 2- to many-lobed; fruit when ripe forming a star of 5 distinct pods.
S. platanifòlia.S. platanifòlia.
S. platanifòlia.
Stercùlia platanifòlia, L. (Chinese Parasol.) Leaves large, deciduous, alternate, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, deeply heart-shaped at base, the margin entire, the lobes acute; smooth or slightly hairy; leafstalk about as long as the blade. Flowers green, in axillary panicles; fruit star-shaped. A small, beautiful tree from China; probably not hardy north of Washington.
OrderVIII. TILIÀCEÆ.(Linden Family.)
An order, mainly of trees, abundant in the tropics; here represented by a single genus:
Genus11. TÍLIA.
Trees with alternate, deciduous, obliquely heart-shaped, serrate leaves, about as broad as long. Leaves two-ranked on the stem. Flowers small, cream-colored, fragrant, in clusters on a peculiar, oblong, leaf-like bract. Fruit small (1/8 in.), globular, woody, in clusters from the same bract. Wood white and soft; inner bark very fibrous and tough.
T. Americàna.T. Americàna.
T. Americàna.
1.Tília Americàna, L. (Basswood. Whitewood. Linden.) Leaves large, 4 to 6 in. long, green and smooth, or very nearly so, thickish. Fruit ovoid, somewhat ribbed, ¼ in. broad, greenish when ripe in October, on a bract which is usually tapering to the base. Tall tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, wild in rich woods and often cultivated.
T. pubéscens.T. pubéscens.
T. pubéscens.
2.Tília pubéscens, Ait. (Small-leaved Basswood.) Leaves smaller, 2 to 3 in. long,thinner and rather pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, 1/5 in. broad, on a bract usually quite rounded at base.
This is usually considered as a variety of the last-named species. It is found from New York south and west.
T. heterophýlla.T. heterophýlla.
T. heterophýlla.
3.Tília heterophýlla, Vent. (White Basswood.) Leaves large, often 8 in. broad, smooth and bright green above, silvery white and downy beneath, with darker, purplish veins. A large tree; wild in Pennsylvania, west and south, and often cultivated.
T. Europæ̀a.T. Europæ̀a.
T. Europæ̀a.
4.Tília Europæ̀a, Mill. (European Linden.) Leaves twice as long as the petioles, and smooth except a woolly tuft in the axils of the veins beneath. Small and large leaved varieties are in cultivation. The flowers have no petal-like scales among the stamens, while the American species have. An ornamental tree with dense foliage; often cultivated from Europe. The twigs are more numerous and more slender than those of the American species. Nearly a score of named varieties are in cultivation. Var.laciniatahas deeply cut and twisted leaves.
OrderIX. RUTÀCEÆ.(Rue Family.)
Shrubs and trees, rarely herbs, in most cases with transparent-dotted, heavy-scented foliage. A rather large order in warm climates.
Genus12. XANTHÓXYLUM.
Shrubs or trees with mostly odd-pinnate, alternate leaves. The stem and often the leaflets prickly; flowers small, greenish or whitish; fruit dry, thick pods, with 1 to 2 seeds.
X. Americànum.X. Americànum.
X. Americànum.
1.Xanthóxylum Americànum, Mill. (Northern Prickly-Ash. Toothache-Tree.) Leaves and flowers in sessile, axillary, umbellate clusters; leaflets 5 to9, ovate-oblong, downy when young. Flowers appear before the leaves. Shrub, scarcely at all tree-like, with bark, leaves, and pods very pungent and aromatic. Common north, and sometimes cultivated.
X. Clàva Hércules.X. Clàva Hércules.
X. Clàva Hércules.
2.Xanthóxylum Clàva Hércules, L. (Southern Prickly-Ash.) Leaflets 7 to 17, ovate to ovate-oblong, oblique at base, shining above. Flowers appear after the leaves. A small tree with very sharp prickles. Sandy coast of Virginia and southward; occasionally cultivated in the north.
Genus13. PTÈLEA.
Shrub with compound leaves of three leaflets, greenish-white flowers in terminal cymes, and 2-seeded fruit with a broad-winged margin, somewhat like the Elm, only larger.
P. trifoliàta.P. trifoliàta.
P. trifoliàta.
Ptèlea trifoliàta, L. (Hop-Tree.Shrubby Trefoil.) Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. Flowers with a disagreeable odor; fruit bitter, somewhat like hops. A tall shrub, often, when cultivated, trimmed into a tree-like form. Wild, in rocky places, in southern New York and southward.
Genus14. PHELLODÉNDRON.
Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Flowers diœcious; so only a portion of the trees bear the small, odoriferous, 5-seeded, drupe-like fruit.
P. Amurénse.P. Amurénse.
P. Amurénse.
Phellodéndron Amurénse.(Chinese Cork-Tree.) Leaves opposite, odd-pinnate, 1½ to 3 ft. long; leaflets 9 to many, lanceolate,sharply serrate, long-acuminate. Flowers inconspicuous, diœcious, in loose-spreading clusters at the ends of the branches. The pistillate flowers form small, black, pea-shaped fruit, in loose, grape-like clusters, thickly covered with glands containing a bitter, aromatic oil, and remaining on the tree in winter. Medium-sized tree (20 to 40 ft.), with Ailanthus-like leaves which turn bright red in autumn, and remain long on the tree. Hardy as far north as central Massachusetts.
OrderX. MELIÀCEÆ.(Melia Family.)
Tropical trees, including the Mahogany; represented in the south by the following:
Genus15. MÈLIA.
Trees with alternate, bipinnate leaves. The flowers are conspicuous and beautiful, in large panicles, in the spring. Fruit in large clusters of berry-like drupes, with a 5-celled stone.
M. Azédarach.M. Azédarach.
M. Azédarach.
Mèlia Azédarach, L.(China-Tree. Pride of India.) Leaves very large, doubly pinnate, with many obliquely lance-ovate, acuminate, smooth, serrate leaflets. Flowers small, lilac-colored, deliciously fragrant, in large axillary clusters. Fruit globular, as large as cherries, yellow when ripe in autumn; hanging on through the winter. A rather small (20 to 40 ft. high), rapidly growing, round-headed, popular shade-tree in the south, and hardy as far north as Virginia. Introduced from Persia.
Genus16. CEDRÉLA.
Leaves large, alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate. Flowers with separate petals, fragrant, white, in large clusters. Fruit 5-celled dehiscent pods, with many pendulous, winged seeds.
C. Sinénsis.C. Sinénsis.
C. Sinénsis.
Cedréla Sinénsis.(Chinese Cedrela.) Leaves large, odd-pinnate, alternate, appearing much like those of the Ailanthus, but with slight serrations near the tips of the leaflets, and no glands near the base. Bruised leaves with a strong odor; footstalk and stout-tipped branches with glands. Large tree, seemingly hardy in New Jersey, but dies to the ground in winter in Massachusetts. Recently introduced from China.
OrderXI. SIMARUBÀCEÆ.(Quassia Family.)
Eastern trees and shrubs, here represented by a single tree:
Genus17. AILÁNTHUS.
Large trees to shrubs, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers small, greenish, in large terminal panicles. Fruit broadly winged, like the Ash, but with the seed in the center.
A. glandulòsus.A. glandulòsus.
A. glandulòsus.
Ailánthus glandulòsus, Desf. (Tree of Heaven.) Leaves very large, 2 to 5 ft. long on the younger growths; leaflets obliquely lanceolate, coarsely toothed at the base, with a gland on the lower side at the point of each tooth; point of leaflets entire. Young twigs thick, rusty brown; buds very small in the axils. Only some of the trees have fruit, assome have only staminate flowers. The staminate flowers are very ill-scented. A rapid-growing tree, with useful hard wood; cultivated and naturalized; hardy throughout. Seepage 10.
OrderXII. ILICÌNEÆ.(Holly Family.)
A small order of trees and shrubs, including for our purpose only one genus:
Genus18. ÌLEX.
Trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, thick, mostly evergreen leaves. Flowers rather inconspicuous, mostly in clusters. Fruit berry-like, small (¼ to ½ in.), with 4 to 6 nutlets; hanging on the plants late in the autumn or through the winter.
I. opàca.I. opàca.
I. opàca.
1.Ìlex opàca, Ait. (American Holly.) Leaves evergreen, oval, acute, thick, smooth, with scattered spiny teeth. Flowers white; May. The bright-red berries, found only on some of the trees, remain on through the greater part of the winter. Small tree, 15 to 40 ft. high, with very hard white wood; wild in southern New England and southward. A beautiful broad-leaved, evergreen tree which should be more extensively cultivated. North of latitude 41° it needs a protected situation.
I. Dahòon.I. Dahòon.
I. Dahòon.
2.Ìlex Dahòon, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, evergreen, oblanceolate or oblong, entire or sharply serrate toward the apex, with revolute margins, not spiny. Young branches andlower surface of the leaves, especially on the midrib, pubescent. Small tree, 10 to 30 ft. high; Virginia and south, with very hard, white, close-grained wood. Rarely cultivated.
I. montícola.I. montícola.
I. montícola.
3.Ìlex montícola, Gray. Leaves deciduous, ovate to lance-oblong, 3 to 5 in. long, taper-pointed, thin, smooth, sharply serrate. Fruit red, on short stems, with the seeds many-ribbed on the back. Usually a shrub but sometimes tree-like; damp woods in the Catskills and in the Alleghany Mountains.
OrderXIII. CELASTRÀCEÆ.
Shrubs with simple leaves and small, regular flowers, forming a fruit with ariled seeds.
Genus19. EUÓNYMUS.
Shrubs somewhat tree-like, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite, serrate leaves, and loose cymes of angular fruit which bursts open in the autumn.
E. atropurpùreus.E. atropurpùreus.
E. atropurpùreus.
1.Euónymus atropurpùreus, Jacq. (Burning-bush.Wahoo.) Leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of the dark-purple flowers commonly in fours; pods smooth, deeply lobed, when ripe, cinnamon in color and very ornamental. Tall shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; wild in Wisconsin to New York, and southward; often cultivated.
E. Europæus.E. Europæus.
E. Europæus.
2.Euónymus Europæus, L. (European Spindle-tree or Burning-bush.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth; flowers and fruit commonly in threes on compressed stems; fruit usually 4-lobed, the lobes acute; flowers greenish-white; May; fruit abundant, scarlet, ripe in September.Generally a shrub, though sometimes tall enough (4 to 20 ft.) and trimmed so as to appear tree-like; twigs smooth, green or reddish-green. Extensively cultivated; from Europe.
OrderXIV. RHAMNÀCEÆ.
(Buckthorn Family.)
An order mainly of shrubs, but including in the north-eastern United States two or three small trees.
Genus20. RHÁMNUS.
Shrubs or small trees with deciduous (rarely evergreen), usually alternate (rarely opposite), pinnately veined leaves. Flowers small, 4-parted, inconspicuous, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Fruit berry-like, with 2 to 4 seed-like nuts.
R. cathártica.R. cathártica.
R. cathártica.
1.Rhámnus cathártica, L.(Common Buckthorn.) Leaves ovate, minutely serrate, alternate or many of them opposite; branchlets terminating in thorns. Flowers greenish. Fruit globular, 1/3 in. in diameter, black with a green juice, and 3 or 4 seeds; ripe in September. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 15 ft. high, from Europe; cultivated for hedges, and found wild in a few places, where it forms a small tree.
R. Caroliniàna.R. Caroliniàna.
R. Caroliniàna.
2. Rhámnus Caroliniàna, Walt. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves 3 to 5 in.long, alternate, oblong, wavy and obscurely serrulate, nearly smooth, on slender pubescent petioles. Flowers greenish, 5-parted, solitary or in umbellate clusters in the axils. Fruit berry-like, globular, the size of peas, 3-seeded, black when ripe in September. A thornless shrub or small tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. New Jersey, south and west. Usually a shrub except in the Southern States.
R. Califòrnicus.R. Califòrnicus.
R. Califòrnicus.
3.Rhámnus Califòrnicus, Esch. (California Buckthorn.) Leaves evergreen, oval-oblong to elliptical, 1 to 4 in. long, rather obtuse, sometimes acute, generally rounded at base, serrulate or entire. Fruit blackish purple, with thin pulp, ¼ in., 2- to 3-seeded. A spreading shrub, 5 to 18 ft. high, without thorns; from California.
Genus21. HOVÈNIA.
Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, oblique at base. Fruit an obscurely 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-seeded pod in dichotomous clusters, both axillary and terminal.
H. dúlcisH. dúlcis
H. dúlcis
Hovènia dúlcis, Thunb. Leaves long-petioled, more or less ovate to cordate, serrate, palmately 3-ribbed, much darker on the upper surface; both sides slightly roughened with scattered hairs. Fruit sweet, edible, in clusters in the axils of the leaves; seeds lens-shaped, with a ridge on the inner side. Flowers white; in July. A large, broad-topped tree, introduced from Japan. Hardy at Washington, but dies to the ground in the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.
Genus22. ZÌZYPHUS.
Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, 3-ribbed. Flowers axillary, 5-petaled. Fruit fleshy, drupe-like, containing a 1- to 2-celled nut.
Z. vulgàris.Z. vulgàris.
Z. vulgàris.
Zìzyphus vulgàris, Lam. (Jujube.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate, smooth, and glossy green on both sides, upper sidequite dark; slightly hairy beneath on the veins; prickles twin, one recurved, sometimes none. New growth of the year green, and resembling a once-pinnate compound leaf and usually dropping off in the autumn like one. Leaves 10 to 20 on a twig, 2-ranked; flowers and drupes nearly sessile in the axils; fruit small (¼ in.), blood-red when ripe. A small tree (10 to 30 ft. high), of recent introduction from Syria; hardy at Philadelphia, but needing some protection at the Arnold Arboretum, Massachusetts.
OrderXV. SAPINDÀCEÆ.(Soapberry Family.)
A large order represented in all countries, and so varied in its characteristics as to form several sub-orders.
Genus23. ÆSCULUS.
Deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs, with opposite, palmately compound leaves with serrated, straight-veined leaflets. Flowers usually conspicuous in dense terminal panicles. Fruit large, leathery-coated, often rough, with one or few large Chestnut-like but bitter seeds. Fruit large in midsummer, hanging on the tree until frost.