Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii.200andnoteq.
Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24noteh;extent of authority exercised by him, 137.
Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67;his scheme for improving his territories,ib. noted.
Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.
Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68;instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95;his judicious nomination of popes, 183.
Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69;conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70notek;his abduction by Hanno,ib.;his excommunication and its consequences,ib.andnoten;his remains insulted by Rome, 71;zeal of the cities in his cause, 90;his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185;his humiliation by Gregory, 186;the tables turned, 187;animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.
Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71;privilege granted by him to the cities, 90;his compromise with the popes, 188.
Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor and the popes, i. 381;production of his alleged will,ib.;his ambitious project, ii. 74;his death, 75.
Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85;his opposition to the papal power, 234.
Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72;consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.
Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73;fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.
Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154notef, 299;disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273;establishment of the principle in England, 343-346;elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.
Hereford (earl and duke of). SeeBohun,Bolingbroke.
Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304notef.
Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161notep.
Hildebrand. SeeGregory VII.
Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206;refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.
Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.
Hugh Capet. SeeCapet.
Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20;their ferocity towards the clergy,ib. notez;their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104;their wars with the Turks, 105-107.
Hungary, kings and chiefs of. SeeAndrew,Corvinus,Hunniades,Ladislaus,Louis of Hungary,Sigismund,Uladislaus.
Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii.58.
Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106;his death, 106.
Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102;characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii.389andnotem,390.
Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28;his ambitious policy, 379;his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381;position of the Italian cities towards him,ib.;use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385;increase of temporal authority under him, 416;his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195;extravagance of his pretensions, 196;his scheme of universal arbitration, 197;his decrees and interdicts, 199;his interference with the German emperors, 200;his claim, to nominate bishops, 212;cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213;he levies taxes on the clergy, 216;his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220;he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221;his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.
Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391;his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392;he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213;height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217;his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231noteg;anecdote of him, 238noter.
Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.
Interdicts, ii. 172, 260noteg, and 261.SeePapal Power.
Ireland a mediæval slave depôt, iii.316andnoted.
Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122;Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne,ib.
Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards her husband, i. 69;her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72;joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.
Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.
Isabella of Castile. SeeFerdinand II.
Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166;their character and object, 166, 167 andnotes;authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.
Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1;its subjection by the Lombards, 8;conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;its king Bernard, 14;its state at the end of the ninth century, 355;authorities referred to for its history,ib. note;its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 andnotec;assumption of power by Otho the Great,ib.;execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359;election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin,ib.;condition of its people under Henry II., 360;cause of its subjection to German princes,ib.;accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences, 360, 361;its Greek provinces, 361, 362;incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364;progress of the Lombard cities [seeLombards];accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [seeFrederic I.];cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378;its domestic manners, iii.342,344.
Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, andnotek.
James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485;invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231noteg.
Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45;betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47;she recovers Navarre,ib. noteg.
Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.
Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.
Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38;its conquest by Saladin, 40;restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41;oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180;title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386noted.
Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209;their early celebrity as usurers,ib. noteb;their final expulsion from France, 210 andnoted;ordinances against them, 222;exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320;their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii.297;their liability to maltreatment,305;barbarous customs regarding them,ib.note;the Jew-drowning story,306noteu;their early money dealings,338;toleration vouchsafed to them,ib.;decline of their trade,339;their addiction to coin-clipping,369notet.
Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80;her betrayer, 84notef;her name and birthplace, 143;great merit of Southey's poem,ib.
Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486;her husband's murder imputed to her,ib.andnoteq;she dies by violence, 487.
Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489;her vacillation relative to her successors, 490;puts Caraccioli to death, 491note.
John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15;his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.
John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his infancy, ii. 15, 16;he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;his death, 17;its results, 58.
John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26;results of his contumacy, 27;singular fines levied by him, ii. 320;his rapacity, 326 andnoteq;Magna Charta, 326, 329;curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii.65notet.
John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 andnotee.
John II. of France, character of, i. 53;taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58;bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57;submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59;his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.
John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483;result of his intrigues, 484.
John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174;asserts a right to nominate the emperor,ib.
John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235;his dispute with Louis of Bavaria,ib.;he persecutes the Franciscans, 237;his immense treasures, 238;his imposts on the clergy, 238notex.
John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance, ii. 243.
Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last crusade, i. 42note.
Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.
Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend, ii. 62-65.
Jury. SeeTrial by Jury.
Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238;various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239;judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240;cruel custom in Aragon, 241noteq;trial by combat, 242, 243 andnotes;the Establishments of St. Louis, 244;limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247notep;royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246;the court of peers, 247;the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248;jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337;its constitution, 337;imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97;its functions and jurisdiction, 98;the six circles and the Aulic council, 99;character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425;importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336noter;functions of the court of exchequer, 336 andnotes, 425;institution of justices of assize, 337;establishment of the court of common pleas, 338;origin of the common law, 339;difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of jurisprudence, 339, 340;complicated character of English laws, 341;necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 andnote;jurisdiction of the king's council, iii.138-147,249-257;safeguard for the independence of judges,152notet;rarity of instances of illegal condemnation,156-158;origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery,241-249.
King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii.138;its composition,ib.;its encroachments,140;limitations on its power,141;remonstrances of the commons,ib.;its legislative status,143;its frequent junction with the lords' house,144-146andnotes;views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject,249-257.
Knighthood. SeeChivalry.
Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40;their large possessions and rapacity,ib.andnotes;question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139;Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142;Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142;their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.
Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.
Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii.372,373;degree of comfort thereby indicated,373,374andnotes.
Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488;energy displayed by him, 489;his death,ib.
Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105;his accession to the throne,ib.;his death,ib.;suspicions relative thereto, 106note.
Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.
Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii.55;his ambitious projects,ib.;cause of his retirement from court,58;he curries favour with the commons,65andnotet;his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester,74;his marriage with Katherine Swineford,ib.;his antenuptial children by her,75;conduct of Richard II. on his death,80.
Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii.197.
Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435;his just exercise of power, 436;sent into exile, 438.
Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263notee.
Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305noteh.
Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285;principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.
Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 andnote;devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 andnotes;its cession to the crown of France, 29;its provincial assembly, 234.
Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii.56;their further tactics regarding him,59.
Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii.275.SeeLearning.
Laura (Petrarch's mistress). SeePetrarch.
Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;study of the civil law, iii.414;fame of the Bolognese school,415;necessity for legal knowledge in mediæval magistrates,416;unpopularity of the Roman law in England,417;neglect of the elder civilians,418,419andnotex.SeeJustice.
Learning, causes of the decline of, iii.270;neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians,273;blighting influence of superstition and asceticism,274;corruption of the Latin tongue,275;rules observed in its pronunciation,276-278;errors of the populace,278;changes wrought by the Italians and French,279,280;neglect of quantity,281;specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others,282-284notes;change of Latin into Romance,283;Italian corruptions of the Latin,285;effect of the disuse of Latin,286;ignorance of various sovereigns,ib.notes;extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning,286andnotef;ignorance of the clergy,287,288, andnotes;scarcity of books,289andnotep;erasure of manuscripts,289;lack of eminent learned men,ib.;John Scotus and Silvester II.,290andnoter;preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue,291-293;non-existence of libraries,292note;prevalence of superstitions,293-295;revival of literature,413;study of civil law,414-419;establishment of public schools,419;Abelard and the university of Paris,420,421;Oxford university and its founders,422,423, andnotes;rapid increase of universities,423-425;causes of their celebrity,425;spread of the scholastic philosophy,426;its eminent disputants,427;influence of Aristotle and of the church,429,430;unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions,430,431;labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus,432andnotes,433;cultivation of the new languages,433;the troubadours and their productions,434-436;origin of the French language,436;early French compositions,437,438;Norman tales and romances,439;the Roman de la Rose,440;French prose writings,441,442andnotes;formation of the Spanish language: the Cid,442,443, andnotes;rapid growth of the Italian language,443,444;excuses of Italians for writing in French,445notez;Dante and his Divine Comedy,445-449;Petrarch and his writings,449-452;dawn of the English tongue,452;Layamon's Brut,453andnotek;Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers,453;merit of Piers Plowman's Vision,454;cause of the slow progress of the English language,ib.;earliest compositions in English,455;pre-eminence of Chaucer,456;revival of classical learning,457;eminent cultivators thereof,458;invention of paper,459;transcribers and booksellers,ib.notex;rarity and dearness of books,460;recovery of classical manuscripts,461;eminent labourers in this field,462,463;revival of the study of Greek,465,466;state of learning in Greece,466;services rendered by the mediæval Greeks,467-469andnotes;opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford,470;fame due to Eton and Winchester schools,ib.;invention of printing,471;first books issued from the press,ib.;first printing presses in Italy,472;elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages,474-476;Dr. Maitland's views thereon,476-479;earliest use of the English language in public documents,484-486.
Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;cessation of national assemblies, 218;assemblies of the barons, 219;the cours plénières, 220;limitation of the king's power, 221;substitutes for legislative authority,ib.;ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;general legislation, when first practised,ib.;increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes, 223, 224;convocation of the States-General, 224;constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279;Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 andnote;prerogatives of the crown, 410;custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412.SeeJustice,Parliament,States-General.
Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161notep.
Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11;his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122;Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.
Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182 andnotex.
Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363;devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364.SeePapal Power.
Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3;its king killed in battle, 4;its union with Castile, 9.
Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.
Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii.460,461, andnotes.
Literature. SeeLearning.
Lollards, rise of the, iii.388;their resemblance to the Puritans,389.
Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 andnotet;extension of their dominions,ib.;defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;their mode of legislating, 212;position of their Roman subjects, 295;progress of their cities, 365;frequency of wars between them,ib.;acquisition of territories by them, 368;democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369;destruction of Lodi by the Milanese,ib.andnotei;courage of the citizens of Como, 370;exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities,ib.;siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372;efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372;destruction of Milan, 373;league of the Lombard cities, 374;defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375;peace of Constance, 376;their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377;their wars with Frederic II., 387;party nature of these struggles, 388;arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389;chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390;their papal supporters,ib.;causes of their success, 392;their means of defence, 394, 395;internal government of their cities, 395;revival of the office of podestà, 396;position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397;duties and disabilities of the podestà, 397, 398;their internal dissensions, 398, 399;artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400;vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401;inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results, 402;effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404;moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409;the Visconti in Lombardy, 464.SeeVisconti.
Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established by the banishment of, ii. 325.
London, early election of the magistrates of, iii.219;its municipal divisions,220;its first lord mayor,221;not exclusively a city of traders,223;its extent and population,ib.;comparison with Paris,224.
Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.
Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his father, i. 15;his jealousy of his half-brother, 16;territories allotted to him, 16, 17, andnoteso, p;cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.
Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 andnotep;failure of his scheme of succession, 72;the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195noteg.
Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85;his contest with the popes, 234;he aids the Visconti, 235;he dies unabsolved, 236.
Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14;his cruelty to his nephew,ib.;his character, 15;associates his sons in power with him,ib.;his second marriage and its consequences, 16;enmity of the clergy against him,ib.;his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239,noteh;his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156;he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii.295notex.
Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his father, i. 15;share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.
Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles from, i. 126.
Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128;Fulk's saucy retort, iii.286notee.
Louis V., i. 18, 128.
Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24;his contests with the Norman princes, 25;his participation in judicial matters, 244notec.
Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25;confirms the rights of the clergy, 27;joins in the second crusade, 38;his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.
Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29;issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.
Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30;revolt of the barons against him,ib.;excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32;undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32;his superstition, 33 andnote;he embarks in the crusades, 33;calamitous results of his first crusade, 41;his second expedition and death,ib.;his Establishments, 222, 224, 244;his open-air administrations of justice, 244;the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 andnote;his submissiveness to the church, 226;his restraint on the church holding land, 227 andnote.
Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45;treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46;his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202;he renounces certain taxes, 227.
Louis XI., accession of, i. 86;his character and policy, 86, 87;bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88;and then deprives him of it, 89;grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90;his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, andnotes;and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, andnotes;his last sickness and its terrors, 96;his belief in relics, 97 andnote;court boast relative to his encroachments, 235;civic liberty encouraged by him, 352;he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255;his people oppose the repeal,ib.;his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258,notec.
Louis XII. SeeOrleans.
Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.
Louis of Anjou adopted by Joanna of Naples, i. 487;his death, 488.
Louis II. of Anjou and Naples, accession of, i. 488;subdued by Ladislaus,ib.
Louis III. of Anjou and Naples called in by Joanna II., i. 489;his doubtful prospects, and death, 491.
Lucius II. (pope), cause of the death of, i. 416.
Luna (Alvaro de), influence exercised by, ii. 16;disgraced and beheaded, 17;law on which his opponents relied, 38.
Luna (Antonio de) assassinates the archbishop of Saragossa, ii. 41.
Luna (Frederic count of) claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;care taken of his interests by the court,ib.
Luna (Peter de). SeeBenedict XIII.
Lupus Servatus, literary performances of, iii.475notea.
Luxemburg (John of), execution of prisoners of war by, i. 84;betrays Joan of Arc to the English,ib. notef.
Magna Charta. SeeEngland.
Mahomet the prophet. SeeMohammed.
Mahomet II. attacks the Venetians, i. 493;his success, 495;failure of his assault upon Belgrade, ii. 106;he captures Constantinople, 136;unrealised schemes for his expulsion, 136, 137;his European successes and reverses, 138;Æneas Sylvius's odd proposal,ib. note.
Mandats and their abuses, ii. 212.
Manfred, brave retention of the imperial throne by, i. 392;killed, 406.
Manicheans. SeeReligious Sects.
Manners. SeeChivalry,Domestic Life,Learning,Superstition.
Manufactures. SeeTrade.
Manuscripts. SeeLearning.
Marcel (magistrate of Paris), why assassinated, i. 232.
March (Roger, earl of) opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii.56;his significant policy,57;his popularity with the parliament,65;his exclusion from the throne,82,194;clemency of Henry V. towards him,194.
Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI., iii.98;consequences of her impolicy,194,197.SeeHenry VI.
Mariner's compass, tradition of the invention of the, iii.332,333.
Maritime laws of early times, iii.333;prevalence of piracy,334;law of reprisals,335.
Marriages, capricious decrees of the popes concerning, ii. 208;dispensations and their abuses,ib.
Martin (prince of Aragon) marries the queen of Sicily, i. 490;his death,ib.
Martin (king of Aragon) succeeds to his son's Sicilian dominions, i. 490;contests for the Aragonese throne at his death, ii. 39.
Martin V. elected pope, ii. 246;he convokes the council of Pavia, 247;his anger at the English statute of præmunire, 251,notey;his concordat with England, 251;powers reserved to him by the German concordats, 252, 253;rejection of his concordat by France, 254.
Mary of Burgundy. SeeBurgundy.
Matilda (countess) bequeaths her dominions to Rome, i. 380.
Matthias Corvinus. SeeCorvinus.
Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy, i. 96;becomes king of the Romans, ii. 89 andnotes;ascends the German throne, 94;he extinguishes the robber-nobles, 96;institutes the Aulic council, 99;extent of the empire at his accession, 100.
Mayor of the palace, importance of the office of, i. 6, 113-115, 157.SeeCharles Martel,Pepin Heristal,Ebroin.
Medici (Salvestro de') proposes to mitigate the severity of the law in Florence, i. 434;rise of his family, 498;character of Giovanni,ib.andnote;banishment and recall of Cosmo, 499;his death: his son Piero, 500;death of Julian: popularity and princely career of Lorenzo, 501;his bankruptcy repaired at the cost of the state, 502 andnoteq;his title to esteem, 503.
Mendicant friars, first appearance of the, ii. 205;success of their preachings, 206;their extensive privileges, 206, 207, andnotes.
Mercenary troops. SeeMilitary Systems.
Merovingian dynasty, character of the times during which it ruled, i. 5;chronological sketch of its career, 118-120.
Middle ages, period comprised under the term, iii.269.
Milan, resolute conduct of the people of in the choice of a bishop, i. 366 andnotey;its siege by Frederic I., 372;destruction of the city, 373;its statistics in the 13th century, 393;its public works, 394;creation of the duchy of Milan, 412;lax conduct of the Milanese clergy, ii. 187,noteg.SeeLombards.
Military systems of the middle ages.character of the English troops at Crecy, Poitiers, and Azincourt, i. 55, 77;disadvantages of feudal obligations in long campaigns, 262;substitution of mercenaries, 264;Canute's soldiers, and his institutes respecting them, 264 andnoteg;the mercenaries of the Anglo-Norman kings, 265;advantages of mercenary troops,ib.;high rate of pay to English soldiers, 77 andnotet, 266;establishment of a regular force by Charles VII., 267;military resources of the Italian cities, 467;importance of their carroccio, 467 andnoted;their foreign auxiliaries, 468;arms and armour, 469 andnotek;citizens excused from service, 469;companies of adventurers: Guarnieri's systematic levies, 471;spirited refusal of tribute by Florence, 472;Sir John Hawkwood's career [seeHawkwood];eminent Italian generals and their services, 474, 475;probable first instance of half-pay, 475 andnoteu;small loss of life in mediæval warfare, 476, 477, andnotes;long bows and cross bows, 477, 478;advantages and disadvantages of armour, 478;introduction of gunpowder, 479;clumsiness of early artillery and fire-arms, 480;increased efficiency of infantry, 481.
Mocenigo (doge), dying prophecy of, i. 465, 466, andnote.
Moguls, ravages of the, ii. 131;their exploits under Timur, 133.
Mohammed, advent of, ii. 114;state of Arabia at the time, 115;dearth of materials for his history,ib. note;characteristics of his writings, 115, 116;his knowledge of Christianity whence derived, 116,notec;martial spirit of his system, 117, 118;career of his followers.SeeAbbassides,Moors,Ottomans,Saracens,Turks.
Monarchy in France, character of the, i. 217note;means by which it became absolute, 223;its power of enacting laws unlimited, 229noteh.
Monasteries, cultivation of waste lands by, ii. 142;less pure sources of income, 144;their exemption from episcopal control, 168 andnotef;preservation of books by them, iii.292;extent of their charities,302andnote;vices of their inmates,303;their anti-social influence,304;their agricultural exertions,360andnote.
Money, high interest paid for, iii.337;establishment of paper credit,339andnoteb;banks of Italy,340;securities for public loans,341;changes in the value of money,366-369;comparative table of value,370notex;SeeCoining.
Montagu (minister of Charles VI.), arrest of, i. 68notez.
Montfort (Simon de), heads the crusade against the Albigeois, i. 29.
Montfort (Simon de, earl of Leicester), his writs of summons to the towns of England, iii.27.
Montfort (ally of Edward III.) obtains the duchy of Britany, i. 99.
Moors, successes of the Spaniards against the, ii. 3;victories of Alfonso VI., 5;Cordova taken from them, 9;its fabulous extent and wealth,ib.notem;cause of their non-expulsion from Spain, 10, 11.
Mosheim, error of, relative to Louis IX., i. 33notez.
Mowbray (earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk), made lord appellant, iii.72;he espouses the king's interest,74;his quarrel with Bolingbroke and its results,79,80andnotez.
Municipal institutions of the Roman provincial cities, i. 338;importance of the office of defensor civitatis, 340;duties appertaining to it, 340;responsibilities of the decurions, 341;the senatorial orders, 342-344;civic position of the Frank bishops, 345;municipal government of the Frank cities, 345-347;corporate towns of Spain, 347;of France, 348;their struggles for freedom, 348, 349;early independence of the Flemish and Dutch cities, 349;origin of the French communes, 350, 351;growth of the burgages, 352;policy of Louis XI. relative to civic liberty,ib.;Italian municipalities, 353, 354 [seeLombards];free cities of Germany [seeGermany].SeeParliament,Towns.
Murder, gradation of fines levied as punishment for, amongst the Franks, i. 150, 151 andnotes, 198 andnoteq, 281;rates of compensation amongst the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 275.
Naples subjugated by Roger Guiscard, i. 363, 364;contest for its crown between Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 406;murder of the rightful heir by Charles, 407;schemes relative to the severance of Sicily, 483 [seeSicily];accession of Robert, 485;queen Joanna and her murdered husband, 486 andnoteq;Louis of Anjou and Charles III., 488;reign of Louis II.,ib.;ambition of the young king Ladislaus, 489;his death,ib.;Joanna II., her vices and her favourites, 489, 490, and 491note;career of Alfonso, 492 [seeAlfonso V.];invasion of the kingdom by John of Calabria, 494;his failure,ib.;Ferdinand secured on the throne, 495;his odious rule, 503.
Navarre, origin of the kingdom of, ii. 3, 4.
Neustria, extent of the dominions so termed, i. 6noteo;its peculiar features as distinguished from Austrasia, 118;when first erected into a kingdom, 119 andnote;destruction of its independence, 120.
Nevil (lord) impeached by the commons, iii.56.
Nicolas II. (pope), innovations introduced by, ii. 183.
Nobility, origin of, in France, i. 157, 158 andnote, 189;privileges conferred on the class, 191;consequences of marriage with plebeians, 192;letters of nobility when first granted, 193;different orders, and rights belonging to each, 194;their gallows distinctions,ib.notec;their right to coin money, 205, 206;to levy private war, 207;characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312;excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424;turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13;contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92;rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95;their career, how checked, 95;source of the influence of the English nobility, iii.165;their patronage of robbers,169;German robber lords,314;legislative province of the English nobility [seeParliament].
Norfolk (earl and duke of). SeeBigod,Mowbray.
Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20;their plan of warfare, 21;sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22;their conversion and settlement in France,ib.;terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135;beneficial effects of their conversion, 135;their incursions into Italy, 363 andnotem;successes of their leaders, 363, 364;their invasion of England [seeEngland].
Nottingham (earl of). SeeMowbray.
Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210;notable instances thereof,ib.notec.
Odo (archbishop). SeeDunstan.
Oleron, laws of, iii.334.
Ordeals, nature of, iii.294,295;stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda,295notey;instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii. 339noteb.
Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69notec;loses his popularity, 70;his assassination and its probable causes,ib.andnotes;commotions which ensued, 71, 72.
Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98;instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.
Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1;annihilation of their dominion, 8;Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.
Othman. SeeOttomans.
Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.
Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.
Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382;enmity of the pope towards him, 384;its consequences, ii. 75;obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209;rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 andnotef.
Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132;their European conquests,ib.;their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135;they capture Constantinople, 136;European alarm excited thereby,ib.;institution of the Janizaries, 137;suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.
Oxford university. SeeLearning.
Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.
Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.
Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii.331.
Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii.329.SeeCrusades.