THE TRIAL

The Old Tolbooth of Edinburgh, showing the beam upon which criminals were executed. (From a Drawing by D. Somerville.)The Old Tolbooth of Edinburgh, showing the beam upon which criminals were executed.(From a Drawing by D. Somerville.)

Deacon Brodie continued to bear up bravely, referring to his approaching exit as “a leap in the dark,” and is said to have only once broken down, when he was visited by his eldest daughter, Cecil, on the Friday before his execution. On the Sunday preceding his death, the other two prisoners, Falconer and Bruce, who were to have been executed on the same day, were granted a respite of six weeks. Smith observed that six weeks was but a short time; whereupon the Deacon exclaimed, “George, what would you and I give for six weeks longer? Six weeks would be an age to us!” On the Tuesday he was visited by a friend, when, we are told, “the conversation turning upon the female sex, he began singing with the greatest cheerfulness from the ‘Beggar’s Opera’ ‘ ’Tis woman that seduces all mankind,’ &c.”

The “Beggar’s Opera,” the well-known work of the poet and dramatist, John Gay, appears to have been a special favourite with the Deacon, for it will be remembered that he sang a stave from it on the night of the robbery of the Excise Office. The opera was frequently performed at the Old Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, at this period, and he had, no doubt, had many opportunities of hearing it. Commenting on this incident, theEdinburgh Advertiserremarks—“Brodie seemed to take the character of Captain Macheath as his model, and the day before his death was singing one of the songs from the ‘Beggar’s Opera.’ This is another proof of the dangerous tendency of that play, which ought to be prohibited from being performed on the British stage. It is inconceivable how many highwaymen and robbers this opera has given birth to.” The editor of theAdvertiserwas evidently less gifted with a sense of humour than the Deacon, and had never read Fergusson’s lines “To Sir John Fielding, on his attempt to suppress the ‘Beggar’s Opera.’ ”

On the night before the execution, Deacon Brodie complained of the noise made by the workmen in effecting the alterations on the gibbet necessitated by the reprieve of the other prisoners, Falconer and Bruce; and it is stated in a contemporary report of the trial, published by Robertson on 2nd October, 1788, the day after the execution, that Brodie then said “he planned the model of the new place of execution, he purchasedthe wood, and gave his assistance in finishing it—but little did he imagine at the time that he himself would make his exit on it.” TheEdinburgh Advertiserof 3rd October, 1788, describing the execution, says—“It is not a little remarkable that Brodie was the planner, a few years since, of the new-invented gallows on which he suffered”; and Robert Chambers, in his “Minor Antiquities of Edinburgh,” (1833, p. 168), remarks—“As the Earl of Morton was the first man executed by the ‘Maiden,’ so was Brodie the first who proved the excellence of an improvement he had formerly made on the apparatus of the gibbet. This was the substitution of what is called the ‘drop’ for the ancient practice of the double ladder. He inspected the thing with a professional air, and seemed to view the result of his ingenuity with a smile of satisfaction.” William Chambers, however, in his “Book of Scotland” (1830, pp. 327-8), takes a different view, holding that the drop was first employed at Newgate in 1784, and had already been used in Edinburgh at an execution in 1785.

Popular tradition, with a fine sense of the requirements of poetic justice, has steadfastly held that Deacon Brodie was the first to test the efficacy of the drop which he himself invented, and was thus, in a double sense, the artificer of his own downfall. And although such a circumstance would be well in keeping with the Deacon’s singularly dramatic career, it must unfortunately be dismissed as a picturesque improvement on the literal truth.

A careful examination of the Council records discloses the following facts, now for the first time published:—On 18th August, 1784, the Town Council remitted to Convener Jameson (mason), Deacon Hill (wright), and Deacon Brodie to inspect the west wall of the Tolbooth and consider in what manner a door or passage could be made in order that criminals might be executed there, and to report. Up till that time all public executions had taken place in the Grassmarket at the foot of the West Bow; and it was now proposed that criminals should be executed upon a platform to be erected on the low building which projected from the west gable of the Tolbooth. The report of the committee on the subject does not appear on the record; but in September the new Council was elected for the ensuing year, and Deacon Brodie was not chosen a member of it.

On 24th November, 1784, “pursuant to a late remit to the Magistrates to consider as to fitting up a place adjoining to the Tolbooth of this city for the execution of criminals,” estimates by Convener Jameson and Deacon Hill (who were members of the new Council) were accepted for the mason and wright work respectively. On 11th April, 1785, estimates by the same two Councillors were accepted for rebuilding the shops affected by the proposed alterations, “exclusive of the wright work for the platform and the machinery for an execution, conform to a former estimate.” On the 13th of the same month, the Dean of Guild having inspected the work and reported favourably upon it, the magistrates passed an Act of Council appointing the west end of the Tolbooth to be the common place of execution in all time coming; and ordained Archibald Stewart, then under sentence of death for housebreaking, to be executed there in pursuance of his sentence. The execution was accordingly carried out on 20th April, 1785, but not, it would appear, upon the moveable platform or drop. On 7th September of that year, five months after Stewart’s death, the Council for the first time authorised Deacon Hill “to make amoveableplatform for the execution of criminals in terms of his estimate”; and among certain accounts ordered to be paid by the City Chamberlain on 13th September, 1786, we find one due “To Thomas Hill for erecting asecondplatform, west end of the Tolbooth, twenty-one pounds, seven shillings and elevenpence halfpenny”—his account for the former work being also mentioned.

This was, without doubt, the drop upon which, two years later, Deacon Brodie was to suffer the penalty of the law. It is possible, and indeed, from the contemporary evidence already quoted, probable that he himself designed the model, adopting the improvement recently introduced in England. He may even have sent in an estimate for the work, but, as he was not that year a member of Council, Deacon Hill had the better chance of securing the contract, and certainly obtained it.

It was, therefore, on the platform above referred to that the execution of William Brodie and George Smith took place, at half-past two o’clock on the afternoon of Wednesday, 1st October, 1788, in presence of an immense crowd of spectators, great numbers having come from all parts of the country to witness the event. TheCaledonian Mercuryobserves—“Thecrowd on this occasion was the greatest ever known; the whole space from the prison to the Castle Hill being filled with spectators, pressed together in one compact and immoveable column.” The proceedings were conducted with more than usual solemnity; the magistrates attended in their robes of office, “with white gloves and white staves”; ministers of divers denominations were present in their gowns and bands; and the City Guard formed a cordon round the place of execution. We read that “the great bell tolled during the ceremony, which had an awful and solemn effect.” This is said to have been the first occasion of the kind on which the bell of St. Giles’ Church was tolled. It is characteristic of the man that, on his last public appearance, we are informed, “Mr. Brodie appeared in a handsome suit of black clothes, and had his hair powdered and dressed with taste.” Twice, owing to some defect in the adjustment of the ropes, did the Deacon descend from the platform and enter into conversation with his friends; but, notwithstanding this dreadful delay, his fortitude remained unshaken, and he met his fate with a courage and equanimity worthy of a better cause:

Nothing in his lifeBecame him like the leaving it.

With his hand thrust carelessly into the open front of his vest, as we see him in his portrait, the Deacon calmly took that step out of the world which his own ingenuity is said to have shortened.

TheEdinburgh Evening Courantof 2nd October, 1788, voices the popular sentiment of the time as follows:—“Thus ended the life of William Brodie, whose conduct, when we consider his situation in life, is equally singular and contradictory. By the low and vicious connections he formed he had everything to lose—he could gain little even if successful; for, from the moment he embarked in the enterprises of his desperate associates, his property, his life, was at their mercy. Indeed, his crimes appear to be rather the result of infatuation than depravity; and he seemed to be more attracted by the dexterity of thieving than the profit arising from it. To excel in the performance of some paltry legerdemain or slight-of-hand tricks, to be able to converse in the cant or flash language of thieves, or to chant with spirit a song from the ‘Beggar’s Opera,’ was to him the highest ambition. Those who knew him best agree that his

Deacon Brodie. (After Kay.)Deacon Brodie.(After Kay.)

disposition was friendly and generous, and that he had infinitely more of the dupe than the knave in his composition; and was, indeed, admirably fitted for designing and wicked men to work upon.” The Deacon, even in his own day, did not lack apologists. And though there may be some diversity of opinion regarding the precise shade which that unhappy gentleman had stained a character in other respects not without redeeming traits, there can be none as to the monstrous injustice of the penalty exacted by the law for his offence. In these more merciful times, when conscientious juries hesitate to convict the guilty upon a capital charge, and rather than deliver a fellow-being to an irrevocable doom will sometimes evade responsibility by thevia mediaof “not proven,” it is difficult to realise the callous indifference to human life for which our criminal code was formerly notorious. At that period a man might, literally, as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb; and that the Deacon should suffer a punishment so disproportionate to his deserts would, however repugnant to modern feeling, seem natural enough to his stoical contemporaries.

In explanation of the singular degree of coolness exhibited to the last by Deacon Brodie, a curious story became current. Much anxiety had undoubtedly been shown both by himself and others that his body might not be detained in prison, but should be delivered to his friends so soon as the execution had taken place. With this view the Deacon, on the forenoon of the fatal day, addressed to the Lord Provost the following remarkable letter:—

“Edinburgh Tolbooth,“Oct. 1, 1788, Eleven o’clock.“My Lord,“As none of my relations can stand being present at my dissolution, I humbly request that your Lordship will permit —— to attend, it will be some consolation in my last hour; and that your Lordship will please give orders that my body after be delivered to and by no means to remain in gaol; that he and my friends may have it decently dressed and interred. This is the last request of“Your most obedientbut most unfortunate,Will. Brodie.”

“Edinburgh Tolbooth,“Oct. 1, 1788, Eleven o’clock.

“My Lord,

“As none of my relations can stand being present at my dissolution, I humbly request that your Lordship will permit —— to attend, it will be some consolation in my last hour; and that your Lordship will please give orders that my body after be delivered to and by no means to remain in gaol; that he and my friends may have it decently dressed and interred. This is the last request of

“Your most obedientbut most unfortunate,Will. Brodie.”

“Both of which requests,” we are told, “his Lordship mostreadily granted.” It is said, by the author of the letterpress in “Kay’s Portraits” (1877, vol. 1., pp. 262-3), on the authority of an eye-witness of the execution, that Brodie had been visited in prison by a French quack, Dr. Peter Degravers, who undertook to restore him to life after he had hung the usual time; that, on the day preceding the execution, this individual had marked the Deacon’s temples and arms with a pencil, in order to know the more readily where to apply his lancet; and that with this view the hangman had been bargained with for a short fall. “The excess of caution, however, exercised by the executioner in the first instance in shortening the rope proved fatal by his inadvertency in making it latterly too long. After he was cut down his body was immediately given to two of his own workmen, who, by order of the guard, placed it in a cart and drove at a furious rate round the back of the Castle. The object of this order was probably an idea that the jolting motion of the cart might be the means of resuscitation, as had once actually happened in the case of the celebrated ‘half-hangit Maggie Dickson.’ The body was afterwards conveyed to one of Brodie’s own workshops in the Lawnmarket, where Degravers was in attendance. He attempted bleeding, &c., but all would not do. Brodie was fairly gone.”

The irregular practitioner above mentioned was certainly in Edinburgh about that time, for we read in the newspapers of the day advertisements, which he issued from his rooms in Charles Street, offering his professional services to the public at the moderate fee of half-a-crown “in all cases.” Judging by the testimonials from grateful patients which he also published, the doctor must have given wonderful value for the money; but in the somewhat exceptional circumstances of the Deacon’s case he would, if successful, have surely been entitled to a larger fee.

A more picturesque, if less probable version of the same story is given by the author of “Reminiscences of Glasgow,” on the authority of Æneas Morrison. It is there stated that any attempt to effect the Deacon’s rescue by overpowering the City Guard or breaking into the Tolbooth having, after due consideration, been abandoned by his friends as hopeless, the following elaborate scheme was to be attempted to save his life. Shortly before the hour of his execution, the Deacon was to begthat he might speak to certain of his friends alone for a few moments upon his private affairs. This request being complied with, the opportunity should be seized for introducing into his throat and mouth a small silver tube made for the purpose, with the view of preventing suffocation, and wires were to be carried down his sides from head to foot to save the jerk from the scaffold. The executioner was to be induced to give him a short drop, and other liberties were to be taken with the fatal rope. A surgeon—doubtless the philanthropic Degravers—was to be in attendance to bleed him as soon as the body was cut down; and, if this succeeded, the Deacon was to lie quiet in his coffin, exhibiting no symptom of life, till such time as it could be safely removed to his own house for presumed interment by his relatives. Whether or not this remarkable programme was ever carried out is not recorded.

It would appear from these reports that an attempt of some kind was made with a view to resuscitate the Deacon; and there is no doubt that many people believed at the time that he had “cheated the wuddy” after all. It was said that he had actually revived and made good his escape from Scotland; that he was afterwards seen and conversed with in Paris. His coffin was certainly interred in the north-east corner of the burying-ground of St. Cuthbert’s Chapel of Ease—now Buccleuch Parish Church; but there is a tradition that, on a subsequent occasion, the grave was opened, when no trace of his body could be found.

These stories are probably apocryphal; but they are curious as showing the exceptional interest which the Deacon’s strange career aroused in the minds of his fellow-townsmen. And although his mortal remains, wheresoever situated, must long since have crumbled into dust, the name and doings of Deacon Brodie are indissolubly associated with the annals of that ancient city in which, to a conclusion so disastrous, he played his double part.

———WEDNESDAY, 27thAUGUST, 1788.The Court met at Nine o’clock.———Judges Present—

———Counsel for the Crown—The Lord Advocate(Ilay Campbell).The Solicitor-General(Robert Dundas).William TaitandJames Wolfe Murray, Esqs.,Advocates-Depute.Agent—Mr.Robert Dundas, Clerk to the Signet.———Counsel for the Pannel William Brodie—The Dean of Faculty(Hon. Henry Erskine).Alexander WightandCharles Hay, Esqs.,Advocates.Agents—Mr.Robert Donaldson, W.S., and Mr.Alexander Paterson,Writer, Edinburgh.———Counsel for the Pannel George Smith—John ClerkandRobert Hamilton, Esqs.,Advocates.Agent—Mr.Æneas Morrison, Writer, Edinburgh.

CURIA JUSTICIARIA S. D. N.Regis, Tenta in Nova Sessionis domo de Edinburgh, Vicesimo Septimo die Augusti millesimo septingentesimo Octogesimo octavo, Per Honorabiles Viros;Robertum M‘Queende Braxfield, Dominum Justiciarium Clericum; DominumDavidem Dalrymplede Hailes, Baronetum;Davidem Raede Eskgrove;Joannem Campbellde Stonefield; etJoannem Swintonde Swinton, Dominos Commissionarios Justiciariae dict. S. D. N. Regis.

Curia Legitime Affirmata.

INTRAN. William Brodie, sometime Wright and Cabinetmaker in Edinburgh, and George Smith, sometime Grocer there, both prisoners in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh,

Pannels.

INDICTED and ACCUSED at the instance of Ilay Campbell, Esq., His Majesty’s Advocate for His Majesty’s Interest, for the Crime of Theft attended with House-breaking, in manner mentioned in the Criminal Indictment raised against them thereanent, bearing as follows:—

WILLIAM BRODIE, sometime Wright and Cabinetmaker in Edinburgh, and GEORGE SMITH, sometime Grocer there, both prisoners in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh, You are indicted and accused at the instance of Ilay Campbell, Esq., His Majesty’s Advocate, for His Majesty’s interest: THAT ALBEIT, by the laws of this, and of every well-governed realm, THEFT, more especially when attended with house-breaking, and when committed by breaking into a house used or kept as an Excise Office, or other public office, under cloud of night, and from thence abstracting and stealing money, is a crime of an heinous nature, and severely punishable: YET TRUE IT IS, AND OF VERITY, That You, the said William Brodie, and George Smith, are both, and each, or one or other of You, guilty actors, or art and part, of the said crime, aggravated as aforesaid: IN SO FAR AS, upon the night of the 5th day of March, last, in this present year of our Lord 1788, or upon one or other of the days or nights of that month, or of February immediately preceding, or of April immediately following, You, the said William Brodie, and George Smith, did, by means of false keys, or other instruments, wickedly and feloniously break into the house in which the General Excise Office for Scotland was then kept, in Chessels’s buildings, on the south side of the High-street of Canongate of Edinburgh, within the royalty or liberties of the city of Edinburgh, and county of Edinburgh, and did thencefeloniously abstract and steal money, to the amount of Sixteen pounds Sterling, or thereby, consisting partly of Bank-notes, and partly of silver and halfpence. And You, the said George Smith, having been afterwards apprehended, and brought before Archibald Cockburn, Esq., Sheriff-depute of the county of Edinburgh, did, in his presence, emit three several declarations; the first of date the 8th day of March, the second of date the 10th day of March, and the third of date the 19th day of March, all in this present year of our Lord 1788: And having afterwards been brought before John Stewart, Esq., Sheriff-substitute of the said county, You did, in his presence, emit a fourth declaration, of date the 17th day of July, likewise in this present year 1788: The first of which declarations was signed by the said Archibald Cockburn, the second and third by you, the said George Smith, and the said Archibald Cockburn, and the fourth by you, the said George Smith, and the said John Stewart. AND FURTHER, You, the said William Brodie, having, in the month of March last, when the said George Smith was committed to prison, left Edinburgh, and fled from this country; and having afterwards been brought back, and taken into custody, did, upon the 17th day of July, in this present year 1788, in presence of the said Archibald Cockburn, Esq., emit a declaration, which was signed by you, the said William Brodie, and the said Archibald Cockburn; the whole of which declarations, together with a letter written by You, the said William Brodie, and signed John Dixon, dated at Flushing, Tuesday, 8th April, 1788, twelve o’clock forenoon, and addressed to Mr. Matthew Sheriff, upholsterer, Edinburgh; another letter, or two letters, on one sheet of paper, written by You the said William Brodie, and signed with your initials, dated Thursday, 10th April, 1788, and addressed to Mr. Michael Henderson, Grass-market, stabler, Edinburgh; an unsigned scroll, or copy of a letter, in the hand-writing of You, the said William Brodie, marked No. 1. without date or address; another unsigned scroll, or copy of a letter, in the hand-writing of You, the said William Brodie, marked No. 2. without date or address; an account, or state, in the hand-writing of You, the said William Brodie, entitled, “A state of my affairs, as near as I can make out at present from memory, having no other assistance”; a letter, dated London, 1st May, 1788, signed Lee, Strachan, and Co. and addressed to Mess. Eml. Walker and Co., merchants, Philadelphia; a gold watch, with a chain, seal, and key; a chest, or trunk, containing various articles; a five-pound bank-note; an iron coulter of a plough; two iron wedges; an iron crow; a pair of curling irons or toupee tongs; a spur; a dark lanthorn; a pair of pistols; several false keys and pick-locks; and two spring-saws; are all to be used in evidence against You the said William Brodie and George Smith; and,for that purpose, will be lodged in the hands of the clerk of the High Court of Justiciary, before which You are to be tried, in order that You may have an opportunity of seeing the same: AT LEAST, time and place foresaid, the said house in which the General Excise Office for Scotland was then kept as aforesaid, was feloniously broke and entered into, and a sum of money feloniously and theftuously taken and stolen therefrom as aforesaid; and You the said William Brodie, and George Smith, above complained upon, are both, and each, or one or other of You, guilty thereof, actor or actors, or art and part. ALL WHICH, or part thereof, being found proven by the verdict of an assize, before the Lord Justice-General, Lord Justice-Clerk, and Lords Commissioners of Justiciary, You, the said William Brodie, and George Smith, OUGHT to be punished with the pains of law, to deter others from committing the like crimes in all time coming.ILAY CAMPBELL.

ILAY CAMPBELL.

List of Witnesses to be Adduced in the Trial for theProsecutor.

1. John BrownaliasHumphry Moore, sometime residing in Edinburgh, present prisoner in the Tolbooth of Canongate of Edinburgh.

2. Andrew Ainslie, sometime shoemaker, present prisoner in the Tolbooth of Canongate of Edinburgh.

3. Mary Hubbart or Hubburt, spouse of the said George Smith.

4. Grahame Campbell, sometime servant to the said George Smith.

5. Alexander Thomson, accountant of Excise in Edinburgh.

6. Peter M‘Farlane, clerk in the office of the cashier of Excise there.

7. Adam Pearson, assistant secretary of Excise in Edinburgh.

8. Janet Baxter, servant to the said Adam Pearson.

9. William M‘Kay, porter in the Canongate of Edinburgh.

10. John Duncan, doorkeeper to the Excise Office, Edinburgh.

11. Laurence Dundas, housekeeper of the said Excise Office.

12. Margaret Black, late servant to the said Laurence Dundas.

13. Margaret Bain, late servant to the said Laurence Dundas.

14. James Bonar, deputy-solicitor of the Excise, Edinburgh.

15. Robert Smith, wright in Edinburgh, late foreman to the said William Brodie.

16. Isobel Gilmour, spouse of John Gilmour, ropemaker in West Bow, Edinburgh.

17. Daniel M‘Lean, waiter to William Drysdale, innkeeper in the New Town of Edinburgh.

18. Patrick Taylor, smith in Edinburgh.

19. Charles M‘Leod, apprentice to the said Patrick Taylor.

20. Jacobina Pearson, spouse of Hugh Macpherson, shoemaker in Duddingston, near Edinburgh.

21. John Kinnear, servant to the Earl of Abercorn at Duddingston.

22. Robert Tait, servant to the Earl of Abercorn there.

23. Isobel Wilson, spouse of Adam Robertson, wright in Duddingston.

24. John Clerk, book-keeper to William Drysdale, innkeeper in the New Town of Edinburgh.

25. David Robertson, merchant in Edinburgh.

26. John Geddes, tobacconist in Mid-Calder and county of Edinburgh.

27. Margaret TweddlealiasGeddes, spouse to the said John Geddes.

28. James Laing, writer in Edinburgh.

29. John M‘Leish, clerk to Mr. Hugh Buchan, City Chamberlain of Edinburgh.

30. George Williamson, messenger-at-arms in Edinburgh.

31. William Middleton, indweller in Edinburgh.

32. James Murray, sheriff-officer there.

33. Alexander Williamson, sheriff-officer there.

34. James Fraser, sheriff-officer there.

35. Archibald Cockburn, Esq., Sheriff-depute of the county of Edinburgh.

36. John Stewart, Sheriff-Substitute of the said county.

37. William Scott, Procurator-Fiscal of the county of Edinburgh.

38. William Augustus Wishart, clerk to the said William Scott.

39. Joseph Mack, writer in the Sheriff-Clerk’s Office, Edinburgh.

40. Alexander Fraser, grocer and change-keeper in the New Town, Edinburgh.

41. Laurence Blair, servant to Mr. Charles Hope, advocate.

42. Thomas Longlands, solicitor-at-law in London.

Ilay Campbell.

List of Assize.

1. Andrew Bonar, banker in Edinburgh.

2. Alexander Houston, banker there.

3. Robert Forrester, banker there.

4. Robert Allan, banker there.

5. Henry Jamieson, banker there.

6. John Hay, banker there.

7. William Creech, bookseller there.

8. James Carfrae, merchant there.

9. William Gillespie, merchant there.

10. William Simpson, banker there.

11. George Kinnear, banker there.

12. John Black, merchant there.

13. Francis Blair, merchant there.

14. Elphingston Balfour, bookseller there.

15. Peter Forrester, merchant there.

16. John Thomson, insurance-broker there.

17. Thomas Elder, merchant there.

18. Edward Innes, confectioner there.

19. John Balfour, merchant there.

20. William Fettes, merchant there.

21. John Milne, founder there.

22. Dunbar Pringle, tanner there.

23. Peter Robertson, goldsmith there.

24. Thomas Campbell, merchant there.

25. William Turnbull, merchant there.

26. Alexander Brown, merchant there.

27. Charles Cowan, merchant there.

28. David Paterson, insurance-broker there.

29. Francis Sharp, merchant there.

30. James Donaldson, printer there.

31. John Hutton, stationer there.

32. John Balfour, papermaker there.

33. Robert Young, upholsterer there.

34. John Learmonth, junior, tanner there.

35. Thomas Cleghorn, coachmaker there.

36. Thomas Hutcheson, merchant there.

37. James Craig, corn merchant there.

38. Alexander Bruce, merchant there.

39. Benjamin Yule, baker there.

40. William Smellie, printer there.

41. Orlando Hart, shoemaker there.

42. James Ranken, merchant there.

43. William Young, baker there.

44. William Brown, grocer there.

45. Alexander Weir, painter there.

Rob. M‘Queen.Dav. Dalrymple.Dav. Rae.

List of Witnesses To Be Adduced in Exculpation OfWilliam Brodie.

1. Robert Smith, wright in Edinburgh, late foreman to the said William Brodie.

2. George M‘Intosh, also wright, and late journeyman to the said William Brodie.

3. John Niel, also wright, and late journeyman to the said William Brodie.

4. Arthur Giles, wright in Edinburgh.

5. William Watson, wright in Canongate.

6. William Retson, or Reston, nailer, Portsburgh.

7. James Cargill, ironmonger, Edinburgh.

8. Alexander Miller, ironmonger there.

9. George Burton, ironmonger there.

10. James Goldie, ironmonger there.

11. Daniel MacLean, waiter to William Drysdale, vintner in Edinburgh.

12. George Lees, coachmaker there.

13. Alexander Fergusson, dyer there.

14. Patrick Taylor, smith there.

15. Charles MacLeod, apprentice to Patrick Taylor.

16. Agnes Finlay, spouse to Michael Henderson, stabler, Grassmarket.

17. Alexander MacKay, inner turnkey in the Tolbooth of Edinburgh.

18. James Reid, indweller in Edinburgh, and present prisoner in the Tolbooth.

19. Alexander Brodie, baker, Nether Bow.

20. James Murray, sheriff-officer.

21. Helen Alison, spouse to William Wallace, mason, Libberton’s Wynd.

22. Jane Watt, residenter there.

23. Peggy Giles, servant to—Grahame, publican at Mutton-hole, near Edinburgh.

24. Matthew Sheriff, upholsterer in Edinburgh.

Under protestation to add and eik.

Alexander Wight, for the pannel.

The diet having been called “at the instance of Ilay Campbell, Esquire, His Majesty’s Advocate, for His Majesty’s interest, against William Brodie, sometime wright and cabinetmaker in Edinburgh, and George Smith, sometime grocer there,” the Lord Justice-Clerk desired the pannels to attend to the indictment then to be read.

Mr.Norris, Depute-Clerk of Court, then read aloud the indictment, after which,

The pannels having been asked to stand up,

TheLord Justice-clerk—William Brodie, you have heard the indictment raised against you by His Majesty’s Advocate—are you guilty of the crime therein charged, or not guilty?

William Brodie—My Lord, I am not guilty.

TheLord Justice-clerk—George Smith, you have heard theindictment raised against you by His Majesty’s Advocate for His Majesty’s interest—are you guilty of the crime therein charged, or not guilty?

George Smith—Not guilty, my Lord.

TheLord Justice-Clerkthen asked the counsel for the pannels if they had any objection why the said indictment should not be remitted to the knowledge of the assize.

Mr.Charles Hay—My Lords, I appear as counsel for William Brodie, the prisoner at the bar. I do not observe anything in this indictment upon which I can found an objection to the relevancy of it, and therefore I will at present confine myself to a simple denial of the charge against Mr. Brodie, and your Lordships will fall to pronounce the usual interlocutor on the relevancy, in which the prisoner will be allowed a proof of all facts and circumstances tending to his exculpation.

TheSolicitor-General—My Lords, I desire to know the nature and tendency of the exculpatory evidence proposed to be adduced, in order that, in the course of leading the proof upon the part of the prosecutor, we may be prepared to meet it.

TheLord Justice-Clerk—It is not sufficient for the prisoner to deny the charge if he intends to prove any facts in exculpation; it is but fair to the public prosecutor and to the gentlemen of the jury that these should now be mentioned that they may have them in their view in the course of the trial.

TheDean of Faculty—My Lords, I likewise appear as counsel for William Brodie, the prisoner at the bar. I admit that it is fair to mention the facts which are to be insisted on in his defence; and therefore, adhering to the general denial of the crime charged, we undertake to prove that Mr. Brodie went, before eight o’clock of that night in which the Excise Office is said to have been broken into, to the house of Janet Watt, a person residing in Libberton’s Wynd, with whom he had a particular connection, and that he remained in that house from the said hour until about nine o’clock the next morning. This will be instructed by the woman herself and by other unexceptionable witnesses.

Mr.Robert Hamilton—My Lords, I appear as counsel for the prisoner George Smith. No objection appears to me upon the relevancy of the indictment, and the prisoner rests his defence upon a general denial of the facts charged, having no exculpatory proof to offer.

The Court then pronounced the following interlocutor:—

The Lord Justice-Clerk and Lords Commissioners of Justiciary, having considered the criminal indictment raised and pursued at the instance of Ilay Campbell, Esq., His Majesty’s Advocate, for His Majesty’s interest, against the said William Brodie and George Smith, pannels, they find the indictment relevant toinfer the pains of law, but allow the pannels and each of them to prove all facts and circumstances that may tend to exculpate them or alleviate their guilt, and remit the pannels with the indictment as found relevant to the knowledge of an assize.Robert M‘Queen, I.P.D.

Robert M‘Queen, I.P.D.

The Court were proceeding to select fifteen from amongst the forty-five gentlemen summoned as jurymen, when it was discovered that some of the witnesses had not come forward. In about half-an-hour they all arrived. The Lord Advocate then moved the Court to inflict some fine on those witnesses by whom the delay had been occasioned; but it being found upon inquiry that the hour of cause, but no particular hour, was specified in the citations given them, his Lordship, in respect that the hour of cause was understood to mean ten o’clock, withdrew his motion, and the Lord Justice-Clerk, to prevent similar delays, gave directions that in time coming the citations given to jurymen and witnesses should bear a specified hour at which their attendance is to be required.

Out of the above forty-five jurymen the following fifteen persons were named to pass upon the assize of the pannels; and the pannels being asked if they had any objections why they should not pass upon this assize, and no objections being made on the contrary, they were all lawfully sworn in by the following oath, five at a time:—

You swear by Almighty God, and as you shall answer to God at the great day of judgment, that you will truth say, and no truth conceal, so far as you are to pass upon this assize.

The jury being impanelled and furnished with pen, ink, and paper, and copies of the indictment being laid before them, the Court ordered the counsel for the prosecutor to proceed to the evidence.

At this stage, before the evidence was led,

Mr.Wight—My Lords, I likewise attend your Lordships on the part of Mr. Brodie, and although there does not appear upon the face of this indictment any sufficient ground for an objection to the relevancy of it, yet there are some particulars of which I consider it my duty to take notice; and, in order to save time and trouble to the Court, I propose to do it now rather than hereafter.

The law of this country has been very careful to give unhappy men in the situation of the prisoners every opportunity of preparing for their trials; they are allowed fifteen days after being served with their indictments; they are furnished with a list of the witnesses’ names and designations who are to be adduced against them; and the declarations, writings, and articles to be used in evidence in the course of the trial are particularly specified. The present indictment, though not irrelevant, is perhaps laid in the most vague and general manner I have ever seen. Here there are certain letters and declarations founded on, and other articles, such as a gold watch with a chain, and seal, and key, a chest or trunk containing various articles, a five-pound bank-note, an iron coulter of a plough, &c. These are mentioned in so vague a manner as not to distinguish them from other articles of the same kind, consequently in such a manner as not to give the pannels proper opportunity of preparing for their defence. This is the more inexcusable that all of these articles admitted of a more accurate description.

[Here Mr. Wight was interrupted by the Court.]

TheLord Justice-Clerk—Mr. Wight, these objections are out of place; they ought to be stated when the articles you mention come to be produced by the prosecutor.

TheDean of Faculty—It is no doubt true that the objection to each of these articles falls properly to be stated when they are founded upon by my Lord Advocate; but it was thought proper and respectful to the Court to state the general objection at this stage of the business in order to save time.

TheSolicitor-General—My Lords, I wish that Mr. Wight may be allowed to proceed.

TheLord Justice-Clerk—Mr. Wight, go on.

Mr.Wight—I say, my Lords, that the articles mentioned in the indictment admitted of a more accurate description than that which my Lord Advocate has given them. The maker’s name and number of the watch might have been mentioned, the device on the seal, too, ought to have been specified, also the number of the note and by whom it was issued; and as to the chest or trunk, which is only described by saying that it contained sundry articles, there is no particular description of it, or of any of the articles it contained. It is not said that it is a hair trunk, or the size or shape of it, or any other

The Solicitor-General (Robert Dundas). (After Kay.)The Solicitor-General (Robert Dundas).(After Kay.)

mark condescended upon, whereby it could be distinguished. It might have been mentioned what sort of a trunk it was, whether made of fir, of oak, or of ash; to whom it belonged, and where and in whose possession it was found.

To show your Lordships that this is no immaterial objection, I must beg leave to mention a circumstance that occurred in the present case. Some days ago, Mr. Brodie’s agent went to the Justiciary Office to examine the articles founded on in the indictment; and upon inquiring for the trunk, he was shown a black trunk, a trunk different from the one now to be used in evidence. Thereafter the counsel for the Crown discovered they had committed a mistake; they were so much misled by this want of description that they had sent the trunk referred to, or meant to be referred, in the libel to the prison to Mr. Brodie, and had lodged a wrong trunk with the Clerk of Court. They did not discover this mistake till yesterday morning, and they then applied to the Sheriff for a warrant to recover the trunk, which is now in Court, out of the possession of Mr. Brodie, and which was only lodged in the Justiciary Office yesterday.

Although I have thrown out this general objection, I do not mean to plead it to the effect of setting aside the libel altogether; yet, when the prosecutor attempts to apply his evidence to these articles, I reserve to myself the liberty of making special objections to each article, as it shall be referred to.

TheSolicitor-General—My Lords, I will not take up the time of the Court in making any answer to the objection stated, as to the manner in which the watch and the other articles are described in the indictment, as I have no hesitation to say that it does not deserve one. All these articles, as well as the other articles libelled on, have been for weeks past lying in the hands of the Clerks of Court, where the counsel and agents for the pannels have had full opportunity of examining and taking from them whatever description they might think proper.

As to the story of the trunk, it is shortly this: there were two trunks the property of Mr. Brodie; and one of them, containing linens and other articles, was, from motives of humanity, allowed to remain in his possession. This was the trunk referred to in the indictment; the other was, however, sent by mistake to the Justiciary Office, but as soon as the error was discovered, Mr. Brodie was applied to to deliver up the proper trunk. This he refused to do, and therefore it became necessary to apply to the Sheriff, who granted a warrant; in consequence of which it was recovered from the prisoner and lodged in the Justiciary Office. This is the plain state of the fact, and, having laid it before your Lordships, I do not consider it necessary to add one word more to the subject.

TheLord Advocate—My Lords, if it had been intended to charge the prisoners with stealing the watch, or any of the other articles, a more accurate description might have been necessary, but here there is no such intention—the crime of which the prisoners are accused is breaking into the Excise Office.

From the nature of the thing, my Lords, as well as from the tenor of the indictment, it must be evident to every one that it is only meant to produce these articles in evidence, to refer to them when the witnesses are examined. It may be necessary, for example, to prove that certain letters were found in the chest, and to whom the chest belonged; it is no matter of what form the chest is, and not of the smallest consequence whether it is identified or not; nay, more, my Lords, there was no necessity for producing it at all. If every nail of a trunk or every trinket of a watch, or other articles which it might be necessary to found upon in trials of this kind, were to be so particularly described as Mr. Wight has contended for, it would swell indictments to a very inconvenient and unnecessary length.

The objection that the proper trunk was not produced in sufficient time to give the prisoner an opportunity of examining it is certainly a very uncommon one, when it is considered that it was allowed to remain in his own possession until yesterday; and with regard to the watch, all the use I mean to make of it is to identify some letters from Mr. Brodie, which are sealed with the seal appended to it.

TheDean of Faculty—My Lords, what may be the consequence to the prisoners at the bar of your Lordships repelling the present objection I do not know. The gentlemen on the other side of the table have taken care to lay their indictment in such a manner as to leave the counsel for the prisoners altogether in the dark as to the nature of the proof they mean to lead and the manner in which these articles are to be used in evidence; but, my Lords, sure I am of this, that the decision of the present question is of the greatest importance to the law of this country. I am not surprised that the Solicitor-General should say that he will make no answer to the objection, because I am convinced that it admits of none.

It is no light matter the framing of an indictment; the specification of the proofs by which it is to be supported is of the utmost consequence. I am persuaded, my Lords, that I would have no difficulty to satisfy your Lordships, from the nature of the thing itself, that this objection is well founded. But I resort to better evidence. I appeal to the Books of Adjournal on your Lordships’ table, and I call upon the counsel for the Crown to point out one single instance recorded in them where articles have been founded on in an indictmentand produced in evidence without being specially described. Having so respectable an authority as the uniform practice of your Lordships and your predecessors to support the objection now stated, you will think well before you introduce an innovation that may be attended with the most dangerous consequences.

We are told that some of the articles in question are of no consequence; if so, why are they here? I will not enter into the question whether the trunk was really produced in the Justiciary Office in proper time or not, as all the indictment says is, that “it will be produced.”

My Lords, there are two kinds of articles produced in criminal trials, first thecorpora delicti, to prove that the crime was actually committed; and, secondly, articles from which the leading circumstances are to be inferred. The Lord Advocate admits that the first of these must be particularly described, but denies the necessity of describing the second. This is a distinction not known in the law of this country, and directly contrary to the established forms of criminal procedure. What would be the consequence were it recognised? Suppose, for instance, that a person breaks into a house and leaves his hat behind him; nothing could establish his guilt more clearly than to prove that this hat was his. But although this is only a leading circumstance, would it be enough to say that a hat was to be produced in evidence, without specifying where it was found, or any circumstances attending it, so as to give the accused an opportunity of proving that it belonged to another, and not to him?

I will appeal, my Lords, to the practice of the public prosecutor himself, to show that no such distinction exists. A declaration is an article used in evidence as well as a gold watch, yet his Lordship does not think it sufficient to say “a declaration,” without specifying any other circumstances, such as before whom, and of what date, it was emitted. On the contrary, there are several declarations referred to in this indictment, and they are all particularly described. It is the duty of the public prosecutor to specify every particular, and to say what is meant to be proved by each article, or in what manner it has been used in the commission of the crime charged. In the case of Gordon, the sheep-stealer, a man for whom I was counsel at this bar several years ago, and who still languishes in prison, notwithstanding his having received His Majesty’s pardon[1]—your Lordships refused to allow an article to be produced in evidence which had not been libelled on: and the articles objected to might as well not have been libelled on at all, as in the general and vague manner in which they are mentioned in the indictment.

My Lords, there is another circumstance to which I beg to draw your Lordships’ particular attention. It is our good fortune to live under a mild Government; to live in days when there is no danger to be apprehended from the conduct of the public prosecutor; but worse times may arrive, and it is for your Lordships to reflect upon what use might then be made of the present practice if your Lordships were to allow it to be now introduced. The public prosecutor may, for example, libel upon a watch, and the Clerk of Court may show one watch in the Justiciary Office to the prisoner’s counsel or agent, and against the day of trial may produce another in Court. The principal reason why articles such as the present are mentioned in the indictment is that the prisoner may be certain that these articles, and these articles alone, are to be used in evidence against him; and it is clear that this certainty must be withdrawn from the prisoner if a vague description is permitted to be given of them, because, as I have already mentioned, others may be substituted in their place. If an article of evidence be not particularly described so as to prevent the possibility of doubt with regard to the identity of it, the dearest rights of mankind might be endangered and at the mercy of corrupt men, and no one could say how fatal the consequences might be.

TheLord Advocate—My Lords, I admit the justice of what the Dean of Faculty has stated if such an objection as the present were made to the description of thecorpora delicti. If the prisoners were charged with having stolen the watch or trunk mentioned in the indictment, the description there given of them would not be sufficient; but, as they are not thecorpora delicti, and are only referred to as circumstances of evidence, I contend that the description is sufficient; but, rather than detain the Court longer with an objection of this kind, I will give up the trunk altogether, as I do not suppose that I shall stand in need of it; I, however, submit the matter to the Court.

TheLord Justice-Clerk—Your Lordships have heard the objection and answers on this point. What is your opinion?

LordHailes—My Lords, there is no objection made to the production of the different papers founded on in the indictment, and I do not perceive that there is any force in the objection as to the gold watch; because, although the pannel’s counsel cannot know, from the manner in which it is described in the indictment, what is meant to be proved by it, neither do they know what is intended to be proved by the different witnesses who are cited.

The objection with regard to the trunk appears to me to be much more strong; and I confess that I never saw any article so vaguely stated in an indictment as it is in the present case, viz., “a trunk containing various articles.” It is no good answer to the objection that the proper trunk was not timeouslyproduced, that it was allowed to remain in Brodie’s possession, because that article is founded on in the libel against Smith as well as against him. I am therefore inclined to sustain the objection as to the trunk, but no further.

LordEskgrove—My Lords, I am not disposed to abridge in the smallest degree the security of the subjects of this country, although the law is here more attentive to the safety of persons accused than in any other country whatever. Here the pannel must not only be furnished with the names and designations of the witnesses, but he must also be made acquainted with every document and article to be used in evidence against him.

In the present case there are a number of writings, and likewise a variety of articles, founded on in the indictment; there is no objection to the production of the papers, but it is objected on the part of the pannel that the other articles are not particularly described. I do not think, my Lords, that this objection is much aided by the argument founded on the declarations and other parts of the libel being more particularly described than these articles.

The Dean of Faculty has referred your Lordships to the Books of Adjournal, from which he says that it appears to have been the practice to describe such articles more minutely; but I have no doubt that a perusal of these books would furnish many instances where articles have been described as loosely as they are said to be in the present libel; and, my Lords, as the pannel’s counsel have neither produced, nor offered to produce, any decision of this Court finding libels irrelevant from the articles referred to in them being thus described, I am bound to hold the objection to be of no force.

My Lords, I can see no injury that will be sustained by the prisoners by the repelling of the present objection; all the articles were lodged in the hands of the Clerk of Court, and their agent and counsel had an opportunity of examining them. The trunk is no doubt vaguely described, but that appears to me not to be material, because it will not be sufficient for a witness to say that he found papers or other articles in a trunk; he must say that he found them in the trunk shown to him in Court, otherwise his evidence in that particular will be of no consequence. If the pannels should say that this is a different trunk, and that they never saw it before, I would listen to the objection; but as they cannot, and as I can figure no injury to the prisoners in repelling this objection, I am for over-ruling it.

LordStonefield—My Lords, I think the description in this case is sufficiently full; therefore I am for repelling the objection.

LordSwinton—My Lords, the present objection is made in the wrong place; and I cannot so well judge of it in this generalshape as I could have done had it been stated when the particular articles came to be used in evidence; but I must judge of it in the form in which it has been brought before the Court.

I think, my Lords, that it ought to be repelled for the reasons your Lordships have already heard, and because no injury can be done to the pannels from these articles not having been more particularly described, as they will have an opportunity of traversing the evidence that may be brought relating to them. There are many of the articles, such as two iron wedges, an iron crow, &c., that would not admit of a more particular description than has been given. Upon the whole, my Lords, I am for repelling the objection.

TheLord Justice-Clerk—My Lords, the present question is of great importance to the law of this country. I am one of those who are always for giving fair-play to pannels, and will never allow any advantage to be taken of them; but I am likewise for giving fair-play to evidence. It is frequently necessary, my Lords, that the testimony of witnesses should be elucidated by articles referred to being produced; but if the present objections were sustained, I am afraid it would strike against the admissibility of this kind of evidence altogether; because, let a public prosecutor describe such articles with the greatest attention, it still may be contended that they admitted of a more accurate description than the one given.

By the former state of our law the prosecutor was not allowed to prove anything that was not particularly specified in the libel; but the Act 153, Parliament 11th, James VI., was introduced to obviate this defect in our law, and by that Act the prosecutor is allowed to prove every circumstance to substantiate the charge, or in general art and part of the charge. It is very true, my Lords, that the humanity of public prosecutors of late years has induced them to be more special than they had any occasion to be, but surely they are not cut off from the generality allowed them by law, although such generality may have been deviated from through lenity in practice. Apply this to the present case. It is true that the Lord Advocate, as public prosecutor, has been induced to state particular circumstances, and to specify the articles to be founded on; yet that does not alter the law, nor deprive him of the generality which he is allowed by law. As the names of witnesses are given, without specifying what they are to say, in the same way it is only necessary to state that such articles are to be produced in evidence, but not necessary to specify a description of them; and it is the duty of the prisoner himself, or those who act for him, to survey them when lodged in the Justiciary Office. As there is no precise time against which articles to be founded on are required to be lodged in theJusticiary Office, there appears to be no undue delay in lodging this trunk. Had it been pled that it was not lodgeddebito tempore, and that the pannel had been injured thereby, then a delay of the trial must have taken place.

I remember it once happened on a circuit that the articles founded on in the libel were only lodged the very morning of the trial in the Clerk’s hands; but I then refused to allow them to be founded on, because the pannel had not a reasonable time to prepare himself against evidence that might arise from the production of these articles; but the present case is very different, and therefore, upon the whole, I am for repelling the objection.

Mr.John Clerk—My Lord Justice-Clerk, before the interlocutor is written out, I beg leave to make one objection in behalf of the pannel, George Smith.

TheLord Justice-Clerk—What! After the Court have delivered their opinions, it is not decent in you to propose to say anything, and I apprehend the prisoners are in no danger of suffering anything by your not being allowed to supply the defects of the Dean of Faculty.

Mr.John Clerk—My Lord, the Dean of Faculty has no authority to plead for my client.

TheDean of Facultythen moved the Court to allow the general objection to be entered upon record, and proposed to repeat it and refer to it as often as any of the particular articles came to be produced in evidence, which was accordingly agreed to, and the following interlocutor was pronounced repelling the objection:—

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