a tribe of the Dhegiha group,2,77habitat of,98industry of women,103life of, described by Morse,106structures of,99,101-104villages of, described,100,103-104villages of, listed by Père Marquette,98Oto tribe—a tribe of the Chiwere group,2closely connected with Winnebago,122councils with,115,117-118country occupied by,114habitation of, described by Bradbury,115temporary camp of, described by James,120winter camp of, described by Mölhausen,118Otsotchove, a Quapaw village,109Ozarks—caves of,107habitat of the Osage,98hunting ground of the Osage,107Pahatsi, an Osage band,2,98Palisades.SeeFortified villages.Palmer, Dr., missionary to the Osage,104Papillion Creek, Omaha village on,81Pasquayah village,71Pawnee confederacy, tribes composing,2Pawnee Indians—abandoned camp of,165attack by, on Kansa village,96council held with,160-161country occupied by,159customs of,163-165habitations of,156,158,161-162manner of moving,163migration of,156temporary camp of,164Pawnee villages—description of,157,162orderly removal of,65photographs of,162Pelican, The, an Assiniboin chief,71Pembina, native habitations at,55Pemmican maul, of the Oto,121Peoria, village of, visited by Marquette,41Persimmon pulp, bread made of,100Petit Corbeau, village of,48,49,50Picaneaux, location and number of,32SeePiegan.Piegan Indians—a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy,1,25camp of, described,30-31camp of, painted by Bodmer,29country occupied by,27population of,31,32SeePicaneaux.Pike, Lieut. Z. M., exploring expedition of,99,155Pillagers, gathering place of,15Pipes—ceremonial use of,172from Omaha cache,83of peace, smoking of,61Pipestone quarry, tribes ranging near,77Pis-ka-kau-a-kis, a band of Cree,18Pitahauerat, a tribe of the Pawnee confederacy,2"Platte purchase," Iowa living in,114Platte River, Oto village on,116Ponca Indians—a tribe of the Dhegiha group,2,77habitations of,87-88migration of,77separation of, from the Omaha,87Population—of Arikara villages,170of Assiniboin,76of Atsina or Fall Indians,32of Cheyenne,24of Cree,19of Crow,19of Kansa,89,93of Mandan,139of Minnetaree villages,126of Osage,104of Piegan,31of Sarsees,32of village of Sotoüis,110of Waco,182of Wichita,182of Yankton,56Porcupine Creek, village on,22Pottery—Arikara,174fragments of, in Ozark caves,107fragments of, on village site,46of the Mandan,137-138of the Quapaw,112SeeEarthenware.Pounds, buffalo,5-6,26Quapaw—a tribe of the Dhegiha group,2,77country occupied by,108decrease in population of,111meaning of the name,108migration of,77,112remnants of,111Quivira, reached by Coronado,179Radin, Paul, list of Winnebago structures given by,122Rakes, made by Arikara,177Raynolds exploring party, sacred structure discovered by,63Red Cloud, an Oglala chief,70,71Red River, structures in valley of,9,12Red Wing, Minn., origin of the name,47Red Wing, village of—described by Schoolcraft,49described by Seymour,50Rees, warfare of, with Sioux,70Republican Pawnee—described by Irving,161visited by Long expedition,159SeeKitkehahki.Requa, W. C., Osage described by,104Rings—of earth,21,28,30of stone,20,21Rocky Mountain Fort, Assiniboin camp near,77Rooptahee, a Mandan winter village,125,134Rotundas of the Cherokee,118Running-water River, early name of the Niobrara,88Rush mats—for seats and sleeping places,11method of making,41used for covering dwellings,10Sacred dance—for benefit of sick,82of the Dakotas,55Sacred island in Mille Lac, described,46St. Joseph, a trading post,184St. Paul, former Indian village near,38St. Peters River, exploration of,47Salt, making of, by Indians,42,174Sandy Creek, Oto encampment on,120Sans Arcs, a Teton band,2SeeItazipcho.Sans Oreille, an Osage chief,100Santee—eastern division of the Dakota,45tribes forming,2use of the name,45Santsukhdhian Osage band,2,98Sarsees, number and location of,32Saskatchewan Valley, tribes inhabiting,32Sauk and Foxes—agriculture of,40living as one tribe,38manners and ways of life,39-41summer and winter habitations of,38villages of, similar in appearance,38SeeFox Indians, Sauk Indians.Sauk Indians—excursions of, against the Osage and Missouris,98Missouri driven out by,121removal of, to Indian Territory,38territory of,1village of, visited by Long,38SeeSauk and Foxes.Sauteux.SeeOjibway.Schoolcraft, H. R.—deserted Osage villages encountered by,101journey of, down the Mississippi,49Sioux settlements described by,49Seven Council Fires of the Dakota,44Seymour, E. S.—Kaposia described by,50sketches by,55,93,95,121Shakopee's village, described by Keating,52Shawanese, migration of remnant of,2,3Shawnee, villages of, west of the Mississippi,42Shields—Arapaho, affixed to tripods,36,37of the Pawnee,157Sibley, George C., Kansa village described by,90Sichangu, a Teton band,2Sick and aged—dance for benefit of,82treatment of,165Sihasapa, a Teton band,2Siksika, a tribe of the Blackfeet confederacy,1,25Siouan tribes—classification of,2general movement of,3in the East,44second largest stock north of Mexico,43skin tipi typical of,7various habitations of,44villages of, described,1westward migration of,43Sioux—excursions of, against the Osage,98gathering of, with Ojibway, to establish peace,15Sisseton, a division of the Dakota,2,44Skidi, a tribe of the Pawnee Confederacy,2Skin Dressing, implements for,58,59,138Skin Lodge—Arapaho,37Assiniboin,71,76Blackfoot,28Cheyenne,24construction of,56Cree,18,20Crow,150,152,153decorations on,28,67,76,78,85descriptions of,50,51drawings of,56erected by the Dakota,45Hidatsa,146Kansa,94Omaha, construction of,80-81,85Pawnee,162,164,165-166predominance of, on the plains,185sketched by Kurz,76Teton,61used by roving tribes,32used by the Dhegiha,77used by the Oto,118Skin scraper, bone, described,58,59Skin tipi—when used by Omaha,84-85Yankton, described by Maximilian,57-58Sledges of the Mandan,134Smallpox epidemic—among the Mandan,139among the Omaha,78Smoking custom of the Blackfeet,26,27SeePipes.Sotoüis, population of village of,110Soulier Noir, French name for the Amahami,126Spears, Arapaho, affixed to tripods,36,37Spoons, horn—of the Mandan,137of the Pawnee,158Stanley, paintings by, in National Museum,31Stansbury Expedition, narrative of,64,66-68Starapat, an Arikara chief,176State Historical Society of North Dakota, surveys made by,139,145Stockade buildings, mentioned by Long,50Stockades, remains of,67SeeFortified villages.Stone circles, explanation of,20,21Stone Indians.SeeAssiniboins.Sun dance, lodges erected for,63,85Sunflower seed, cakes made of,136Sweat house—of the Crows,155of the Ojibway,12,16Symbols, cut on trees by Indians,43Talangamane, a Sioux chief,49Taoapa, description of village of,52Tapage Pawnee.SeePitahauerat.Tatanka Wechacheta, a Wahpeton chief,53Tatunkamane, son of a Dakota chief,48Tchan-dee, a Teton Sioux chief,62Teton—a division of the Dakota,2,44bands composing,2customs of,60great village of, visited by Lewis and Clark,59-60Teton River, village near mouth of,62Thatched lodges, of the Wichita,179-180Thief, The, an Oto Indian,117Tinder Mountain, Cree band at,18Tipi—drawing of, by Bodmer,58,59of the plains tribes, fine example of,68typical of Siouan tribes,7SeeSkin lodges.Tonginga, a Quapaw village,109Toriman, a Quapaw village,109Totem posts, not used by Omaha,85Traders lodge, of the Oglala,68Trails—across the prairie,88buffalo,7in the Black Hills,70,71made by travois,66Transportation—among the Oglala,65among the Piegan,30SeeDog travois, Horse travois.Travois.See Dog travois, Horse travois.Treaties—of Greenville, westward migration following,42of peace between Sioux and Chippewas,15place of, between Ojibway and U. S. Government,16with Tetons, Yankton and Yanktonai,57Twenty-Four, village of the, a former Kansa town,94Two Kettles.SeeOohenonpa.Typha palustris, mats made of leaves of,100Union Agency, location of,104-105Utensils of the Mandan,136-137Utsehta, an Osage band,2,98Village of the Twenty-Four,94Village sites, not contemporaneous,127Wabashaw, a Sioux village visited by Schoolcraft,49Waco Indians—a tribe of the Wichita confederacy,2appearance of,181grass lodge of,181population of,182Wahktageli, a Yankton chief,58Wahpekute, a division of the Dakota,2,44Wahpeton tribe—a division of the Dakota,2,44,52country occupied by,52village of, described,53Wah-toh-ta-na, name for the Oto,116Wakan wachepe, a Dakota society,55Wa-ki-ta-mo-nee, an Oto chief,118Wanotan, a Yanktonai chief,54Wapasha, a Dakota chief,47Wapasha's Prairie, mentioned by Seymour,50Wapasha village, description of,47,48War dance, Osage, account of,105Warriors, special lodges for use of,25Wattasoons, Mandan name for the Amahami,126Wattlework structures of the Osage,101-102,105Waubuschon, an Osage chief,100Wayondott, migration of band of,3Weapons of the Mandan,138Western Engineer, a steamboat of 1819 on Missouri River,91-93Wetarko, Indian name for Grand River,169White Hair, an Osage chief,103White River, village site on,108Wichita confederacy—a Caddoan group,2thatched dwellings of,179-180Wickiup, a temporary shelter,70Wigwams—construction of,11dome-shaped, of the Ojibway,14mat and bark covered,7