Fig. 1.—Mesquite-cactus formation on clay dune at margin of the Laguna Madre west of Camp 1. Habitat of Northern Mockingbird, Cardinal, Bob-white, black-tailed jackrabbit, and Great Plains woodrat.Fig. 1.—Mesquite-cactus formation on clay dune at margin of the Laguna Madre west of Camp 1. Habitat of Northern Mockingbird, Cardinal, Bob-white, black-tailed jackrabbit, and Great Plains woodrat.
Fig. 2.—Batis-Monanthochloë formation on alkaline flats near the Laguna Madre, with mesquite bordering stabilized dunes in the left background. Salicornia, a classical dominant of salt marshes, is here relatively inconspicuous. Habitat of Nighthawk and Horned Lark.Fig. 2.—Batis-Monanthochloë formation on alkaline flats near the Laguna Madre, with mesquite bordering stabilized dunes in the left background. Salicornia, a classical dominant of salt marshes, is here relatively inconspicuous. Habitat of Nighthawk and Horned Lark.
PLATE 8
"Fossilized" burrow of Texas Pocket Gopher in a sandy trough between active dunes. A part of the cast has been broken away to show the general shape of the old burrow. The diameter of the cast is about 3.5 inches."Fossilized" burrow of Texas Pocket Gopher in a sandy trough between active dunes. A part of the cast has been broken away to show the general shape of the old burrow. The diameter of the cast is about 3.5 inches.
Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicolaLowery: Great-tailed Grackle.—Small, postbreeding flocks composed of both adult and juvenal birds were seen moving along the edge of the laguna at Camp 1. In the morning the flocks flew south, and in the afternoon groups of similar size flew north, presumably to a roost at an undetermined distance north of our camp. Occasionally, a few birds stopped to rest or to forage on the dunes or in stands of mesquite. At Camp 2 on July 9, a postbreeding adult female and a well-grown, presumably independent juvenile were taken as they perched in a clump of mesquite in which we found three old nests ofCassidix; two of the nests were about four feet apart in one tree, and the third was in another tree 100 feet from the first.
Specimens (4): ♂ adult, 38988, testis 6 mm., no fat, 209 gm., 6 P old, Camp 1, July 7. Female, 38989, ova to 3 mm., fat, 115 gm., old brood patch, Camp 1, July 8. Female, 38990, ova to 1 mm., moderate fat, 107 gm., 7 P old, brood patch refeathering; ♂ juv., 38991, testis 3 × 1 mm., not fat, 172 gm., 6 P old; Camp 2, July 9.
Table 4.—Measurements in Millimeters of Adult Males of Cassidix Mexicanus
LocalityNo.WingTailTarsusWeight ingramsAustin, Texas17-137[1]184.3(173-200)203.8(178-232)46.38(41.8-50.0)225.6 June(204-253)202.2 July(195-207)San Patricio Co., Texas[2]5185.2(182-188)204.2(190-219)46.74(45.1-50.2)237.6(228-245)Barrier Is., Tamps.117818547.1209Victoria, Tamps.[3]4192.2(186-200)224.2(215-232)47.77(46.0-49.1)254.3(239-276)Tampico, Tamps.[4]119721448.3260Catemaco, Veracruz[5]119321648.2257
[1]Data from Selander (1958: 370, 373). Sample sizes, as follows: wing, 137; tail, 119; bill length, 20 (June and July); tarsus, 133; weight, 17 for June, 3 for July.
[1]Data from Selander (1958: 370, 373). Sample sizes, as follows: wing, 137; tail, 119; bill length, 20 (June and July); tarsus, 133; weight, 17 for June, 3 for July.
[2]June 13, 1961; breeding condition.
[2]June 13, 1961; breeding condition.
[3]May 6, 1961; breeding condition.
[3]May 6, 1961; breeding condition.
[4]May 7, 1961; breeding condition.
[4]May 7, 1961; breeding condition.
[5]November 28, 1959.
[5]November 28, 1959.
Specimens from the barrier island are clearly referable toC. m. prosopidicola, showing no approach to the larger and, in the female,darkerC. m. mexicanusof Veracruz and San Luis Potosí. In Table 4, measurements of the adult male from the barrier island may be compared with those of specimens ofC. m. prosopidicolafrom Texas and a specimen ofC. m. mexicanusfrom Veracruz; it is apparent that our specimen is assignable to the former.
Evidence of intergradation between the two subspecies is shown in a series of birds collected near Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, in May, 1961. The females in the series are highly variable in color individually, but are on the average paler thanC. m. mexicanusfrom Veracruz; the males are distinctly larger thanC. m. prosopidicolafrom Texas. At Miramar, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, a decided approach toC. m. mexicanusis also evident in the dark color of females and in the large size of both males (Table 4) and females.
Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamusOberholser: Red-winged Blackbird.—This species was recorded only at Camp 1 on July 7, when we saw two males, one of which was flying south along the edge of the dunes in a flock of five Great-tailed Grackles. Specimen: ♂, 38992, testis 10 × 7 mm., fat, 54 gm., Camp 1, July 7. The large size of the testes of this individual indicates breeding condition.
Sturnella magna hoopesiStone: Eastern Meadowlark.—Meadowlarks were found in small numbers along the margins of the alkaline flats at both camps. Breeding was still in progress, for males were singing and a female shot on July 9 had only recently laid eggs. Specimens (2): ♂, 38986, testis 13 × 8 mm., not fat, 102 gm.; ♀, 38987, ova to 6 mm., 3 collapsed follicles, not fat, 88 gm.; Camp 2, July 9.
Richmondena cardinalis canicaudusChapman: Cardinal.—This species was recorded only in stands of mesquite near Camp 1, as follows: July 7, two pairs seen, from which a breeding female was taken; July 8, three birds seen. Specimen: ♀, 38933, edematous brood patch, 36.5 gm., Camp 1, July 7. Intergrades between the present subspecies andR. c. coccineaof Veracruz are reported from Altamira, Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1957:329).
Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanusPeters: Nine-banded Armadillo.—Remains of an armadillo (89017) were found in a mesquite thicket in the dunes near Camp 1 on July 7. The bones are not badly weathered and were not embedded in sand.
This species has not been recorded previously on the barrierisland of Tamaulipas, nor, for that matter, on any of the barrier islands on the western shore of the Gulf of Mexico.
Lepus californicus merriamiMearns: Black-tailed Jackrabbit.—From two to four individuals were recorded daily in dunes and on alkaline flats in the vicinity of stands of mesquite and cactus.
Specimens (2): ♀ adult, 89018, pregnant (two embryos, 28 mm. in crown-rump length), Camp 1, July 6. Male immature, 89019, Camp 1, July 7. Our specimens have been compared with two skins ofL. c. curtifrom the type locality at Eighth Pass, with which they agree reasonably well in color. The size of the adult female is about that characteristic of other specimens of adultL. c. curti, but characters of the skull are consistent with those ofL. c. merriami.
A specimen of this species from Matamoros and several from Brownsville, Texas, have been assigned by Hall (1951:43) toL. c. merriami. Specimens from Padre Island, Texas, reportedly resembleL. c. curtiin smallness of the tympanic bullae but are in other characters referable toL. c. merriami(Hall, 1951:44).
Spermophilus spilosoma annectens(Merriam): Spotted Ground Squirrel.—These squirrels were moderately common in dunes at both camps. They were heard calling, and many tracks and holes were seen. On July 7, at Camp 1, a lactating, adult female (89020) and two dependent juveniles (89021, skull only, 89022, skin and skull) were shot at the entrance of a burrow; the uterus of the adult showed six placental scars.
Our adult specimen has been compared with ten specimens obtained by Hall and von Wedel at Eighth Pass in March, 1950; ours differs from the ten in being paler and slightly larger. The pallor is perhaps attributable to seasonal variation, and the size (246-79-38-7; weight, 133 gm.) is within limits that would be expected in a larger series of the population sampled by Hall and von Wedel. Hall (1951:38) referred specimens of this squirrel from Eighth Pass toS. s. annectens.
Geomys personatus personatusTrue: Texas Pocket Gopher.—This pocket gopher was abundant on low, stabilized dunes on the barrier island from four to 73 miles south of Washington Beach. One of us (Wilks) made a trip down the beach on May 20 and 21, 1961, and collected specimens at localities four miles south and 33 miles south of Washington Beach; additional specimens were taken at both Camp 1 and Camp 2 from July 6 to 10. At these localities the gophers seemed to maintain population densities approximatingthose ofG. personatuson Padre and Mustang islands on the Texan coast.
There is but one other record of the Texas Pocket Gopher from México. Goldman (1915) describedG. p. tropicalisfrom Altamira on the basis of specimens collected in 1898. Since that time, the species has not been reported as occurring south of Cameron County, Texas (Kennerly, 1954), some 50 miles northwest of the closest station of occurrence of the gophers on the barrier beach of Tamaulipas.
Our specimens are slightly smaller thanG. p. personatusand slightly larger thanG. p. megapotamus, the subspecies of nearest geographic occurrence to the barrier island. The degree to which our specimens differ in other respects, such as configuration of the pterygoid, is being studied further by Wilks. For the present, reference of our material to the nominate subspecies best expresses the relationships of these coastal gophers.
The fact that pocket gophers from the Tamaulipan barrier island occupy a position geographically intermediate between present Texan populations and the isolated population in southern Tamaulipas (G. p. tropicalis) helps explain the origin of the latter. It is likely thatG. p. tropicalisrepresents the southern remnant of a once continuously-distributed population of pocket gophers living in coastal Tamaulipas in mid-Wisconsin to late Wisconsin time. At that time, sea level is thought to have been considerably lower than at present, exposing a sandy strip 80 to 100 miles wide off the present coastline. Presumably this would have been an area suitable for gophers and for southward dispersal of individuals from Texas. The only conceivable barrier to dispersal, and thus to a panmictic population, would have been the Rio Grande, but over the wide, low and sandy coastal plain the river channel almost certainly shifted regularly, thus decreasing its effectiveness as a barrier to movement. With subsequent rise in sea level, the gophers at Altamira became isolated and have presumably remained so for a considerable time. To judge by the marked morphologic differentiation ofG. p. tropicalis, its degree of isolation from other populations has been much greater than those of populations inhabiting the Tamaulipan barrier island and the barrier islands of the coast of Texas. Contact between the latter two populations was probably fairly regular before man's stabilization of the channel of the lowermost reaches of the Rio Grande.
At Camp 1 we found evidence of the former occurrence of gophersin an area now largely covered by active beach dunes. Numerous skeletal parts of gophers and "fossilized" burrows (Plate 8) were found on the surface where troughs between active dunes reached down to an older, darker, and more tightly cemented layer of sand underlying the present dunes. It is clear that these gophers were not transported there, because the bones were not damaged, some of the skeletons were almost complete, and many of the bones were found near the "fossilized" burrows. Weathered but well preserved skeletal remains of at least 12 gophers were picked up at this site.
Specimens (17): ♀, 89023, Camp 1, May 20. 4 ♀ ♀, 89024-026, 89029; 3 ♂ ♂, 89027, 89028, 89030; Camp 1, May 21. Male, 89031, Camp 1, July 6. Three ♂ ♂, 89032, 89035, 89038; 4 ♀ ♀, 89033, 89034, 89036, 89037; Camp 2, July 9. Female, 89039, Camp 2, July 10.
Perognathus merriami merriamiAllen: Merriam Pocket Mouse.—An individual taken in a trap in the dunes near Camp 2 constitutes the first record of this species from the barrier island of Tamaulipas. This pocket mouse seems to be uncommon on other barrier islands of the western Gulf of Mexico, for there is only one published report of its occurrence on Padre Island, Texas (Bailey, 1905:141). Other nearby stations of occurrence are Altamira, Tamaulipas (Hall and Kelson, 1960:477), Brownsville, Texas (Bailey,loc. cit.), and 17 miles northwest of Edinburg, Texas (Blair, 1952:240).
Specimen: sex?, 89040, skull only, Camp 2, July 10.
Dipodomys ordii parvabullatusHall: Ord Kangaroo Rat.—We found this species uncommon and confined in distribution to dunes, in which it was recorded as follows: an adult female was shot and two other individuals were seen at night on July 6 at Camp 1; three were trapped near Camp 1 on July 7; two were trapped at Camp 2 on July 10.
Specimens (5): ♀, 89041, 2 placental scars, 46 gm., Camp 1, July 6. Male, 89042, testes scrotal, 47 gm.; ♂, 89044, 60 gm.; ♀, 89043, 44 gm.; Camp 1, July 7. Sex?, 89045, skel. only, Camp 2, July 10.
Our material does not differ significantly from specimens obtained by Hall and von Wedel at Boca Jésus María in March, 1950, which formed the basis for Hall's description (1951:41) ofD. o. parvabullatus. This subspecies is presumably confined in distribution to the barrier island of Tamaulipas. Two immature specimens from Bagdad, Tamaulipas, were tentatively assigned by Hall (1951:41)toD. o. compactus, a subspecies known otherwise only from Padre Island, Texas.
Neotoma micropus micropusBaird: Southern Plains Woodrat.—This species was noted only near Camp 1, where numerous houses were seen in stands of mesquite and prickly-pear cactus and an adult male (89046, 330 gm.) was taken on July 6. This species has not been reported previously from the barrier island of Tamaulipas. Our specimen is referable to the nominate subspecies and shows no approach toN. m. littoralis, a subspecies known only from the type locality at Altamira, Tamaulipas (see map, Hall and Kelson, 1960:684).
Procyon lotor(Linnaeus): Raccoon.—A weathered skull and a broken humerus were found at Camp 2. The skull is being studied by Dr. E. L. Lundelius, who informs us that it matches a number of raccoon skulls found in archaeological sites along the Balcones Escarpment of Texas. Such skulls are larger than skulls of raccoons occurring today in Texas (P. l. fuscipes) and closely resemble skulls of raccoons (P. l. excelsus) presently confined in distribution to Idaho, eastern Oregon, and eastern Washington. Further details of this situation are to be reported elsewhere by Lundelius.
Taxidea taxus(Schreber): Badger.—Two burrows were found in the stabilized dunes near Camp 1, tracks were noted on the alkaline flats, and a weathered skull (89047) was found on the flats west of Camp 1 on July 7. The skull appears to be of an immature animal, for the sutures are not well closed and the teeth show little wear.
Our records require an extension of known range of this species southeasterly by approximately 50 miles. The only previous record in coastal Tamaulipas is based on two skulls from Matamoros (Schantz, 1949:301). The skull from the barrier island cannot be determined to subspecies but on geographic grounds is referable toT. t. littoralis, with type locality at Corpus Christi, Texas.
Canissp.—Numerous tracks made either by Coyotes (C. latransSay) or by domestic dogs were seen in dunes and on the beach at both camps. A weathered, posterior part of a canid skull was found in dunes at Camp 2 on July 10, and a partial left mandible was taken on the beach at Camp 1 on July 6. Unfortunately, specific identification of the skull fragments is not possible, but the few reasonably good characters that we can use suggest that our material is of domestic dogs rather than of Coyotes. Hall (1951:37) found tracks and other signs of Coyotes at Eighth Pass but did not take specimens.
Most of the canid scats examined by us contained remains of crabs and fishes.
Odocoileus virginianus(Boddaert): White-tailed Deer.—A weathered Recent fragment of a mandible (89048) and part of a femur (89049) of this species were found near Camp 1 on July 7, and a metapodal was picked up in the dunes at Camp 2 on July 9. This species has not been reported previously on the barrier island of Tamaulipas and it probably no longer occurs there, for we saw no tracks or other signs of it. Hall (1951) did not find it at Eighth Pass.
Our specimens probably pertain toO. v. texanusbut are possibly ofO. v. veraecrucis, which has been reported from Soto la Marina (Goldman and Kellogg, 1940:89).
The only species of mammal known from the barrier island of Tamaulipas that we did not find is the Hispid Cotton Rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Two specimens of this species trapped near Eighth Pass in March, 1950, formed the basis for the description ofS. h. solus(Hall, 1951:42), a subspecies known only from the type locality.
The known vertebrate fauna of the barrier island of Tamaulipas consists of one species of tortoise, two species of lizards, at least one (unidentified) species of snake, 49 species of birds (48 recorded by us and the Semipalmated Sandpiper), and 12 species of mammals. This is clearly a depauperate fauna, such as is characteristic of islands generally, and indicates that the peninsular nature of the northern part of the barrier island is of relatively small consequence in determining presence or absence of species. It is likely that the restricted environmental spectrum is much more important in this regard than is the fact of semi-isolation.
Of the 49 species of birds, 10 are known to breed on the island and an additional 21 are suspected of breeding either on the island or on small islets in the adjacent Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas. Eleven species occur on the island as nonbreeding summer residents, about which we will have more to say below. Four species have been recorded on the island in summer but breed elsewhere, that is to say, they only wander over the island (Man-o'-war Bird, Turkey Vulture,etc.). Two species are known only as migrants, and the status of one, the Sora Rail, is uncertain. The number of migrant species doubtless will be greatly increased by field work at those times when birds migrate.
The avifauna is not depauperate owing to the exclusion of any one of the three major zoogeographic stocks thought to be important in the development of the present North American avifauna (Mayr, 1946). If we examine the breeding passerine birds of the barrier island and the breeding passerine assemblage at the same latitude in lowland Sonora (Mayr,loc. cit.) as to their ultimate evolutionary sources, we find that for both places somewhat more than half the birds have developed from indigenous, North American stocks, about one-third have been derived from South American stocks, and one-fifth to one-eighth are from Eurasian stocks. It is most unlikely that such close correspondence in relative composition of the two avifaunas would occur by chance. Thus, we can only conclude that each of the historical avian stocks is proportionately restricted in numbers on the barrier island.
Faunistically, the barrier island resembles Padre and Mustang islands and the adjacent mainland of Tamaulipas and southern Texas, reflecting the relative uniformity of environment in this region. It is apparent that there is a faunal "break" or region of transition in the vicinity of Tampico, in extreme southeastern Tamaulipas. On the coastal plain, many tropical species and subspecies occurring in Veracruz are found north to Tampico but fail to extend farther northward to the barrier island of northeastern Tamaulipas. Axtell and Wasserman (1953:4-5), have already commented on this situation, mentioning a number of snakes and lizards that have differentiated subspecifically on opposing sides of the Tampican region. They also note that large numbers of the lowland Neotropical floral and faunal elements reach their northern limits of distribution within the zone of transition around Tampico, and, also, many Nearctic elements find their southern distributional limits there.
Our small samples of birds and reptiles from the island show no detectable morphological differentiation from adjacent populations. However, several of the mammals are moderately-well differentiated, but the patterns and degrees of geographic variation are such that we can only speculate on the historical derivation of the insular populations.Lepus californicus curtiis presently known only from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, but Hall (1951:43) has suggested that it may also occur on the adjacent mainland. A resemblance between individuals of this subspecies and specimens ofL. c. merriamifrom Padre Island in smallness of the tympanic bullae is regarded, probably correctly, by Hall (1951:44) as independentdevelopment—that is, parallel adaptation to similar environmental conditions reaching fullest expression on the barrier island of Tamaulipas. As is also true withGeomys personatusandNeotoma micropus, the barrier island population ofLepus californicusshows relationships with animals from Texas and northern Tamaulipas (L. c. merriami) and no connection with (resemblance to) animals from the south (L. c. altamirae, known only from the type locality at Altamira, near Tampico).
In color and cranial proportions,Dipodomys ordii parvabullatusof the barrier island is closer toD. o. compactusof Padre Island than toD. o. sennettiof southern Texas and the Tamaulipan mainland. But,D. o. parvabullatusresemblesD. o. sennettiin external measurements (Hall, 1951:39). PossiblyD. o. parvabullatusandD. o. compactusare phylogentically closer to one another than is either toD. o. sennetti. It is also possible that each evolved independently from a mainland stock represented today byD. o. sennetti; the resemblance of the two insular populations would thus be a matter of convergence in response to like environmental conditions.
Sigmodon hispidus solusis an insular differentiate that probably reached the barrier island from the adjacent mainland of Tamaulipas, where its apparent closest relative, as judged by morphological similarity, now occurs.
Nonbreeding shorebirds in summer south of breeding ranges.—Certain aspects of this subject have already been discussed by Eisenmann (1951). As he notes, the phenomenon is more regular and widespread than generally has been appreciated. The old idea, that such oversummering individuals were "abnormal" or "senile," is totally inadequate, especially in view of the frequently large numbers of individuals involved.
Eisenmann's suggestion that nonbreeders are immature is probably valid, and it is supported by Pitelka's examination of dowitchers (1950:28, 51). For gulls, which can be aged by characters of plumage, there is no question that most nonbreeders are immature. Unfortunately, there are few criteria for determination of age in charadriiform birds.
With the possible exception of a specimen ofLimosa fedoa, none of the presumed nonbreeding, oversummering shorebirds collected by us showed gonadal enlargement above expected minimal sizes for the species. Even so, the season was late at the time when we were on the island and most of the birds were molting; it is possible their gonads had been enlarged earlier in the season. Behle andSelander (1953) and Johnston (1956) have shown that nonbreeding first-, second-, and third-year California Gulls (Larus californicus) undergo gonadal enlargement in summer. Additionally, nonbreeding first-year males of certain passerine species (for example, the Brown Jay,Psilorhinus morio; Selander, 1959) are known to experience partial gonadal recrudescence in summer. It would be useful, and would facilitate discussion, to have data on gonadal condition of oversummering birds; any functional enlargement would be worth documenting.
Some species, notably the Semipalmated Sandpiper, Semipalmated Plover, and Black Tern, oversummer as nonbreeders in such large numbers that it is obvious that a significant fraction of the total population of the species does not breed in any one year. This raises questions concerning the possible ecologic situations that would select for delay in time of recruitment of young birds into the breeding segment of the population, assuming that nonbreeders are immature birds. Delay in maturation, or slow rates of maturation, may show general relationship to paucity of sites of breeding, as Orians (1961:308) suggests, but the shorebirds with which we are dealing breed in regions or in habitat-types not characteristically imposing general restriction on sites of nesting; more than one answer is necessary for the question even at this level. Data on age and numbers of nonbreeders, as well as on the ecology of breeding populations, are critical and are badly needed for most species.
In any event, species for which we have data demonstrating that they regularly oversummer south of their breeding ranges are probably adapted to having a part of their populations refrain from breeding each year. Whether this phenomenon can be explained solely in terms of selection at the level of individual birds (Lack, 1954) or involves selection of an adaptive response of the population as a whole (Wynne-Edwards, 1955; see also Taylor, 1961, concerningRattus) is a problem that cannot be resolved at this time. We may note that the species involved ordinarily breed in arctic and subarctic regions, and it would seem advantageous (as set forth below) for nonbreeders to remain well south of such high latitudes. The numbers of oversummering individuals may fluctuate with over-all population density, possibly as a result of crude density, but possibly also as a result of emigration of individuals in excess of optimal density on breeding grounds (see Wynne-Edwards, 1959). One aspect of this phenomenon not explicitly discussed by Wynne-Edwards is the possibility that some individuals never move north to breeding grounds at all, perhaps as a result of a behavioral charactergenetically-grounded and mediated by delayed maturation of the neurohumoral "clock." This certainly would be an economical means by which population numbers could be regulated, for there would be a saving of energy in that some individuals not only would not move north, but also would not participate in the behavioral interactions involved in territorial spacing. Occurrence of these birds throughout southern North America, Middle America, and northern South America may thus reasonably be understood.
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1960. A field guide to the birds of Texas. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 304 pp.
Pitelka, F. A.
1950. Geographic variation and the species problem in the shore-bird genusLimnodromus. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 50:1-108.
Price, W. A.
1933. Role of diastrophism in topography of Corpus Christi area, south Texas. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 17:907-962.
Robins, C. R.,Martin, P. S., andHeed, W. B.
1951. Frigate-bird, oystercatcher, upland plover and various terns on the coast of Tamaulipas, México. Wilson Bull., 63:336.
Selander, R. K.
1958. Age determination and molt in the boat-tailed grackle. Condor, 60:355-376.
1959. Polymorphism in Mexican brown jays. Auk, 76:385-417.
Selander, R. K., andAlvarez del Toro, M.
1955. A new race of booming nighthawk from southern Mexico. Condor, 57:144-147.
Shantz, V. S.
1949. Three new races of badgers (Taxidea) from southwestern United States. Jour. Mammal., 30:301-305.
Smith, H. M.
1946. Handbook of lizards. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. 557 pp.
Sutton, G. M.
1950. The southern limits of the willet's continental breeding range. Condor, 52:135-136.
Taylor, J. M.
1961. Reproductive biology of the Australian bush rat Rattus assimilis. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 60:1-66.
Thompson, M. C.
1958. Semipalmated sandpiper from Tamaulipas. Wilson Bull., 70:288.
Wynne-Edwards, V. C.
1955. Low reproductive rates in birds, especially sea-birds. Acta XI Internat. Ornith. Congr., 540-547.
1959. The control of population-density through social behaviour: a hypothesis. Ibis, 101:436-441.
Transmitted March 15, 1962.
29-3602
Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.
* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:
Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.
*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rollin H. Baker, Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951.*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.Index. Pp. 651-681.
*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.
*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah,taxonomy and distribution. By Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952.
Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August 24, 1953.3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Phillip H. Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. July 23, 1954.8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 figures in text. June 10, 1955.Index. Pp. 625-651.
Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.
Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. December 10, 1955.3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956.5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 figures in text. May 19, 1956.6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures in text. June 15, 1956.8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 347-351. August 15, 1956.10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405-414, 1 figure in text, May 20, 1959.17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus montanus. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables. August 1, 1959.18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January 14, 1960.19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L. Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.Index. Pp. 671-690.
Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison B. Tordoff and Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956.2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. December 19, 1957.5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee. Pp. 163-211, plates 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958.7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston and Gerhard A. Schad. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2, 1960.10. A taxonomic study of the middle American snake, Pituophis deppei. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960.Index. Pp. 611-626.
Vol. 11. 1. The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira discolor Günther. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-9, 4 figures. July 14, 1958.2. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62, 9 figures, 9 tables. September 19, 1958.3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 figures in text, 3 tables. December 12, 1958.4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 327-334, 2 figures in text. January 28, 1959.5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-central Mexico. By John M. Legler. Pp. 335-343. April 24, 1959.6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas. By Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figures in text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959.7. Fishes of the Big Blue river basin, Kansas. By W. L. Minckley. Pp. 401-442, 2 plates, 4 figures in text, 5 tables. May 8, 1959.8. Birds from Coahuila, México. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 443-516. August 1, 1959.9. Description of a new softshell turtle from the southeastern United States. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 517-525, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. August 14, 1959.10. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz. By John M. Legler. Pp. 527-669, 16 pls., 29 figures in text. March 7, 1960.Index Pp. 671-703.
Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959.2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 figures in text. February 19, 1960.4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in text. May 2, 1960.5. Natural history of the bell vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures in text. March 7, 1962.6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C. Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962.7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, México. By Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309-345, pls. 5-8. June 18, 1962.More numbers will appear in volume 12.
Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By Frank B. Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960.3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahuila, México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pls. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August 16, 1960.4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls. 13-20, 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308, 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.6. Fishes of the Wakarusa river in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L. Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.7. Geographic variation in the North American cyprinid fish, Hybopsis gracilis. By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pls. 21-24, 2 figures in text. February 10, 1961.8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla; studies of American hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2 figures in text. April 27, 1961.9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pls. 26-30, 3 figs. August 11, 1961.10. Recent soft-shelled turtles of North America (family Trionychidae). By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pls. 31-54, 24 figures in text. February 16, 1962.Index in press.
Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. October 24, 1960.2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, on the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 29-67, pls. 1 and 2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds of the genus Lasiurus Gray. By E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 73-98, 4 figures in text. December 29, 1961.6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with description of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-111, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 113-120, 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962.9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962.10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian Pliocene, of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138, 2 figures in text. April 30, 1962.11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962.12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-159, 1 figure in text. May 18, 1962.13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164, 1 figure in text. May 21, 1962.More numbers will appear in volume 14.
Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figures in text. December 20, 1961.2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G. Webb, J. Knox Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. Pp. 149-173. January 31, 1962.3. A new species of frog (Genus Tomodactylus) from western México. By Robert G. Webb. Pp. 175-181, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962.More numbers will appear in volume 15.
The University of Kansas Publications list was placed at the end of this publication.
Original spelling and accent inconsistencies have been retained.