Chapter 26

[214]See note ([+]), p. 218.[215]This recals to mind Homer’s frequent mention of the blasts of Boreas.—[Ed.][216]See Cut, No. 9,p. 27.[217]Dr. Schliemann afterwards assigned these Corinthian pillars to the time of Constantine. (SeeChapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.—[Ed.])[218]Strabo, XIII., pp. 100, 101, Tauchnitz edition.[219]Velleius Paterculus, II. 102.[220]See Cut, No. 13,p. 35.[221]The serpents’ heads, found so frequently among the ruins of Troy, cannot but recal to mind the superstitious regard of Homer’s Trojans for the reptile as a symbol, and their terror when a half-killed serpent was dropped by the bird of Jove amidst their ranks (Iliad, XII. 208, 209):—Τρῶες δ’ ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφινΚείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.“The Trojans, shuddering, in their midst beheldThe spotted serpent, dire portent of Jove.”[222]That is, in the strata of thethirddwellers on the hill.[223]sic[224]sic.[225]sic.[226]Archæological Journal, vol. xxi. 1864.[227]Die Ausgrabungen auf der homerischen Pergamos, s. 24.[228]sic.[229]sic.[230]sic[231]Compare Homer’s picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces:Iliad, II. 467-8:—Ἔσταν δ’ ἐν λειμῶνι Σcαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντιΜυρίοι, ὅσσα τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ.“UponScamander’s flowery meadthey stoodUnnumbered asthe vernal leaves and flowers.”—[Ed.][232]Plutarch,Life of Alexander, viii. Comp. p. 146.[233]As elsewhere, the wedges here spoken of are what the Author afterwards decided to be axes, and especially battle-axes.—[Ed.][234]An engraving of a similar mould, found on the Tower, is given inChapter XVIII., No. 175. p. 261.[235]It is perhaps unnecessary to remind the reader again how the Author afterwards gave up the idea of this distinction between the city and its Pergamus.—[Ed.][236]A handle such as this, or as that shown at p. 260 (No. 174), seems well suited for the longleaning-staff(σκῆπτρον, from σκήπτομαι, “to lean upon”) which, in Homer, is the symbol of royal authority, and with which Ulysses beat Thersites. (Iliad, II. 46, 265,et passim.)—[Ed.][237]See a similar example inChapter XX., p. 286.[238]Plate XXXIV., No. 404.[239]See p. 65.[240]May they have been for flaying the sacrificed animals, a sharp flint being better for this purpose than a copper knife, and perhaps also being preferred to metal as less contaminated by human labour?—[Ed.][241]Iliad, XII. 445-462.[242]Iliad, V. 302-310.[243]Nor are even these now considered to be Byzantine; seeChapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.—{Ed.}[244]Homer’sIliad, III. 362; IV. 459; VI. 9; XIII. 132; XVI. 216.[245]Few coincidences have struck us more than the comparison of these helmet-crests with the frequent allusions in Homer, especially where “Hector of the dancing helmet-crest” (κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ), takes off the helmet that frightened his child (Iliad, VI. 469, foll.):—Ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἱππιοχαίτηνΔεινὸν ἀπ’ ἀκροτάτης κόρυθος νεύοντα νοήσας.“Scared by the brazen helm and horse-hair plume,That nodded, fearful, on the warrior’s crest.”No such plumed helmets are found among the remains of “pre-historic” barbarous races. The skeletons, with the helmets and lances beside them, bear striking witness to a city taken by storm. In Homer, the Trojans under the command of “the crested Hector” are “valiant with lances” (μεμαότες ἐγχείῃσιν,Iliad, II. 816-818).—[Ed.][246]ComparePlan II. with the whole of the following description.[247]SeePlate XI.B.Six of the jars are shown, and a seventh (broken) lies outside of the cut to the right. The two largest of all are out of view, on the other side of the wall of the magazine, but one of them is seen in the view onPlate XI.A, in the left-hand bottom corner.[248]See No. 29, p. 36.[249]No. 207, p. 294.[250]No. 208, p. 294. Respecting such an impersonation of the goddess Hera, seep. 113,114,353.[251]No. 209, on this page.[252]Strabo, XIII. p. 589.[253]Strabo, XIII. p. 609.[254]Plutarch,Life of Lucullus.[255]Hist. Nat., XXXV. 12, s. 55.[256]Waddington,Fastes des Provinces Asiatiques de l’Empire Romain. Paris, 1872, pp. 43-44.[257]Pape-Benseler,Lexikon der Eigennamen.[258]It will be seen presently that Dr. Schliemann ultimately limited the ancient city of Troy to the “Pergamus” itself.—[Ed.][259]Iliad, III. 146-244:—“Attending there on aged Priam, satThe Elders of the city; . . . .All these were gathered at the Scæan Gates.. . . . . so on Ilion’s TowerSat the sage chiefs and councillors of Troy.Helen they saw, as to the Tower she came.”[260]Iliad, VI. 390-393:—Ἦ ῥα γυνὴ ταμίη· ὁ δ’ ἀπέσσυτο δώματος ἝκτωρΤὴν αὐτὴν ὁδὸν αὖτις ἐϋκτιμένας κατ’ ἀγυιὰς.Εὖτε πύλας ἵκανε διερχόμενος μέγα ἄστυΣκαιάς, τῇ γὰρ ἔμελλε διεξίμεναι πεδίονδε——“So spoke the ancient dame; and Hector straightThrough the wide streets his rapid steps retraced.But when at last the mighty city’s lengthWas traversed, and the Scæan Gates were reached,Whence was the outlet to the plain——”[261]This edifice, now first laid open from beneath the ashes which covered it in the burning of the city, was found by Dr. Schliemann in the very state to which, in Homer, Agamemnon threatens to reduce it: “The house of Priamblackened with fire” (Iliad, II. 414, 415):Πρίν με κατὰ πρηνὲς βαλέεινΠριάμοιο μέλαθρον Αἰθαλόεν, πρῆσαι δὲ πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα.[262]In the letter-press to the Atlas of Photographs this object is described as “a brilliant dark-red Vase, 62 centimeters (above 2 feet) high, with the owl-face of Troy’s tutelar goddess, her two breasts, a necklace, and a royal scarf round the whole body. It is remarkable that this vase has not the two uplifted arms of the goddess, which are wanting in no other case, and that it has only two handles.”[263]The Inscription on this Vase has been discussed by Professor Gomperz, who also pronounces the characters on it as well as on the other vase (No. 221) to be Cyprian writing. (See Appendix.)[264]Compare the Introduction, p. 50.[265]See Cut, No. 54, p. 87.[266]This most curious vase is engraved in the Introduction, No. 31, p. 37.[267]See the passage quoted below to illustrate the shield found among the Treasure (Chapter XXIII., p. 324).[268]See the illustration, No. 7, p. 25.[269]This looks very much like the signet-cylinders of the Assyrian and Babylonian kings.—[Ed.][270]This is drawn as awhorl, and is so called by Dr. Schliemann in a letter, informing us that it is found to bear an Inscription. It is not described in the letter-press to the Photographs.—[Ed.][271]Thus Hephæstus places a δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον in the hand of his mother, Hera, and she takes it from his hand (Homer’sIliad, I. 584-5, 596).—[Ed.][272]See the Cuts placed as headings to the “Table of Contents,” and “List of Illustrations.”[273]SeePlan II., andPlan III. on p. 306, at the markb.[274]SeePlan II., andconPlan III., p. 306. Compare p. 213.[275]See the spot marked onPlan II. No. 42, andPlate XIII.a.[276]The articles belonging to the Treasure are partly engraved on seven separate Plates (XIV.—XX.), and partly marked withTr.in the cuts. They were found at a depth of 8-1/2 meters, nearly 28 feet. TheGeneral View of the Treasure(Plate III., opposite p. 22) shows a few objects which are either so like others, or so insignificant, as not to need a separate delineation.[277]SeePlate XIV., No. 234. This round shield of copper (or bronze?), with its central boss, and the furrow and rim so suitable for holding together a covering of ox-hides, reminds us irresistibly of the seven-fold shield of Ajax:—Iliad, VII. 219-223 (cf. 245-247):—Αἴας δ’ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε φέρων σάκος ἠΰτε πύργον,br />Χάλκεον ἑπταβόειον, ὅ οἱ Τυχίος κάμε τεύχων,br />Σκυτοτόμων ὄχ’ ἄριστος, Ὕλῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων,br />Ὅς οἱ ἐποίησεν σάκος αἰόλον ἑπταβόειον,br />Ταύρων ζατρεφέων, ἐπὶ δ’ ὄγδοον ἤλασε χαλκόν.br />“Ajax approached; before him, as a tower,“His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound,“The work of Tychius, best artificer“That wrought in leather; he in Hyla dwelt.“Of seven-fold hides the ponderous shield was wrought“Of lusty bulls: the eighth was glittering brass.”It is equally striking to compare the shield of the Treasure with the description of Sarpedon’s shield, with its round plate of hammered copper (or bronze), and its covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner edge of the rim by gold wires or rivets (Iliad, XII. 294-297):—Αὐτίκα δ’ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθ’ ἔσχετο πάντοσ’ ἐΐσηνΚαλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺςἬλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰςΧρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνέκεσιν περὶ κύκλον.“His shield’s broadorbbefore his breast he bore,Well wrought,of beaten brass, which the armourer’s handHad beaten out, and lined with stout bull’s hideWith golden rods, continuous, all around.”—[Ed.][278]SeePlate XIV., No. 235. In the Iliad the λέβης is used almost always as a caldron, and is often given as a prize at games; in the Odyssey it is always used for washing the hands or feet. This one shows the marks of a fearful conflagration, and near the left handle are seen two fragments of copper weapons (a lance and a battle-axe) firmly molten on. (Description to the Atlas of Photographs.)[279]SeePlate XV., No. 236. This remarkable object lay at the top of the whole mass, and Dr. Schliemann supposes it to have formed a hasp to the lid of the wooden chest in which the Treasure was packed. (Description in Atlas.)[280]These vessels of gold are shown onPlate XV., Nos. 237, 238.[281]Plate XVI., Nos. 239, 240.[282]Or, as suggested in the ‘Quarterly Review’ for April 1874, a person, holding the cup before him by the two handles, may have poured a libation from the further spout and then have drunk out of the nearer. Thus Achilles used a choice goblet (δέπας) for drinking wine and pouring libations to the gods. (Iliad, XVI., 225-228.)We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Lockhart for the following account of a double-spouted boat-shaped bronze vessel, used in a similar manner in the Chinese temples:—“In China there is a vessel of very nearly the same shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an inch above the cup: the cup stands on three legs and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups are used in the temples, especially in the ancestral temples of the real religion of China, when offerings are made to themanesof ancestors. The cups are filled with wine, when placed on the altar before the idol shrine, or before the ancestral tablet; and the wine is afterwards partly drunk and partly poured out as a libation.” Such vessels are used in pairs, and our drawing is made from one of a pair in Mr. Lockhart’s possession. It is ofbronze, 6 inches long, and 6-1/2 inches high, including the legs. The width is 2 inches between the upright ears, and 2-3/8 inches at the broadest part. There is onlyonehandle. Mr. Lockhart calls attention to the “key” ornament round the cup, which is so well known in the purest Greek art, as a sign of Chinese influence on the art of Western Asia and Europe. Mr. Lockhart also reads Chinese characters on some of the Trojan whorls. We are under a deep obligation to Mr. Lockhart for his spontaneous offer of this very interesting illustration of one of the most striking and (as we before supposed)uniqueobjects discovered by Dr. Schliemann.—[Ed.][283]Plate XVIII., No. 248.[284]SeePlate XVII., No. 242.[285]The two largest weigh, respectively, a little over and a little under 6 oz., and the other four are all a little over 5-1/2 oz., troy. Thegrammeis 15·43235 grains, that is, a little less than 15-1/2 grains.[286]Iliad, XXIII. 262-270 (cf. vv. 612-616). The passage furnishes other striking parallels to Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries. Thetripod with ears containing 22 measures, which is added to the woman for the first prize (καὶ τρίποδ’ ὠτώεντα δυωκαιεικοσίμετρον) calls to mind the vessel from the Trojan stratum, No. 199, p. 285. Thefifthprize is adouble-handled flat cup (or dish) untouched by fire, i. e. wrought with the hammer (ἀμφίθετον φιάλην ἀπύρωτον ἔθηκεν). Themetalis not specified, but its coming next to the twogold talentssuggestssilver, and Dr. Schliemann found silver φιάλαι with side-rings in the Treasure and the Palace. The passage seems to confirm Schliemann’s interpretation of δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for what sort of a vessel can we conceive of as a double dish joined bottom to bottom? We know side-dishes with their covers can be used as two dishes, but what would be the use of joining them? Aristarchus, indeed, explained ἀμφίθετος asdouble, i.e.standing on both ends, after the supposed analogy of ἀμφικύπελλον, but Eustathius interpreted it aswith handles on both sides, after the sounder analogy of ἀμφιφορεύς. These cumulative analogies between Hissarlik and Homer, gathered incidentally to a climax at the end of each work, are very striking.—[Ed.][287]SeePlate XVIII., No. 249.[288]Ibid., No. 250.[289]Ibid., No. 251.[290]For these four vessels seePlate XVII., Nos. 243-246. The silver bottles, with the caps and the side-rings to both, remind us of modern travelling flasks.—[Ed.][291]Iliad, XXIV. 228:—Ἦ, καὶ φωριαμῶν ἐπιθήματα κάλ’ ἀνέῳγεν, where the “beautiful lids” remind us of the terra-cotta pattern which Dr. Schliemann takes for the inlaying of a chest. (No. 77, p. 129). In theIliad, XVI., 221, Achilles opens the lid of the beautiful decorated chest (χηλοῦ δ’ ἀπὸ πῶμ’ ἀνέῳγεν καλῆς δαιδαλέης), to take out the goblet for pouring his libation. The contents of Priam’s chests may also be well compared with the articles of the Treasure:—“He chose twelve gorgeous shawls, twelve single cloaks,As many rugs, as many splendid robes,As many tunics; then of gold he tookTentalentsfull; two tripods, burnished bright,Fourcaldrons; then acup of beauty rare,A rich possession, which the men of ThraceHad given, when there he went ambassador;E’en this he spared not, such his keen desireHis son to ransom.”—[Ed.][292]The diadem discovered by Dr. Schliemann can scarcely have been the κρήδεμνον of Homer, which was a large veil or mantilla, such, for instance, as the sea-goddess Ino gives to Ulysses, to buoy him up on the water (Od.v. 346). This diadem would rather seem to be, as Mr. Gladstone has suggested, the πλεκτὴ ἀναδέσμη, which Andromache casts from her head in her mourning for Hector, where the order of the words implies that it was worn over the κρήδεμνον.Il.XXII. 469-471:—Τῆλε δ’ ἀπὸ κρατὸς βάλε δέσματα σιγαλόεντα,Ἄμπυκα κεκρύφαλόν τε ἰδὲ πλεκτὴν ἀναδέσμηνΚρήδεμνόν θ', ὅ ῥά οἱ δῶκε χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη.“Far off were flung the adornments of her head,The net, thefillet, and thewoven band,The nuptial-veil by golden Venus given.”—[Ed.]Our illustration (Plate XIX., Nos. 276, 277) represents one diadem as set up by Dr. Schliemann, and the other as it might have been worn on the head of a Trojan lady.—[Ed.][293]These objects are more fully described, and figured, in the following pages.[294]SeePlate XX., Nos. 279, 280, for a representation of the fillet and ear-rings. The four “ear-rings” remind us, both by theirformandmaterial, of the “beautifully twined tassels of solid gold” which fringed theÆgisof Athena:Iliad, II. 448, 449:—Τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται,Πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος.“all aroundA hundred tassels hung, rare works of art,All gold, each one a hundred oxen’s price.”Again, when Hera adorns herself to captivate Jove, her zone is fringed with a hundred tassels, and herear-ringsare described in terms corresponding exactly to thetriple leavesseen on some of Schliemann’s (Iliad, XIV. 181-3):—Ζώσατο δὲ ζώνην ἑκατὸν θυσάνοις ἀραρυῖαν,Ἐν δ’ ἄρα ἕρματα ἧκεν ἐϋτρήτοισι λοβοῖσινΤρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δ’ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή.“Her zone, from which a hundred tassels hung,She girt about her; and,in three bright drops,Her glittering gems suspended from her ears;And all around her grace and beauty shone.”—[Ed.][295]Some of these are shown onPlate XX., No. 278.[296]Dr. Schliemann has strung these in two sets, one of which, consisting of 4610 pieces, is represented as Cut No. 282. The other set, of 4090 pieces, is precisely similar. The small jewels described are shown in detail onPlate XX., No. 278.[297]SeePlate XX., at top.[298]The subsequent analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, has, however, shown the presence of tin in some of the articles of the Treasure, see Note C, p. 361.—[Ed.][299]Iliad, VII. 452-453.[300]No. 5, on p. 24. (See Appendix.)[301]These silver φιάλαι, as shown in the photographs, are too much battered to be worth engraving; but we give a very fine large silver vase, which was found in a room of the Palace.—[Ed.][302]Iliad, IV. 52.[303]Nothing can be clearer than Homer’s own testimony on this point, when he invokes the Muses to inspire him with the knowledge of what he had only heard by report (Iliad, II. 484-487):—Ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχουσαι,—Ὑμεῖς γὰρ θεαί ἐστε, πάρεστέ τε, ἴστε τε πάντα,Ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν—Οἵ τινες ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν.“Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell,Muses—for ye are Goddesses, and yeWere present, and know all things:we ourselvesBut hear from Rumour’s voice, and nothing know—Who were the chiefs and mighty lords of Greece.”—[Ed.][304]See No. 14 on the Plate of Idols, p. 36.[305]Plan I.

[214]See note ([+]), p. 218.

[215]This recals to mind Homer’s frequent mention of the blasts of Boreas.—[Ed.]

[216]See Cut, No. 9,p. 27.

[217]Dr. Schliemann afterwards assigned these Corinthian pillars to the time of Constantine. (SeeChapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.—[Ed.])

[218]Strabo, XIII., pp. 100, 101, Tauchnitz edition.

[219]Velleius Paterculus, II. 102.

[220]See Cut, No. 13,p. 35.

[221]The serpents’ heads, found so frequently among the ruins of Troy, cannot but recal to mind the superstitious regard of Homer’s Trojans for the reptile as a symbol, and their terror when a half-killed serpent was dropped by the bird of Jove amidst their ranks (Iliad, XII. 208, 209):—Τρῶες δ’ ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφινΚείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.“The Trojans, shuddering, in their midst beheldThe spotted serpent, dire portent of Jove.”

Τρῶες δ’ ἐρρίγησαν, ὅπως ἴδον αἰόλον ὄφινΚείμενον ἐν μέσσοισι, Διὸς τέρας αἰγιόχοιο.“The Trojans, shuddering, in their midst beheldThe spotted serpent, dire portent of Jove.”

[222]That is, in the strata of thethirddwellers on the hill.

[223]sic

[224]sic.

[225]sic.

[226]Archæological Journal, vol. xxi. 1864.

[227]Die Ausgrabungen auf der homerischen Pergamos, s. 24.

[228]sic.

[229]sic.

[230]sic

[231]Compare Homer’s picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces:Iliad, II. 467-8:—Ἔσταν δ’ ἐν λειμῶνι Σcαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντιΜυρίοι, ὅσσα τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ.“UponScamander’s flowery meadthey stoodUnnumbered asthe vernal leaves and flowers.”—[Ed.]

[231]Compare Homer’s picture of the marshalling of the Greek forces:Iliad, II. 467-8:—

Ἔσταν δ’ ἐν λειμῶνι Σcαμανδρίῳ ἀνθεμόεντιΜυρίοι, ὅσσα τε φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ.“UponScamander’s flowery meadthey stoodUnnumbered asthe vernal leaves and flowers.”—[Ed.]

[232]Plutarch,Life of Alexander, viii. Comp. p. 146.

[233]As elsewhere, the wedges here spoken of are what the Author afterwards decided to be axes, and especially battle-axes.—[Ed.]

[234]An engraving of a similar mould, found on the Tower, is given inChapter XVIII., No. 175. p. 261.

[235]It is perhaps unnecessary to remind the reader again how the Author afterwards gave up the idea of this distinction between the city and its Pergamus.—[Ed.]

[236]A handle such as this, or as that shown at p. 260 (No. 174), seems well suited for the longleaning-staff(σκῆπτρον, from σκήπτομαι, “to lean upon”) which, in Homer, is the symbol of royal authority, and with which Ulysses beat Thersites. (Iliad, II. 46, 265,et passim.)—[Ed.]

[237]See a similar example inChapter XX., p. 286.

[238]Plate XXXIV., No. 404.

[239]See p. 65.

[240]May they have been for flaying the sacrificed animals, a sharp flint being better for this purpose than a copper knife, and perhaps also being preferred to metal as less contaminated by human labour?—[Ed.]

[241]Iliad, XII. 445-462.

[242]Iliad, V. 302-310.

[243]Nor are even these now considered to be Byzantine; seeChapter XXII., p. 320, and Introduction, p. 30.—{Ed.}

[244]Homer’sIliad, III. 362; IV. 459; VI. 9; XIII. 132; XVI. 216.

[245]Few coincidences have struck us more than the comparison of these helmet-crests with the frequent allusions in Homer, especially where “Hector of the dancing helmet-crest” (κορυθαίολος Ἕκτωρ), takes off the helmet that frightened his child (Iliad, VI. 469, foll.):—Ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἱππιοχαίτηνΔεινὸν ἀπ’ ἀκροτάτης κόρυθος νεύοντα νοήσας.“Scared by the brazen helm and horse-hair plume,That nodded, fearful, on the warrior’s crest.”No such plumed helmets are found among the remains of “pre-historic” barbarous races. The skeletons, with the helmets and lances beside them, bear striking witness to a city taken by storm. In Homer, the Trojans under the command of “the crested Hector” are “valiant with lances” (μεμαότες ἐγχείῃσιν,Iliad, II. 816-818).—[Ed.]

Ταρβήσας χαλκόν τε ἰδὲ λόφον ἱππιοχαίτηνΔεινὸν ἀπ’ ἀκροτάτης κόρυθος νεύοντα νοήσας.“Scared by the brazen helm and horse-hair plume,That nodded, fearful, on the warrior’s crest.”

No such plumed helmets are found among the remains of “pre-historic” barbarous races. The skeletons, with the helmets and lances beside them, bear striking witness to a city taken by storm. In Homer, the Trojans under the command of “the crested Hector” are “valiant with lances” (μεμαότες ἐγχείῃσιν,Iliad, II. 816-818).—[Ed.]

[246]ComparePlan II. with the whole of the following description.

[247]SeePlate XI.B.Six of the jars are shown, and a seventh (broken) lies outside of the cut to the right. The two largest of all are out of view, on the other side of the wall of the magazine, but one of them is seen in the view onPlate XI.A, in the left-hand bottom corner.

[248]See No. 29, p. 36.

[249]No. 207, p. 294.

[250]No. 208, p. 294. Respecting such an impersonation of the goddess Hera, seep. 113,114,353.

[251]No. 209, on this page.

[252]Strabo, XIII. p. 589.

[253]Strabo, XIII. p. 609.

[254]Plutarch,Life of Lucullus.

[255]Hist. Nat., XXXV. 12, s. 55.

[256]Waddington,Fastes des Provinces Asiatiques de l’Empire Romain. Paris, 1872, pp. 43-44.

[257]Pape-Benseler,Lexikon der Eigennamen.

[258]It will be seen presently that Dr. Schliemann ultimately limited the ancient city of Troy to the “Pergamus” itself.—[Ed.]

[259]Iliad, III. 146-244:—“Attending there on aged Priam, satThe Elders of the city; . . . .All these were gathered at the Scæan Gates.. . . . . so on Ilion’s TowerSat the sage chiefs and councillors of Troy.Helen they saw, as to the Tower she came.”

[259]Iliad, III. 146-244:—

“Attending there on aged Priam, satThe Elders of the city; . . . .All these were gathered at the Scæan Gates.. . . . . so on Ilion’s TowerSat the sage chiefs and councillors of Troy.Helen they saw, as to the Tower she came.”

[260]Iliad, VI. 390-393:—Ἦ ῥα γυνὴ ταμίη· ὁ δ’ ἀπέσσυτο δώματος ἝκτωρΤὴν αὐτὴν ὁδὸν αὖτις ἐϋκτιμένας κατ’ ἀγυιὰς.Εὖτε πύλας ἵκανε διερχόμενος μέγα ἄστυΣκαιάς, τῇ γὰρ ἔμελλε διεξίμεναι πεδίονδε——“So spoke the ancient dame; and Hector straightThrough the wide streets his rapid steps retraced.But when at last the mighty city’s lengthWas traversed, and the Scæan Gates were reached,Whence was the outlet to the plain——”

[260]Iliad, VI. 390-393:—

Ἦ ῥα γυνὴ ταμίη· ὁ δ’ ἀπέσσυτο δώματος ἝκτωρΤὴν αὐτὴν ὁδὸν αὖτις ἐϋκτιμένας κατ’ ἀγυιὰς.Εὖτε πύλας ἵκανε διερχόμενος μέγα ἄστυΣκαιάς, τῇ γὰρ ἔμελλε διεξίμεναι πεδίονδε——“So spoke the ancient dame; and Hector straightThrough the wide streets his rapid steps retraced.But when at last the mighty city’s lengthWas traversed, and the Scæan Gates were reached,Whence was the outlet to the plain——”

[261]This edifice, now first laid open from beneath the ashes which covered it in the burning of the city, was found by Dr. Schliemann in the very state to which, in Homer, Agamemnon threatens to reduce it: “The house of Priamblackened with fire” (Iliad, II. 414, 415):Πρίν με κατὰ πρηνὲς βαλέεινΠριάμοιο μέλαθρον Αἰθαλόεν, πρῆσαι δὲ πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα.

Πρίν με κατὰ πρηνὲς βαλέεινΠριάμοιο μέλαθρον Αἰθαλόεν, πρῆσαι δὲ πυρὸς δηΐοιο θύρετρα.

[262]In the letter-press to the Atlas of Photographs this object is described as “a brilliant dark-red Vase, 62 centimeters (above 2 feet) high, with the owl-face of Troy’s tutelar goddess, her two breasts, a necklace, and a royal scarf round the whole body. It is remarkable that this vase has not the two uplifted arms of the goddess, which are wanting in no other case, and that it has only two handles.”

[263]The Inscription on this Vase has been discussed by Professor Gomperz, who also pronounces the characters on it as well as on the other vase (No. 221) to be Cyprian writing. (See Appendix.)

[264]Compare the Introduction, p. 50.

[265]See Cut, No. 54, p. 87.

[266]This most curious vase is engraved in the Introduction, No. 31, p. 37.

[267]See the passage quoted below to illustrate the shield found among the Treasure (Chapter XXIII., p. 324).

[268]See the illustration, No. 7, p. 25.

[269]This looks very much like the signet-cylinders of the Assyrian and Babylonian kings.—[Ed.]

[270]This is drawn as awhorl, and is so called by Dr. Schliemann in a letter, informing us that it is found to bear an Inscription. It is not described in the letter-press to the Photographs.—[Ed.]

[271]Thus Hephæstus places a δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον in the hand of his mother, Hera, and she takes it from his hand (Homer’sIliad, I. 584-5, 596).—[Ed.]

[272]See the Cuts placed as headings to the “Table of Contents,” and “List of Illustrations.”

[273]SeePlan II., andPlan III. on p. 306, at the markb.

[274]SeePlan II., andconPlan III., p. 306. Compare p. 213.

[275]See the spot marked onPlan II. No. 42, andPlate XIII.a.

[276]The articles belonging to the Treasure are partly engraved on seven separate Plates (XIV.—XX.), and partly marked withTr.in the cuts. They were found at a depth of 8-1/2 meters, nearly 28 feet. TheGeneral View of the Treasure(Plate III., opposite p. 22) shows a few objects which are either so like others, or so insignificant, as not to need a separate delineation.

[277]SeePlate XIV., No. 234. This round shield of copper (or bronze?), with its central boss, and the furrow and rim so suitable for holding together a covering of ox-hides, reminds us irresistibly of the seven-fold shield of Ajax:—Iliad, VII. 219-223 (cf. 245-247):—Αἴας δ’ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε φέρων σάκος ἠΰτε πύργον,br />Χάλκεον ἑπταβόειον, ὅ οἱ Τυχίος κάμε τεύχων,br />Σκυτοτόμων ὄχ’ ἄριστος, Ὕλῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων,br />Ὅς οἱ ἐποίησεν σάκος αἰόλον ἑπταβόειον,br />Ταύρων ζατρεφέων, ἐπὶ δ’ ὄγδοον ἤλασε χαλκόν.br />“Ajax approached; before him, as a tower,“His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound,“The work of Tychius, best artificer“That wrought in leather; he in Hyla dwelt.“Of seven-fold hides the ponderous shield was wrought“Of lusty bulls: the eighth was glittering brass.”It is equally striking to compare the shield of the Treasure with the description of Sarpedon’s shield, with its round plate of hammered copper (or bronze), and its covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner edge of the rim by gold wires or rivets (Iliad, XII. 294-297):—Αὐτίκα δ’ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθ’ ἔσχετο πάντοσ’ ἐΐσηνΚαλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺςἬλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰςΧρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνέκεσιν περὶ κύκλον.“His shield’s broadorbbefore his breast he bore,Well wrought,of beaten brass, which the armourer’s handHad beaten out, and lined with stout bull’s hideWith golden rods, continuous, all around.”—[Ed.]

Αἴας δ’ ἐγγύθεν ἦλθε φέρων σάκος ἠΰτε πύργον,br />Χάλκεον ἑπταβόειον, ὅ οἱ Τυχίος κάμε τεύχων,br />Σκυτοτόμων ὄχ’ ἄριστος, Ὕλῃ ἔνι οἰκία ναίων,br />Ὅς οἱ ἐποίησεν σάκος αἰόλον ἑπταβόειον,br />Ταύρων ζατρεφέων, ἐπὶ δ’ ὄγδοον ἤλασε χαλκόν.br />“Ajax approached; before him, as a tower,“His mighty shield he bore, seven-fold, brass-bound,“The work of Tychius, best artificer“That wrought in leather; he in Hyla dwelt.“Of seven-fold hides the ponderous shield was wrought“Of lusty bulls: the eighth was glittering brass.”

It is equally striking to compare the shield of the Treasure with the description of Sarpedon’s shield, with its round plate of hammered copper (or bronze), and its covering of ox-hides, fastened to the inner edge of the rim by gold wires or rivets (Iliad, XII. 294-297):—

Αὐτίκα δ’ ἀσπίδα μὲν πρόσθ’ ἔσχετο πάντοσ’ ἐΐσηνΚαλὴν χαλκείην ἐξήλατον, ἣν ἄρα χαλκεὺςἬλασεν, ἔντοσθεν δὲ βοείας ῥάψε θαμειὰςΧρυσείῃς ῥάβδοισι διηνέκεσιν περὶ κύκλον.“His shield’s broadorbbefore his breast he bore,Well wrought,of beaten brass, which the armourer’s handHad beaten out, and lined with stout bull’s hideWith golden rods, continuous, all around.”—[Ed.]

[278]SeePlate XIV., No. 235. In the Iliad the λέβης is used almost always as a caldron, and is often given as a prize at games; in the Odyssey it is always used for washing the hands or feet. This one shows the marks of a fearful conflagration, and near the left handle are seen two fragments of copper weapons (a lance and a battle-axe) firmly molten on. (Description to the Atlas of Photographs.)

[279]SeePlate XV., No. 236. This remarkable object lay at the top of the whole mass, and Dr. Schliemann supposes it to have formed a hasp to the lid of the wooden chest in which the Treasure was packed. (Description in Atlas.)

[280]These vessels of gold are shown onPlate XV., Nos. 237, 238.

[281]Plate XVI., Nos. 239, 240.

[282]Or, as suggested in the ‘Quarterly Review’ for April 1874, a person, holding the cup before him by the two handles, may have poured a libation from the further spout and then have drunk out of the nearer. Thus Achilles used a choice goblet (δέπας) for drinking wine and pouring libations to the gods. (Iliad, XVI., 225-228.)We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Lockhart for the following account of a double-spouted boat-shaped bronze vessel, used in a similar manner in the Chinese temples:—“In China there is a vessel of very nearly the same shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an inch above the cup: the cup stands on three legs and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups are used in the temples, especially in the ancestral temples of the real religion of China, when offerings are made to themanesof ancestors. The cups are filled with wine, when placed on the altar before the idol shrine, or before the ancestral tablet; and the wine is afterwards partly drunk and partly poured out as a libation.” Such vessels are used in pairs, and our drawing is made from one of a pair in Mr. Lockhart’s possession. It is ofbronze, 6 inches long, and 6-1/2 inches high, including the legs. The width is 2 inches between the upright ears, and 2-3/8 inches at the broadest part. There is onlyonehandle. Mr. Lockhart calls attention to the “key” ornament round the cup, which is so well known in the purest Greek art, as a sign of Chinese influence on the art of Western Asia and Europe. Mr. Lockhart also reads Chinese characters on some of the Trojan whorls. We are under a deep obligation to Mr. Lockhart for his spontaneous offer of this very interesting illustration of one of the most striking and (as we before supposed)uniqueobjects discovered by Dr. Schliemann.—[Ed.]

We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Lockhart for the following account of a double-spouted boat-shaped bronze vessel, used in a similar manner in the Chinese temples:—“In China there is a vessel of very nearly the same shape, but with ears prolonged till they rise an inch above the cup: the cup stands on three legs and is, in fact, a tripod. Such cups are used in the temples, especially in the ancestral temples of the real religion of China, when offerings are made to themanesof ancestors. The cups are filled with wine, when placed on the altar before the idol shrine, or before the ancestral tablet; and the wine is afterwards partly drunk and partly poured out as a libation.” Such vessels are used in pairs, and our drawing is made from one of a pair in Mr. Lockhart’s possession. It is ofbronze, 6 inches long, and 6-1/2 inches high, including the legs. The width is 2 inches between the upright ears, and 2-3/8 inches at the broadest part. There is onlyonehandle. Mr. Lockhart calls attention to the “key” ornament round the cup, which is so well known in the purest Greek art, as a sign of Chinese influence on the art of Western Asia and Europe. Mr. Lockhart also reads Chinese characters on some of the Trojan whorls. We are under a deep obligation to Mr. Lockhart for his spontaneous offer of this very interesting illustration of one of the most striking and (as we before supposed)uniqueobjects discovered by Dr. Schliemann.—[Ed.]

[283]Plate XVIII., No. 248.

[284]SeePlate XVII., No. 242.

[285]The two largest weigh, respectively, a little over and a little under 6 oz., and the other four are all a little over 5-1/2 oz., troy. Thegrammeis 15·43235 grains, that is, a little less than 15-1/2 grains.

[286]Iliad, XXIII. 262-270 (cf. vv. 612-616). The passage furnishes other striking parallels to Dr. Schliemann’s discoveries. Thetripod with ears containing 22 measures, which is added to the woman for the first prize (καὶ τρίποδ’ ὠτώεντα δυωκαιεικοσίμετρον) calls to mind the vessel from the Trojan stratum, No. 199, p. 285. Thefifthprize is adouble-handled flat cup (or dish) untouched by fire, i. e. wrought with the hammer (ἀμφίθετον φιάλην ἀπύρωτον ἔθηκεν). Themetalis not specified, but its coming next to the twogold talentssuggestssilver, and Dr. Schliemann found silver φιάλαι with side-rings in the Treasure and the Palace. The passage seems to confirm Schliemann’s interpretation of δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον, for what sort of a vessel can we conceive of as a double dish joined bottom to bottom? We know side-dishes with their covers can be used as two dishes, but what would be the use of joining them? Aristarchus, indeed, explained ἀμφίθετος asdouble, i.e.standing on both ends, after the supposed analogy of ἀμφικύπελλον, but Eustathius interpreted it aswith handles on both sides, after the sounder analogy of ἀμφιφορεύς. These cumulative analogies between Hissarlik and Homer, gathered incidentally to a climax at the end of each work, are very striking.—[Ed.]

[287]SeePlate XVIII., No. 249.

[288]Ibid., No. 250.

[289]Ibid., No. 251.

[290]For these four vessels seePlate XVII., Nos. 243-246. The silver bottles, with the caps and the side-rings to both, remind us of modern travelling flasks.—[Ed.]

[291]Iliad, XXIV. 228:—Ἦ, καὶ φωριαμῶν ἐπιθήματα κάλ’ ἀνέῳγεν, where the “beautiful lids” remind us of the terra-cotta pattern which Dr. Schliemann takes for the inlaying of a chest. (No. 77, p. 129). In theIliad, XVI., 221, Achilles opens the lid of the beautiful decorated chest (χηλοῦ δ’ ἀπὸ πῶμ’ ἀνέῳγεν καλῆς δαιδαλέης), to take out the goblet for pouring his libation. The contents of Priam’s chests may also be well compared with the articles of the Treasure:—“He chose twelve gorgeous shawls, twelve single cloaks,As many rugs, as many splendid robes,As many tunics; then of gold he tookTentalentsfull; two tripods, burnished bright,Fourcaldrons; then acup of beauty rare,A rich possession, which the men of ThraceHad given, when there he went ambassador;E’en this he spared not, such his keen desireHis son to ransom.”—[Ed.]

“He chose twelve gorgeous shawls, twelve single cloaks,As many rugs, as many splendid robes,As many tunics; then of gold he tookTentalentsfull; two tripods, burnished bright,Fourcaldrons; then acup of beauty rare,A rich possession, which the men of ThraceHad given, when there he went ambassador;E’en this he spared not, such his keen desireHis son to ransom.”—[Ed.]

[292]The diadem discovered by Dr. Schliemann can scarcely have been the κρήδεμνον of Homer, which was a large veil or mantilla, such, for instance, as the sea-goddess Ino gives to Ulysses, to buoy him up on the water (Od.v. 346). This diadem would rather seem to be, as Mr. Gladstone has suggested, the πλεκτὴ ἀναδέσμη, which Andromache casts from her head in her mourning for Hector, where the order of the words implies that it was worn over the κρήδεμνον.Il.XXII. 469-471:—Τῆλε δ’ ἀπὸ κρατὸς βάλε δέσματα σιγαλόεντα,Ἄμπυκα κεκρύφαλόν τε ἰδὲ πλεκτὴν ἀναδέσμηνΚρήδεμνόν θ', ὅ ῥά οἱ δῶκε χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη.“Far off were flung the adornments of her head,The net, thefillet, and thewoven band,The nuptial-veil by golden Venus given.”—[Ed.]Our illustration (Plate XIX., Nos. 276, 277) represents one diadem as set up by Dr. Schliemann, and the other as it might have been worn on the head of a Trojan lady.—[Ed.]

Τῆλε δ’ ἀπὸ κρατὸς βάλε δέσματα σιγαλόεντα,Ἄμπυκα κεκρύφαλόν τε ἰδὲ πλεκτὴν ἀναδέσμηνΚρήδεμνόν θ', ὅ ῥά οἱ δῶκε χρυσέη Ἀφροδίτη.“Far off were flung the adornments of her head,The net, thefillet, and thewoven band,The nuptial-veil by golden Venus given.”—[Ed.]

Our illustration (Plate XIX., Nos. 276, 277) represents one diadem as set up by Dr. Schliemann, and the other as it might have been worn on the head of a Trojan lady.—[Ed.]

[293]These objects are more fully described, and figured, in the following pages.

[294]SeePlate XX., Nos. 279, 280, for a representation of the fillet and ear-rings. The four “ear-rings” remind us, both by theirformandmaterial, of the “beautifully twined tassels of solid gold” which fringed theÆgisof Athena:Iliad, II. 448, 449:—Τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται,Πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος.“all aroundA hundred tassels hung, rare works of art,All gold, each one a hundred oxen’s price.”Again, when Hera adorns herself to captivate Jove, her zone is fringed with a hundred tassels, and herear-ringsare described in terms corresponding exactly to thetriple leavesseen on some of Schliemann’s (Iliad, XIV. 181-3):—Ζώσατο δὲ ζώνην ἑκατὸν θυσάνοις ἀραρυῖαν,Ἐν δ’ ἄρα ἕρματα ἧκεν ἐϋτρήτοισι λοβοῖσινΤρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δ’ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή.“Her zone, from which a hundred tassels hung,She girt about her; and,in three bright drops,Her glittering gems suspended from her ears;And all around her grace and beauty shone.”—[Ed.]

Τῆς ἑκατὸν θύσανοι παγχρύσεοι ἠερέθονται,Πάντες ἐϋπλεκέες, ἑκατόμβοιος δὲ ἕκαστος.“all aroundA hundred tassels hung, rare works of art,All gold, each one a hundred oxen’s price.”

Again, when Hera adorns herself to captivate Jove, her zone is fringed with a hundred tassels, and herear-ringsare described in terms corresponding exactly to thetriple leavesseen on some of Schliemann’s (Iliad, XIV. 181-3):—

Ζώσατο δὲ ζώνην ἑκατὸν θυσάνοις ἀραρυῖαν,Ἐν δ’ ἄρα ἕρματα ἧκεν ἐϋτρήτοισι λοβοῖσινΤρίγληνα μορόεντα· χάρις δ’ ἀπελάμπετο πολλή.“Her zone, from which a hundred tassels hung,She girt about her; and,in three bright drops,Her glittering gems suspended from her ears;And all around her grace and beauty shone.”—[Ed.]

[295]Some of these are shown onPlate XX., No. 278.

[296]Dr. Schliemann has strung these in two sets, one of which, consisting of 4610 pieces, is represented as Cut No. 282. The other set, of 4090 pieces, is precisely similar. The small jewels described are shown in detail onPlate XX., No. 278.

[297]SeePlate XX., at top.

[298]The subsequent analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, has, however, shown the presence of tin in some of the articles of the Treasure, see Note C, p. 361.—[Ed.]

[299]Iliad, VII. 452-453.

[300]No. 5, on p. 24. (See Appendix.)

[301]These silver φιάλαι, as shown in the photographs, are too much battered to be worth engraving; but we give a very fine large silver vase, which was found in a room of the Palace.—[Ed.]

[302]Iliad, IV. 52.

[303]Nothing can be clearer than Homer’s own testimony on this point, when he invokes the Muses to inspire him with the knowledge of what he had only heard by report (Iliad, II. 484-487):—Ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχουσαι,—Ὑμεῖς γὰρ θεαί ἐστε, πάρεστέ τε, ἴστε τε πάντα,Ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν—Οἵ τινες ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν.“Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell,Muses—for ye are Goddesses, and yeWere present, and know all things:we ourselvesBut hear from Rumour’s voice, and nothing know—Who were the chiefs and mighty lords of Greece.”—[Ed.]

[303]Nothing can be clearer than Homer’s own testimony on this point, when he invokes the Muses to inspire him with the knowledge of what he had only heard by report (Iliad, II. 484-487):—

Ἔσπετε νῦν μοι, Μοῦσαι Ὀλύμπια δώματ’ ἔχουσαι,—Ὑμεῖς γὰρ θεαί ἐστε, πάρεστέ τε, ἴστε τε πάντα,Ἡμεῖς δὲ κλέος οἶον ἀκούομεν, οὐδέ τι ἴδμεν—Οἵ τινες ἡγεμόνες Δαναῶν καὶ κοίρανοι ἦσαν.“Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell,Muses—for ye are Goddesses, and yeWere present, and know all things:we ourselvesBut hear from Rumour’s voice, and nothing know—Who were the chiefs and mighty lords of Greece.”—[Ed.]

[304]See No. 14 on the Plate of Idols, p. 36.

[305]Plan I.

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