Clematis Viticella,Linn., S. Europe.florida,Thunb., Japan.Fortunei,Moore, Japan.patens,Desne, Japan.Anemone japonica,Sieb. et Zucc., Japan.coronaria,Linn., S. Europe, Asia Minor.hortensis, var.Linn., S. Europe.palmata,Linn., N. Africa, Spain, Portugal.nemorosa,Linn., Europe, N. America, Siberia.sylvestris,Linn., S. Europe, Siberia.Hepatica triloba,Chaix., Europe.Ranunculus bulbosus,Linn., Europe, N. Amer.repens,Linn., Europe, Siberia, N. Amer.acris,Linn., Europe, Siberia.aconitifolius,Linn., Europe.gramineus,Linn., Italy, France, Portugal, Switzerland.bullatus,Linn., S. Europe.asiaticus,Linn., The East.Ficaria ranunculoides,Mœnch., Europe.Thalictrum anemoides,Michæ., N. America.Caltha palustris,Linn., Europe, Asia, N. America.Trollius europæus,Linn., Europe.nepalensis, Himalaya.Nigella damascena,Linn., Mediterranean.Aquilegia vulgaris,Linn., Europe.canadensis,Linn., N. America.Delphinium Ajacis,Linn., S. Europe.grandiflorum,Linn., Siberia, N. America.Consolida,Linn., Europe, N. America.cheilanthum,Fisch., Siberia.elegans,D. C., North America.Adonis autumnalis,Linn., Europe.vernalis,Linn., Europe, Asia.Pæonia Moutan,Sims, China, Japan.officinalis,Retz., Europe.tenuifolia,Linn., Tauria.albiflora,Pall., Siberia.paradoxa,Andr., S. Europe.
Nymphæaceæ.
Nelumbium speciosum,Willd., Africa, Asia.
Berberidaceæ.
Berberis,sp. cult.
Papaveraceæ.
Papaver Rhœas,Linn., Europe.bracteatum,Lindl., Russia.somniferum,Linn., S. Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt.Chelidonium majus,Linn., Europe, Asia.Sanguinaria canadensis,Linn., N. America.Podophyllum peltatum,Linn., N. America.
Cruciferæ.
Mathiola incana,R. Br., Mediterranean.glabrata,D. C.annua,Sweet., South Europe, Syria.Cheiranthus Cheiri,Linn., Europe.Iberis umbellata,Linn., Europe.amara,Linn., Europe.Cardamine pratensis,Linn., Europe, Asia, Africa, America.Hesperis matronalis,Linn., Europe, Siberia.Barbarea vulgaris,R. Br., Europe.Sinapis arvensis,Linn., Europe.Brassica oleracea.Linn., Europe.
Cistaceæ.
Helianthemum vulgare,Spach., Europe, N. Africa.
Violaceæ.
Viola odorata,Linn., Europe, Siberia.grandiflora,Linn., Europe,tricolor,Linn., Europe.
Caryophylleæ.
Dianthus barbatus,Linn., France, Germany.chinensis,D. C., China.Poiretianus,Seringe, ?Caryophyllus,Linn., France, Italy.arboreus,Linn., Crete.hybridus (gardens).corymbosus,Sibth., Asia Minor.plumarius,Linn., Europe, Siberia, N. America.deltoides,Linn., Europe.Saponaria officinalis,Linn., Europe.Lychnis sylvestris,Schkr., Europe.vespertina,Linn., Europe.flos cuculi,Linn., Europe.Viscaria,Linn., Europe.chalcedonica,Linn., Japan, Asia Minor.Silene inflata,Sm.;var.maritima,D. C., Europe.
Alsineæ.
Sagina procumbens,Linn., Europe.
Malvaceæ.
Hibiscus Rosa sinensis,Linn., E. Indies.flavescens,Cav., China.alba,Hook., China.syriacus,Linn., Syria, Carniola.Althæa rosea,Cav., Caucasus, &c.Malva rotundifolia,Linn., Europe.moschata,D. C., Europe.
Hippocastaneæ.
Æsculus Hippocastanum,Linn., Europe, N. America.
Geraniaceæ.
Geranium pratense,Linn., Europe, Siberia.sylvaticum.Linn., Europe.Pelargonium zonale,Willd., S. Africa.Tropæolum majus,Linn., Peru.minus,Linn., Peru.Oxalis cernua,Thunb., S. Africa.Impatiens Balsamina,Linn., E. Ind.
Ternströmiaceæ.
Camellia reticulata,Lindl., China.Sasanqua,Thunb., China.japonica,Linn., Japan.Thea maliflora,Seem., Japan.
Aurantiaceæ.
Citrus Aurantium,Linn., Asia, South Europe.
Papilionaceæ.
Trifolium repens,Linn., Europe, S. America.Medicago sp., ?., Europe.Ulex europæus,Link., Europe.Spartianthus junceus,Linn., S. Europe.Clitoria Ternatea,Linn., E. India.Orobus viscoides,D. C., Croatia, &c.vernus,Linn., Europe.Genista tinctoria,Linn., Europe.sibirica,Linn., Siberia.scoparia,Lam., Europe.Cytisus albus,Link., Portugal.Anthyllis Vulneraria,Linn., Europe.Coronilla Emerus,D. C., Europe.Lotus corniculatus,Linn., Europe.
Rosaceæ.
Rosa lutea,Mill., Europe.cinnamomea,Linn., Europe, N. America.spinosissima,Linn., Central Asia.Carolina,Linn., N. America.villosa,Linn., Europe, Central Asia.centifolia,Linn.damascena,Linn., Syria.rubiginosa,Linn., Europe, Asia, N. America.moschata,Ait., Madeira, N. Africa.canina,Linn., Europe.alba,Linn., Europe, Caucasus.indica,Linn., China.nivea,D. C., China.Eglanteria,Linn., Europe.gallica,Linn., Europe, Caucasus.pimpinellifolia,Linn., Europe, Central Asia.Banksiæ,R. Br., China.sulphurea,Ait., East.Rubus fruticosus,Linn., Europe.rosifolius,Linn., Mauritius, E. India.corylifolius,Smith, Europe.cæsius,Linn., Europe.Kerria japonica,D. C., Japan.Spiræa Filipendula,Linn., Europe.Ulmaria,Linn., Europe.prunifolia,Sieb. et Zucc., Japan.Reevesii,Lindl., China.strobilacea,Sieb. et Zucc., Japan.Fragaria vesca,Linn., Europe, N. America.Potentilla alpestris,Hall. f., Europe.reptans,Linn., Europe, Asia.Tormentilla,Schrank, Europe, Asia.anserina,Linn., Europe.Geum rivale,Linn., Europe.
Pomaceæ.
Cratægus Oxyacantha,Linn., Europe.Crus galli,Linn., N. America.Cydonia japonica,Pers., Japan.Pyrus communis,Linn., Europe.Malus,Linn., Europe.Eriobotrya japonica,Lindl., Japan.
Amygdaleæ.
Amygdalus Persica,Linn., Persia.communis,Linn., Mauritania.Prunus domestica,Linn., Europe.spinosa,Linn., Europe, N. America.avium,Linn., Europe.Cerasus,Linn., Europe.Kerii,Steud., Japan.japonica,Thunb., China, Japan.insititia,Linn., Europe.triloba,Lindl., China.
Myrtaceæ.
Myrtus communis,Linn., S. Europe.Punica Granatum,Linn., S. Europe, Marocco.
Philadelphaceæ.
Philadelphus Coronarius,linn., S. Europe.Deutzia Crenata,sieb. Et Zucc., Japan.
Onagraceæ.
Fuchsia globosa,Lindl.(and var. hort. pl.), Mexico.Epilobium tetragonum,D.C., Europe.Clarkia pulchella,Pursh., California.elegans,Douglas, N. America.
Portulacaceæ.
Portulaca grandiflora,Hook, Chili.
Grossulariaceæ.
Ribes sanguineum,Pursh., N. America.
Saxifragaceæ.
Saxifraga granulata,Linn., Europe.
Umbelliferæ.
Daucus Carota,Linn., Europe.
Rubiaceæ.
Ixora grandiflora,De Cand., E. India.Serissa fœtida,Comm., China, Japan.Gardenia Fortuniana,Hook., China.florida,Linn., China, E. India.radicans,Thunb., Japan.
Caprifoliaceæ.
Lonicera Periclymenum,Linn., Europe.Sambucus nigra,Linn., Europe.
Campanulaceæ.
Campanula latifolia,Linn., Europe, Asia.Tenorei,Morett, Naples.Trachelium,Linn., Europe.Vidallii,H. C. Wats., Europe.pyramidalis,Linn., S. Europe.rotundifolia,Linn., Europe, N. America.persicifolia,Linn., Europe.glomerata,Linn., Europe, Asia.Medium,Linn., Europe.rhomboidea,Linn., Europe.Platycodon grandiflorum,D. C., Siberia.
Ericaceæ.
Calluna vulgaris,Linn., Europe, N. America.Rhododendron indicum,Sweet., E. India.ponticum,Linn., Asia Minor.Azalea nudiflora,Linn., N. America.glauca,Lam., N. America.Arbutus Unedo,Linn., S. Europe.Erica Tetralix,Linn., Europe.cinerea,Linn., Europe.hyemalis, gardens.
Epacridaceæ.
Epacris impressa,R. Br., Australia.
Primulaceæ.
Primula villosa,Jacq., Europe.Auricula,Linn., Europe.denticulata,Smith, E. India.acaulis,Jacq., Europe.clatior,Jacq., Europe.prænitens,Ker.= sinensis,Lindl., China.Lysimachia Nummularia,Roem et Schult., Europe.Anagallis tenella,Linn., Europe.
Jasminaceæ.
Jasminum officinale,Linn., S. Europe.Sambac.,Ait., E. India.hirsutum,Hook., China.grandiflorum,Lindl., S. Europe.
Oleaceæ.
Syringa persica,Linn., Persia.vulgaris,Linn., Europe, Persia.
Apocyneæ.
Vinca minor,Linn., Europe.major,Linn., Europe.Nerium odorum,Ait., E. India.Oleander,Linn., S. Europe.Tabernæmontana coronaria,Willd., E. India.Allamanda cathartica,Aubl., S. America.
Convolvulaceæ.
Calystegia sepium,R. Br., Europe, America, Asia.pubescens,Lindl., China.Convolvulus tricolor,Linn., S. Europe.Ipomœa pandurata,Meyer, S. America.
Solanaceæ.
Datura cornigera,Hook., Peru.fastuosa,Linn., S. America, Egypt.arborea,Linn., S. America.chlorantha,Hook.humilis,Desf.Petunia nyctaginiflora,Juss., S. America.violacea,Hook, S. America.Solanum Dulcamara,Linn., Europe.
Gentianaceæ.
Gentiana Amarella,Linn., Europe.
Orobanchaceæ.
Orobanche sp.
Scrophulariaceæ.
Mimulus luteus,Linn., Chili.Antirrhinum majus,Linn., S. Europe.Digitalis purpurea,Linn., Europe.Linaria vulgaris,Mill., Europe, N. America.Veronica, sp.Calceolaria, var. cult.
Gesneraceæ.
Achimenes longiflora,D. C., Mexico.Gloxinia var. hort.
Verbenaceæ.
Clerodendron fragrans,Willd., Japan.Verbena var. hort.
Nyctagineæ.
Mirabilis Jalapa,Linn., Trop. America.
Laurineæ.
Laurus nobilis,Linn., S. Europe.Sassafras,Linn., N. America.
Iridaceæ.
Gladiolus tristis,Linn., Cape of Good Hope.Crocus aureus,Sibth, Europe, Asia Minor.Susianus,Curt., Asia Minor.pusillus,Tenore, Italy.vernus,Smith, S. Europe.Iris sibirica,Linn., Europe.Iris Kæmpferi,Siebold, Japan.
Amaryllidaceæ.
Galanthus nivalis,Linn., Europe.Leucoium vernum,Linn., Europe.Sternbergia lutea,Gawl., Europe, Asia Minor.Hippeastrum equestre,Herb., S. America.Narcissus cernuus,Salisb., S. Europe.Telamonius,Schult., Europe.lobularis,Schult.concolor,Schult., Portugal.biflorus,Curt., Europe.italicus,Ker., Italy.incomparabilis,Curt., Italy.Cypri,Haw., Cyprus.Pseudo-Narcissus,Linn., Europe.poeticus,Linn., Europe.Jonquilla,Linn., S. Europe, East.Tazetta,Linn., S. Europe.poculiformis,Salisb., S. Europe.
Orchidaceæ.
Orchis Morio,Linn., Europe.mascula,Linn., Europe.pyramidalis,Linn., Europe.Ophrys fucifera,Linn., Europe.See also pp. 380, 509.
Hydrocharidaceæ.
Hydrocharis Morsus ranæ,Linn., Europe.
Asphodeleæ.
Asphodelus luteus,Linn., S. Europe.
Liliaceæ.
Tulipa Gesneriana,Linn., Asia Minor.sylvestris,Linn., S. Europe.Scilla autumnalis,Linn., Europe.nutans,Smith, S. Europe.Convallaria majalis,Linn., Europe, America.Polygonatum,Linn., Europe.Trillium grandiflorum,Spreng., America.Fritillaria Meleagris,Linn., Europe.imperialis,Linn., Persia.Lilium Martagon,Linn., Europe.candidum,Linn., Syria, Persia.Hyacinthus orientalis,Linn., East.Polianthes tuberosa,Linn., E. India.Hemerocallis disticha,Don., Nepal.Kwanso, gardens.fulva,Linn., S. Europe.
Colchicaceæ.
Colchicum autumnale,Linn., Europe.Tofieldia calyculata,Wahl., Europe.
Butomaceæ.
Sagittaria latifolia,Willd., N. America.sagittifolia,Linn., Europe, Asia, America.
Commelynaceæ.
Tradescantia virginica,Linn., N. America.alba, gardens.
FOOTNOTES:[564]This appendix forms a portion of a paper published in the 'Proceedings of the International Botanical Congress,' London, 1886, p. 127, and which it has been deemed advisable to reproduce with sundry additions and modifications.[565]'Traité des Giroflées,' per E. Chaté.[566]Leading Article in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' p. 74, 1866.[567]Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' 1866.[568]'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 628.[569]'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 381.—Art. "Chinese primroses."[570]See also p. 79, fig. 36. A similar flower is figured in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Arb. Vern.,' fol. 5. "Fructus nondum observatus est fortassis alimento uberius in flores refuso, nullus sperari possit."[571]See De Candolle, 'Plant. Rar. Genev.,' 1829, p. 91; and Alph. de Candolle.' Géog. Bot.,' p. 1080.[572]See 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1868, p. 1113.[573]Ibid., 1843, p. 628.
[564]This appendix forms a portion of a paper published in the 'Proceedings of the International Botanical Congress,' London, 1886, p. 127, and which it has been deemed advisable to reproduce with sundry additions and modifications.
[564]This appendix forms a portion of a paper published in the 'Proceedings of the International Botanical Congress,' London, 1886, p. 127, and which it has been deemed advisable to reproduce with sundry additions and modifications.
[565]'Traité des Giroflées,' per E. Chaté.
[565]'Traité des Giroflées,' per E. Chaté.
[566]Leading Article in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' p. 74, 1866.
[566]Leading Article in the 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' p. 74, 1866.
[567]Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' 1866.
[567]Otto's 'Gartenzeitung,' 1866.
[568]'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 628.
[568]'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 628.
[569]'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 381.—Art. "Chinese primroses."
[569]'Gard. Chron.,' 1867, p. 381.—Art. "Chinese primroses."
[570]See also p. 79, fig. 36. A similar flower is figured in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Arb. Vern.,' fol. 5. "Fructus nondum observatus est fortassis alimento uberius in flores refuso, nullus sperari possit."
[570]See also p. 79, fig. 36. A similar flower is figured in 'Hort. Eystett. Ic. Arb. Vern.,' fol. 5. "Fructus nondum observatus est fortassis alimento uberius in flores refuso, nullus sperari possit."
[571]See De Candolle, 'Plant. Rar. Genev.,' 1829, p. 91; and Alph. de Candolle.' Géog. Bot.,' p. 1080.
[571]See De Candolle, 'Plant. Rar. Genev.,' 1829, p. 91; and Alph. de Candolle.' Géog. Bot.,' p. 1080.
[572]See 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1868, p. 1113.
[572]See 'Gardeners' Chronicle,' 1868, p. 1113.
[573]Ibid., 1843, p. 628.
[573]Ibid., 1843, p. 628.
During the progress of the foregoing pages through the press, several additional illustrations of particular malformations have come under notice. Some of the more important of these may here be recorded.
Fasciation(see p. 11).—The following plants may be added to the list:—Acer eriocarpum,Arabis albida,Brassica oleracea, var.,Guarea, sp.,Artabotryssp. In all, with the exception of the first-named, the fasciation occurred in the inflorescence. In some species ofArtabotrys, indeed, fasciation and curvation of the inflorescence are common.
Synanthy(p. 39).—Several additional instances of adhesion of two or more flowers inCalanthe vestita,C. Veitchii, and other forms of this genus may be cited. These furnish further illustrations of the much greater liability of some plants to particular changes as compared with others.Scilla bifolia,Gagea arvensis, andViola odoratamay be added to the list of synanthic plants.
Alterations of placentation, &c.(see pp. 98,483).—M. Casimir De Candolle, in a letter to the author, dated March 8th, 1869, thus writes of the existence of a double row of carpels inPyrus spectabilisandCratægus Oxyacantha, "a longitudinal section of a double flower ofPyrus spectabilisshows two rows of carpels, placed one above another. The arrangement of the vascular bundles shows that the upper row is external in relation to the lower series. The carpels of the latter are wholly coalescent as in a pear, while those of the upper verticil are only partially coherent or sometimes quite distinct. The placentation is constantly axile in the inferior row and parietal in the upper one. The number of ovules in each carpel of the superior row varies greatly, and they are often, but not always, inserted in two longitudinal ranks, as is constantly the case in the lower carpels. Double flowers ofCratægus Oxyacanthapresent the same anomalies." For analogous instances inDigitalis,see p. 98.See also p. 380,Saxifraga.
Prolification,p. 120.—A. P. De Candolle, "Organographie Végétale," tab. 40, figures an instance of suppression of one lobe of the ovary inIris chinensis, and of the presence at the base of the flower of anadventitious and imperfect flower-bud, as in thePhlomis, mentioned atp. 119.
Monœcious Misleto,p. 193.—In this specimen, exhibited at one of the meetings of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1869, there were both male and female flowers on the same bush. The plant was of the male sex, with numerous long slender whip-like, somewhat pendulous, branches bearing comparatively large broad yellowish leaves, and fully developed male flowers at the end. From the side of one of these male branches, near the base, protruded a tuft of short, stiff branches, bearing small, narrow, dark green leaves, ripe berries and immature female flowers. There was no evidence of grafting or parasitism, of the female branch on the male, the bark and the wood being perfectly continuous so that the only tenable supposition is that this was a case of dimorphism.
Adventitious leaflet and pitcher,see pp. 30and355. In a species ofPicrasma, in which the leaves are impari-pinnate and spread horizontally, an adventitious leaflet was observed to project at right angles to the plane of the primary leaf. It emerged at a point nearly corresponding to that at which the normal pinnæ were given off. The appearance presented was thus like that of a whorl of three leaves, except that the shining surface of the adventitious leaflet, corresponding to the upper face of the normal leaflets, was directed towards the axis,i.e., away from the corresponding portion of the neighbouring pinnæ, while the dull surface, corresponding to the lower part of an ordinary leaflet, looked towards the apex of the main leaf, or away from the axis. In one instance, a stalked pitcher was given off from the same point as that from which the supernumerary leaflet emerged, the pitcher being apparently formed from the cohesion (congenital) of the margins of a leaflet.
In the normal leaf of this plant there is between the bases of the pinnæ, a small reddish gland or stipel? attached to, or projecting from, the upper surface of the rachis. It appeared from some transitional forms that the adventitious leaflet, just mentioned, was due to the exaggerated development of this gland, but no clue was afforded as to the origin of the ascidium. It was not practicable to examine the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the rachis.
Additional labella in Phaius.—A flower ofPhaius grandifloruswas found in the same condition as theCatasetum, mentioned atpp. 291and382.
Tubular stem.—A species ofSempervivum, exhibited by Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith, at one of the summer exhibitions of flowers at the Royal Horticultural Society in 1868, under the name ofS. Bollei, deserves notice from its bearing on the question of such structures as the calyx-tubes, the hip of the rose and such like,see pp. 394,482. In this plantthe leaves appeared to be arranged some on the outside, others on the inside, of an erect hollow cylinder, some six inches in height. The oldest leaves were outside, the youngest within, so that the appearance presented was as if the summit of the axis had been pushed or drawn in, much as the finger of a tight glove might be invaginated in withdrawing it from the hand.
The plant in question thus furnishes an actual illustration of the supposititious case mentioned atp. 482.
Double flowers,see pp. 499, et seq.—The following species may be added to those already recorded:Lychnis coronaria,Hibiscus mutabilis,Lotus major,Pisum sativum,Godetiasp.,Ipomœa purpurea,Convolvulus minor,Heliotropium peruvianum,Trillium grandiflorum, andPhaius grandiflorus.
A.
Abortion,455,467of axile organs,455calyx,460corolla,460indusium,467leaves,458ovules,466perianth,460pistil,464receptacle,457stamens,463Acaulescence,393Acaulosia,393,456Acheilary,398Adesiny,58,76Adhesion,32of axes,50,55embryos,56leaves,33parts of flower,34roots,53Adventitious buds,156,176flowers,174,176,180gemmæ,173leaves,162roots,156shoots,161Albinism,337Alternation,3,485Andrœcium, enlargement of,430meiophylly of,398meiotaxy of,405of orchids,380pleiotaxy of,379polyphylly of,361Androgynism,193Anther (see connective), contabescence of,463morphology of,291ovuliferous,200petalody of,291sutures of,291Apilary,397Apostasis,440Aphylly,395Arrangement,1Ascidia,30,313bibliography,30plants with,30Atrophy,454(see abortion)Antophyllogeny,355Avalidouires (vines),211Axes, abortion of,455adhesion of,50,55cohesion of,9enation from,444enlargement of,418fission of,60suppression of,398Axile organs, see Axes
B.
Barley, Nepaul,174Bigarades cornues,303Bladder-plums,465Bracts, multiplication of,358staminody of,298phyllody of,242Buds, adventitious on fruits,178on leaves,170,174in ovary,180on petals,177in pith,171on roots,160(see flower-buds, prolification)variations of,336Bulbs, displacement of,84multiplication of,172,350Burrs,347,420
C.
Catacorolla,450Calycanthemy,283Calyphyomy,34Calyx, abortion of,461dialysis of,70meiophylly of,396meiotaxy of,403obsolete,460petalody of,283pleiotaxy of,374polyphylly of,359solution of from ovary,77Calyx-tube,394,480,509Carnation wheat-ear,371Carpels (see Pistil, Fruit, Ovary), adventitious,182dialysis of,73enation from,453fission of,68in ovary,182Cauliflower,421Cenanthy,408Chloranthy,273,279bibliography,280remarks on,279plants subject to,280Chorisis,59,343parallel,344collateral,344Chromatism,339Cladodes,328Classification, teratology in relation to,488Cohesion of leaves,21,25of petals,28pistils,29sepals,27stamens,29stems,9Colour, alterations of,337Columella,395Coniferæ, leaves of,217,352,484inflorescence of,245scales of,192,245,484Compensation,488Connective, petalody of,293Consistence, alterations of,432Contabescence,463Contortion,317Co-relation,486Cornute leaves,328Corolla, abortion of,461dialysis of,71duplicate,376hose in hose,377meiophylly of,397meiotaxy of,403pleiotaxy of,374polyphylly of,359virescence of,338Cotyledons, increased number of,370shoots, below,161Cuttings, formation of,159
D.