Q. bícolor.Q. bícolor.
Q. bícolor.
5.Quércus bícolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely sinuate-crenate, and often rather pinnatifid than toothed, whitish, soft-downy beneath. Main primary veins 6 to 8 pairs. Acorns, nearly 1 in., oblong-ovoid, set in a shallow cup often mossy fringed at the margin, on a peduncle about as long as the acorn, much longer than the petioles of the leaves; in the axils of the leaves of the year. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, stem 5 to 8 ft. in diameter. Most common in the Northern and Western States, in swamps, but found in moist soil in the mountains of the South.
Q. Michaùxii.Q. Michaùxii.
Q. Michaùxii.
6.Quércus Michaùxii, Nutt. (Basket-oakorCow-oak.) Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, oval to obovate, acute, obtuse, or even cordate at base, regularly but usually not deeply sinuate, rather rigid, usually very tomentose beneath. Acorn large, 1-1/3 in. long, sweet and edible; cup shallow and roughened with coarse, acute scales; no fringe. A large and valuable Oak with gray and flaky bark.
Q. PrìnusQ. Prìnus
Q. Prìnus
7.Quércus Prìnus, L. (Chestnut-oak.) Leaves obovate or oblong, coarsely undulately toothed, with 10 to 16 pairs of straight, prominent ribs beneath; surface minutely downy beneath, and smooth above. Acorn ovoid, 1 in. long, covered nearly half-waywith a thick, mostly tuberculated cup; in the axils of the leaves of the year; kernel sweetish and edible. A middle-sized or small tree, with reddish, coarse-grained wood. Found throughout, but common only southward.
Q. Muhlenbérgii.Q. Muhlenbérgii.
Q. Muhlenbérgii.
8.Quércus Muhlenbérgii, Engelm. (Yellow Chestnut-oak.) Leaves usually thin, 5 to 7 in. long, 1½ to 2 in. broad, oblong-lanceolate, rather sharply notched, mostly obtuse or roundish at base, sometimes broadly ovate or obovate, and two thirds as wide as long. The leaves are usually more like those of the Chestnut than any other Oak; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. Acorn 2/3 to ¾ in. long, inclosed in a thin, hemispherical cup with small, appressed scales. A middle-sized tree with flaky, pale, thin, ash-colored bark, and tough, very durable, yellowish or brownish wood. Western New England, westward and south.
Q. prinoìdes.Q. prinoìdes.
Q. prinoìdes.
9.Quércus prinoìdes, Willd. (Dwarf Chestnut-oak.) Much like the last, but generally grows only 2 to 4 ft. high in the Eastern States. The leaves are more wavy-toothed, on shorter stems. It seems to be only a variety of Quercus Muhlenbergii, especially in the West, where it grows much taller and runs into that species.
Q. vìrens.Q. vìrens.
Q. vìrens.
10.Quércus vìrens, Ait. (Live-oak.) Leaves thick, evergreen, 2 to 4 in. long, oblong, obtuse, and somewhat wrinkled; smooth and shining above, hairy beneath, the margin revolute, usually quite entire, rarely spiny-toothed. Acorns pedunculate, 1 to 3 in a cluster, oblong-ovate, with top-shaped nut. A mere shrub to a large tree, with yellowish wood of excellent grain and durability. Virginia and south.
Q. rùbra.Q. rùbra.
Q. rùbra.
11.Quércus rùbra, L.(Red Oak.) Leaves rather thin, smooth, oblong, moderately pinnatifid, sometimes deeply so, into 8 to 12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, turning dark red after frost. Acorn oblong-ovoid, 1 in. or less long, set in a shallow cup of fine scales, with a narrow raised border, ¾ to 1 in. in diameter; sessile or nearly so. A large tree, 60 to 90 ft. high, with reddish, very coarse-grained wood. Common throughout.
Q. coccínea.Q. coccínea.
Q. coccínea.
12.Quércus coccínea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Leaves, in the ordinary form on large trees, bright green, shining above, turning red in autumn, oval or oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the 6 to 8 lobes divergent, and sparingly cut-toothed, notches rounded. Acorn ½ to ¾ in. long, roundish, depressed, one half or a little more inclosed in a top-shaped, coarsely scaled cup; in the axils of the leaf-scars of the preceding year. A large handsome tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with grayish bark not deeply furrowed, interior reddish; coarse-grained reddish wood. Moist or dry soil. Common.
Var. tinctória.Var. tinctória.
Var. tinctória.
Var.tinctoria. (Quercitron. Yellow-barked or Black Oak.) Leaves, especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnatifid, sometimes barely sinuate. Foliage much like that of Quercus rubra. Acorn nearly round, ½ to 2/3 in. long, set in a rather deep, conspicuously scaly cup. Bark of trunk thicker, rougher, darker-colored and with the inner color orange. Rich and poor soil. Abundant east, but rare west.
Q. palústris.Q. palústris.
Q. palústris.
13.Quércus palústris, Du Roi. (Swamp, Spanish, or Pin Oak.) Leaves oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with divergent, sharply toothed, bristle-tipped lobes and rounded notches,and with both sides bright green. Acorn globular, hardly ½ in. long, cup shallow and saucer-shaped, almost sessile, in the axils of last year's leaf-scars. A handsome, medium-sized tree; wood reddish, coarse-grained. In low ground. Common throughout.
Q. falcàta.Q. falcàta.
Q. falcàta.
14.Quércus falcàta, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves obtuse or roundish at base, 3- to 5-lobed above, the lobes prolonged, mostly narrow, and the end ones more or less scythe-shaped, bristle-tipped, entire or sparingly cut-toothed, soft-downy beneath. Foliage very variable. Acorn 1/3 to ½ in. long, globose, half inclosed in the hemispherical cup; nearly sessile. A tree, 30 to 70 ft. high, large and abundant in the South; bark thick and excellent for tanning; wood coarse-grained, dark brown or reddish. New Jersey, south and west.
Q. ilicifòlia.Q. ilicifòlia.
Q. ilicifòlia.
15.Quércus ilicifòlia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-oak.) Leaves obovate, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5-lobed (3 to 7), white-downy beneath, 2 to 4 in. long, thickish, with short, triangular bristle-tipped lobes. Acorn ovoid, globular, ½ in. long. A dwarfed, straggling bush, 3 to 10 ft. high. Sandy barrens and rocky hills. New England to Ohio, and south.
Q. aquática.Q. aquática.
Q. aquática.
16.Quércus aquática, Walt. (Water-oak.) Leaves thick, sub-evergreen, obovate-wedge-shaped, smooth, tapering at the base, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed at the tip; on the seedlings and the young rapid-growing shoots often incised or sinuate-pinnatifid, and then bristle-pointed. Acorn small, globular-ovoid, downy, in a saucer-shaped cup, very bitter; in the axils of leaf-scars of the previous year. A very variable tree, 30 to 40 ft. high, with smooth bark. Wet ground. Maryland, west and south.
Q. nìgra.Q. nìgra.
Q. nìgra.
17.Quércus nìgra, L. (Black Oak or Barren Oak.) Leaves large, 5 to 10 in. long, thick, wedge-shaped, broadly dilated above, and truncate or slightly 3-lobed at the end, bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-downy beneath. Acorn oblong-ovate, ½ to ¾ in. long, in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year, one third or one half inclosed in the top-shaped, coarse-scaled cup. A small tree, 10 to 25 ft. high, with rough, very dark-colored bark. New York, south and west, in dry, sandy barrens.
Q. imbricària.Q. imbricària.
Q. imbricària.
18.Quércus imbricària, Michx. (Laurel-or Shingle-oak.) Leaves lanceolate-oblong, entire, tipped with an abrupt, sharp point, pale-downy beneath. Acorn globular, 5/8 in. long, cup with broad, whitish, close-pressed scales, covering about one third of the nut. A stout tree, 30 to 50 ft. high, found in barrens and open woodlands. Wood extensively used in the West for shingles. New Jersey to Wisconsin, and southward.
Q. Phéllos.Q. Phéllos.
Q. Phéllos.
19.Quércus Phéllos, L. (Willow-oak.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, thick, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, entire or very nearly so, soon smooth, light green, bristle-tipped, willow-like, scurfy when young. Acorns about sessile, globular, small (½ in.), in a shallow saucer shaped cup; on the old wood. Tree 30 to 50 ft. high, with smooth, thick bark, and reddish, coarse-grained wood, of little value. Borders of swamps, New Jersey, south and west; also cultivated.
Q. Ròbur.Q. Ròbur.
Q. Ròbur.
20.Quércus Ròbur, L. (English Oak.) Leaves on short footstalks, oblong, smooth, dilated upward, sinuately lobed, hardly pinnatifid. Acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year, ovate-oblong, over 1 in., about one third inclosed in the hemispherical cup; sessile in var.sessiliflora; clustered and long-peduncled in var.pedunculata. Trees 50 to 100 ft. high, extensively cultivated; from Europe; the nursery catalogues name as many as a score or more varieties.
One var.,fastigiata(Pyramidal Oak), is a peculiar upright tree like the Lombardy Poplar; var.pendula(Weeping Oak) has long, slender, drooping branches.
Q. Cérris.Q. Cérris.
Q. Cérris.
21.Quércus Cérris, L. (Turkey Oak.) Leaves on very short stalks, oblong, deeply and unequally pinnatifid, hairy beneath; lobes lanceolate, acute, somewhat angular. Acorns in the axils of the leaves of the year, ovate, with a hemispherical, bristly or mossy cup. Several varieties of this species, from Europe, are cultivated in this country. They form tall, round-headed, symmetrical trees.
Genus89. CASTÀNEA.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, straight-veined, elongated, pointed leaves. Sterile flowers in long, drooping, conspicuous catkins, blooming in June or July; the fertile ones rather inconspicuous, but forming prickly-coated burs which hang on till the frost, when they split open and let out the brown, horny-coated nuts. Wood light, coarse-grained.
C. satìva.C. satìva.
C. satìva.
1.Castànea satìva, Mill. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate, with usually awned teeth; smooth on both sides, 6 to 9 in. long, 1½ to 2¼ in. wide. Burs large, very prickly, inclosing 1 to 3 large, ovoid, brown nuts, ripe after frost, which opens the bur into 4 valves. A common large tree, with light, coarse-grained wood, and bark having coarse longitudinal ridges on the old trees. Many varieties of this species are in cultivation, varying in the size and sweetness of the nuts, the size of the trees, and the size and the margins of the leaves, some of which are almost entire. The wild species is var.Americana.
C. pùmila.C. pùmila.
C. pùmila.
2.Castànea pùmila, Mill. (Chinquapin.) Leaves lance-oblong, strongly straight-veined, coarsely serrate, usually with awned tips; whitish-downy beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1¼ to 2 in. wide. Bur small, prickly, with a single small, rounded, sweet, chestnut-colored nut. A handsome small tree, or in the wild state usually a shrub, 6 to 40 ft. high. Central New Jersey, southern Ohio and southward, and cultivated successfully as far north as New York City.
Genus90. FÀGUS.
Trees with alternate, strongly straight-veined, almost entire to deeply pinnatifid leaves. Flowers inconspicuous, appearing with the leaves. Fruit a prickly bur, inclosing 2 triangular, sharp-ridged nuts, the bur hanging on the trees during the greater part of the winter. Leaf-buds very elongated, slender, sharp-pointed.
F. ferrugínea.F. ferrugínea.
F. ferrugínea.
1.Fàgus ferrugínea, Ait. (American Beech.) Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed; petioles and midrib ciliate with soft silky hairs when young, soon almost naked. The very straight veins run into the teeth. Prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. Large tree, 60 to 100 ft. high, with grayish-white, very smooth bark, and firm, light-colored, close-grained wood. Wild throughout, and frequently cultivated.
F. sylvática.F. sylvática.
F. sylvática.
2.Fàgus sylvática, L. (European Beech.) Leaves often similar to those of the American Beech, but usually shorter and broader; the border, often nearly entire, is wavy in some varieties, and in others deeply pinnatifid. The bark in most varieties is darker than in the American. This Beech, with its numerous varieties, is the one usually cultivated. Among the most useful varieties areatropurpurea(Purple Beech), with the darkest foliage of any deciduous tree, and almost entire-margined leaves;laciniata(Cut-leaved Beech), with very deeply cut leaves; andargentea variegata(Silver Variegated Beech), having in the spring quite distinctly variegated leaves.
OrderXL. SALICÀCEÆ.(Willow Family.)
A small order of soft-wooded trees and shrubs, abundantly distributed in the northern temperate and frigid zones.
Genus91. SÀLIX.
Soft-wooded trees or shrubs growing in damp places, with alternate, usually quite elongated, pointed, deciduousleaves, without lobes. Stipules often large, leaf-like, and more or less persistent through the summer; sometimes scale-like and dropping early. The stipules are always free from the leafstalk and attached to the twig at small spots just below the leafstalk. Even if the stipules have dropped off, the small scars remain. Flowers staminate and pistillate on separate trees (diœcious), in elongated catkins in early spring. Fruit consists of catkins of small pods with numerous seeds having silky down at one end. The seeds usually drop early. Among the Willows there are so many hybrids and peculiar varieties as to render their study difficult, and their classification, in some cases, impossible. The following Key will probably enable the student to determine most specimens. No attempt has been made to include all the cultivated forms.
S. nìgraS. nìgra
S. nìgra
1.Sàlix nìgra, Marsh. (Black Willow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering at the ends, serrate, smooth except on the petiole and midrib, green on both sides; stipules small (large in var.falcata), dentate, dropping early. Branches very brittle at base. A small tree, 15 to 35 ft. high, with rough black bark. Common along streams, southward, but rare in the northern range of States.
S. amygdaloìdes.S. amygdaloìdes.
S. amygdaloìdes.
2.Sàlix amygdaloìdes, Anderson. (Western Black Willow.) Leaves 2 to 4 in. long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-cuspidate, pale or glaucous beneath, with long slender petioles; stipules minute and soon falling. A small tree, 10 to 40 ft. high, from central New York westward. It is the common Black Willow of the streams of Ohio to Missouri.
S. frágilis.S. frágilis.
S. frágilis.
3.Sàlix frágilis, L. (Brittle Willow. Crack-willow.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth, glaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate throughout; stipules half heart-shaped, usually large. Branches smooth and polished, very brittle at base. A tall (50 to 80 ft. high) handsome Willow, with a bushy head and salmon-colored wood; cultivated from Europe for basket-work, and extensively naturalized. Many varieties, hybrids between this species and the next, are very common. Among them may be mentioned the following:
Var.decipiens, with dark-brown buds; var.Russelliana, with more slender, brighter, and more sharply serrate leaves, the annual shoots silky-downy toward autumn; var.viridis, with tough, pendulous branchlets, and firmer, bright green leaves.
S. álba.S. álba.
S. álba.
4.Sàlix álba, L. (White Willow.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, covered more or less with white silky hairs, especially beneath; var.cæruleahas nearly smooth leaves, at maturity of a bluish tint; stipules small and quite early deciduous. Catkins of flowers long and loose, on a peduncle; stamens usually 2; stigmas nearly sessile, thick, and recurved. May, June. A quite large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, with thick, rough bark, usually having yellow twigs (var.vitellina); introduced from Europe and now quite common throughout. Branches very brittle at base.
S. Babylónica.S. Babylónica.
S. Babylónica.
5.Sàlix Babylónica, Tourn. (Weeping Willow.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath; stipules small, roundish, oblique, acuminate; branches pendulous.
A large, gracefully drooping tree, so extensively cultivated for ornament as to seem native; from Europe.
Var.annularis(Ring-leaved Willow. Curled Willow) has the leaves coiled round into rings and spirals.
S. lùcida.S. lùcida.
S. lùcida.
6.Sàlix lùcida, Mühl. (Shining Or American Bay Willow.) Leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate, with a rounded base, a very long acuminate point, and a glandular petiole; when mature, smooth and shining on both sides. Twigs rather stout, polished, and dark green. Bark of trunk smooth. Fruiting catkins quite persistent. A beautiful small tree or shrub, 6 to 15 ft. high, of bushy form. New Jersey, north and westward.
S. pentándra.S. pentándra.
S. pentándra.
7.Sàlix pentándra, L.(Laurel-leaved or Bay Willow.) Leaves ovate, taper-pointed, crenate, glandular, smooth, glossy, bright deep green on both sides, strongly fragrant when bruised. Catkins large, fragrant, golden-yellow, with 4 to 12 (commonly 5) stamens to each flower. June, after the leaves are expanded. A small handsome tree, 15 to 20 ft. high, from Europe, which should be more extensively cultivated in damp soils, as its form, flowers, and foliage are all beautiful.
S. cordàta.S. cordàta. Var. rufescens.
S. cordàta. Var. rufescens.
8.Sàlix cordàta, Mühl.(Heart-leaved Willow.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate or sometimes acute at base, taper-pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above, pale-downy beneath; stipules often large, kidney-shaped, and toothed, sometimes small and entire. Catkins appearing with or before the leaves along the sides of the stem; stamens 2; scales dark or black, hairy, persistent. Shrub or small tree, 8 to 20 ft. high, very common in low and wet places. Many named varieties are found.
Var.rigidahas large, thick, coarse-toothed leaves; vars.myricoidesandangustatahave narrower, finely serrate leaves, almost or fully acute at base.
S. purpùrea.S. purpùrea.
S. purpùrea.
9.Sàlix purpùrea, L.(Purple Willow.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, partly opposite, minutely serrate, smooth. Twigs olive-coloror reddish. Catkins cylindric, with leafy bracts at base, and apparently 1 stamen to each flower (the filaments are united). A shrub or small tree, 3 to 12 ft. high; from Europe. In low ground; often cultivated for the twigs, which are used in basket-making.
S. càprea.S. càprea.
S. càprea.
10.Sàlix càprea, L.(Goat-willow.) Leaves large, roundish, ovate, pointed, serrate, wavy, deep green above, pale and downy with soft, white-cottony hairs beneath; stipules somewhat crescent-shaped. Catkins large, oval, numerous, almost sessile, blooming much before the leaves appear, and of a showy yellow color. A moderate-sized tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, with spreading, brown or purplish branches. Frequent in cultivation; from Europe; growing well in dry places. The Goat-willow is the one generally used for the stock of the artificial umbrella-formed "Kilmarnock Willow." The growth of shoots from these stocks is rendering the Goat-willow quite common.
S. rostràta.S. rostràta.
S. rostràta.
11.Sàlix rostràta, Richards.(Beaked Willow.) Leaves oblong to obovate-lanceolate, acute, usually obscurely toothed, sometimes crenate or serrate, downy above, prominently veined, soft-hairy and somewhat glaucous beneath. Twigs downy. Catkins appearing with the leaves. Fruit-capsules tapering to a long slender beak, pedicels long and slender. A small, tree-shaped shrub, 4 to 15 ft. high, common in both moist and dry ground. New England, west and north.
S. díscolor.S. díscolor.
S. díscolor.
12.Sàlix díscolor, Mühl.(Glaucous or Bog Willow.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate at the base, finely serrate along the middle, and almost entire near the tip; smooth and bright green above, soon smooth and somewhat glaucous beneath; stipules, on the vigorous shoots, equaling the petiole, more frequently small and inconspicuous. Catkins sessile, 1 in. long, appearing before the leaves in the spring; scales dark red or brown, becoming black, covered with long glossy hairs. Fruit in catkins, 2½ in.long, the capsules very hairy, with short but distinct style. A very variable species, common in low meadows and on river-banks; usually a shrub, but occasionally 15 ft. high.
S. cinèrea.S. cinèrea.
S. cinèrea.
13.Sàlix cinèrea, L.(Gray or Ash-colored Willow.) Leaves obovate-lanceolate, entire to serrate; glaucous-downy and reticulated with veins beneath; stipules half heart-shaped, serrate. Flowers yellow; ovary silky, on a stalk half as long as the bracts. A shrub to middle-sized tree, 10 to 30 ft. high, with an erect trunk; occasionally cultivated; from Europe.
S. longifòlia.S. longifòlia.
S. longifòlia.
14.Sàlix longifòlia, Mühl. (Long-leaved Willow.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely notched with projecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young; stipules small, lanceolate, toothed. Branches brittle at base. A shrub or small tree, 2 to 20 ft. high, common, especially westward, along river-banks.
Genus92. PÓPULUS.
Trees with alternate, deciduous, broad-based leaves. Flowers in long and drooping catkins, appearing before the leaves are expanded in the spring. Fruit small, dry pods in catkins, having seeds, coated with cottony down, which early in the season escape and float in the wind. On this account the trees are called Cottonwoods in the West. Trees with light-colored, rather soft wood.
P. álba.P. álba.
P. álba.
1.Pópulus álba, L. (White Poplar or Abele Tree.) Leaves roundish, slightly heart-shaped, wavy toothed or lobed, soon green above, very white-cottony beneath even when old; buds without the sticky coating common in the genus. Branches very white with down when young. Root creeping and producing numerous suckers. A large tree, 50 to 80 ft. high, of rapid growth, often cultivated; from Europe. Leaves and branches very variable, forming several named varieties in the catalogues of the nurseries.
P. tremuloìdes.P. tremuloìdes.
P. tremuloìdes.
2.Pópulus tremuloìdes, Michx. (Quaking-asp. American Aspen.) Leaves roundish heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small, quite regular teeth; downy when young, but soon smooth on both sides; margins downy. Leafstalk long, slender, compressed, causing the leaves to tremble continually in the slightest breeze. Leaf with 2 glands at the base on the upper surface; buds varnished. A medium-sized tree, 30 to 60 ft. high; bark greenish-white outside, yellow within, quite brittle. Common both in forests and in cultivation.
P. grandidentàta.P. grandidentàta.
P. grandidentàta.
3.Pópulus grandidentàta, Michx. (Large-toothed Aspen.) Leaves large, 3 to 5 in. long, roundish-ovate, with large, irregular, sinuate teeth; and when young densely covered with white, silky wool, but soon becoming smooth on both sides; leaf, when young, reddish-yellow; petiole compressed. A large tree, 60 to 80 ft. high, with rather smoothish gray bark. Woods; common northward, rare southward, except in the Alleghanies. Wood soft and extensively used for paper-making.
P. heterophýlla.P. heterophýlla.
P. heterophýlla.
4.Pópulus heterophýlla, L. (Downy-leaved Poplar.) Leaves heart-shaped or roundish-ovate with small, obtuse, incurved teeth; white-woolly when young, but soon becoming smooth on both sides except on the veins beneath. Leafstalk slightly compressed. Shoots round, tomentose. Buds not glutinous. A large tree, 70 to 80 ft. high, not very common; found from western New England to Illinois, and southward.
P. dilatàta.P. dilatàta.
P. dilatàta.
5.Pópulus dilatàta, L. (Lombardy Poplar.) Leaves deltoid, wider than long, crenulated all round, both sides smooth from the first; leafstalk compressed; buds glutinous. A tall tree, 80 to 120 ft. high; spire-like, of rapid growth, with all the branches erect; the trunk twisted and deeply furrowed. Frequently planted a century ago, but now quite rare in the eastern United States. From Europe. It is thought to be a variety of Populus nigra (No. 7).
P. monilífera.P. monilífera.
P. monilífera.
6.Pópulus monilífera, Ait. (Cottonwood.Carolina Poplar.Necklace-poplar.) Leaves large, broadly heart-shaped or deltoid, serrate with cartilaginous, incurved, slightly hairy teeth. The rapid-growing young twigs very angular and bearing very large (6 to 9 in. long) leaves. A very large (80 to 100 ft. high) tree, common in the Mississippi valley, but found in western New England and often planted.
P. nìgra.P. nìgra.
P. nìgra.
7.Pópulus nìgra, L. (Black Poplar.) Leaves rather large, deltoid, pointed, serrate with glandular teeth, smooth on both sides even when young. Leafstalk somewhat compressed. Buds very sticky. A very variable, large (50 to 80 ft. high), rapidly growing tree with spreading branches. Occasionally planted. From Europe.
P. balsamífera.P. balsamífera.
P. balsamífera.
8.Pópulus balsamífera, L. (Balsam-poplar.Tacamahac.Balm of Gilead.) Leaves very large, ovate, gradually acuminate, sometimes heart-shaped, finely serrate, smooth, bright green and shining on both sides; leafstalk nearly round; leaves in spring rich yellow. Branches ridged below the leaves; buds large and covered with very fragrant resin. A medium-sized tree, 40 to 70 ft. high, pyramidal in form. Wild in the North and often cultivated.
Var.candicans, or Balm of Gilead, has larger and more or less heart-shaped leaves (the larger figure in the cut).
CLASS II. GYMNOSPÉRMÆ.
Plants in which the pistil is represented by an open scale instead of a body with a closed ovary, as in Class I.
OrderXLI. CONÍFERÆ.(Pine Family.)
As far as the number of species is concerned, this is the largest order of trees and shrubs of temperate and cold-temperate regions. The order is of the greatest importance, both on account of the valuable timber it furnishes and for its resinous secretions, turpentine and resin.
Genus93. PÌNUS.(The Pines.)
Leaves needle-shaped, 1 to 15 in. long, almost cylindric, 2, 3, or 5 together in clusters, with a sheath, more or less persistent, at the base. Flowers monœcious, both staminate and pistillate in catkins, usually insignificant and unnoticeable. In spring. Fruit a cone, persistent and formed of more or less woody, overlapping scales.