AAbdominal muscles,66Acoustics,97Adam's apple,80Adductors,82Air,48complemental,70quantity of, in lungs,70residual,70supplemental,70tidal,70Amateurs,274American speech,146Americans, pitch of,224Antagonists,53Anatomy,35Art,17,272Artist, isolation of,254Artistic,246perception,245temperament,31Arytenoid cartilages,77Aspirates,228Attack,30,125,127,208best tests of a good,129good,127,232Auditory messages,250Auto-laryngoscopy,109,110,152,161B"Backward" production,213Bel Canto,211Break,162Breath,60,72control of,20,21exercise for,133,134in phonation,130manner of using,172,208stream,22,125,194Breathing,44-73,118,124abdominal,118clavicular,118,119deep,63diaphragmatic,118,119exercises,131mechanism, control of,120method of,64,177nose,131CCartilage of Santorini,77Wrisberg,77Cells,36Chest,50,62,71cavity of,71complete control of,62position of, in singing,123in speaking,123Children, public appearance of,116register of,234Choral singing,247Choristers,256Circulatory system,37Clergyman's sore-throat,88Cold, a,77,92prevention of,93Color,214Composers,116Consonant, a,195,196Consonants,223,225,226,230-235mouth positions of,226-228Corsets, evil effects of,72Coup de glotte,124-127,139Cramming,46Cricoid cartilage,77,81thyroid,83,85membrane,81Curwen,156DDialects,225,235Diameters,50Diaphragm,52,53,66,71EEar,182,236,245,248connection with mouth cavity,203drum-head of,240external, purpose of,240for music,244lack of,245,249inner,237,241middle,237,241musical,31outer,237purpose of,238Ease,123,233English,198speech,146Epiglottis,79Eustachian tube,241Execution,179,256Exercises,131-135,139practical,73Expiration,49Expiratory blast,60,68,88,103,177current,136,208Explosives,226Expression,254FFalsetto,154high,170,178in males,160,179"Feeling-tone",212Food,263"Forward" production,213Fundamental principles,179-194application of,195-206tone,231GGarcia, Manuel,105,138,159German language,198speech,146Germans, pitch of,224Glide,258Glottis,47,78,82,88,126,159in barytone voices,157bass voices,157contralto voices,158mezzo-soprano voices,158tenor voices,157ligamentous,157HHead, position of,205Hearing,101,236-250difference in animals,101highest limit of,102lower limit of,102Helmholtz,167Hygiene,33,72,92,93,251-275Hyoid bone,81,95IIllustration of principles,27,28Impulses,236Inhibitions,184Inspiration,48,51,71Intonation,195,196,230correct position for good,131Italian language,198KKnowledge, principle of,34LLarynx,60,74-96,136,148,258anatomy of,21as a musical instrument,102change in size of,111control over,112difference in size,110growth of,138in action,109in singing and speaking,198muscles of,81,95of the male138photography of,161physiology of,21ventricle of,80vibrations of,96whole,94Laryngoscope,91,103,136Ligamentous glottis,157Lips,202Lungs,49,63Lymph,37MMackenzie, Sir Morell,156,167,168Mara, Madame, range of,111Marcato production,209Marchesi, Madame, teaching of,159Men, register of,234Messages, Auditory,250Methods, correct,22,23faulty,32Middle production,214Midriff, see diaphragmMind,210Mirror, use of,235Mouth, as a resonance chamber,221resonator,148cavity,149respiration,131toilet of,262Movements,192Muscles,36,82abdominal,66Muscular action,71mechanism,42movements,179Music,243appreciation of,247intellectuality in,256intelligence in,108interpretation of,21Musical artist,198ear,31prodigy,243faculty develops early,115faults,258sounds, practical range of,102tones,231Musician, fundamental qualities of,246NNasal chambers,144,149,214Nasality,231Nerve-cells,38Nervous centres,39impulses,244,250system,38Nervousness,274Neuro-muscular mechanisms,17,42,181processes,183system,43New language, learning of,224Noise,218OOpen mouth,203,204,217Ordinary speech,230Overtones,231,235PPalate, cleft,149hard,149,213soft,145,214,216,231Phonation,192,193breath in,130example of,193Physics, principles of involved,135Physiological considerations,34-43teachings,26,31Piano production,259Pillars of the fauces,145Pitch,101,136,150,214favorite,273Portamento production,258Practical considerations,88Practice,132,185-192best time to,186,187by wrong method,191for sustained tone,132methods of,194Puberty, at,112,138in boys,114,115in girls,113Public singing, age to begin,115speaking,212Pumping,259QQuality,101,136,214RR and s, interval between,225Reed, long,157short,157Reflex action,40Reflexes, associated,183protective character of,58,59sets of,184Register,233change in,169,177chest,160definition of,176in female voices,160of basses and barytones,170of tenors,170Registers,151-178Behnke on,155,156,167Garcia on,155Mackenzie on,156,167,168Madame Seiler on,153,165,170Mandl on,158Resonance chambers,102,136,140-150,175,182,198,213,223,224,228,234in sounding bodies,140of musical instruments,140,141Resonants,228Resonator,148Respiration,46,48,68,69forced,119hygiene of,55mouth,131Respiratory centre,57,58,172efficiency,124organs,47system,37tract,26SScience,17Scripture, Prof.150Seiler, Madame,153,165,170Selections in public,271Sensations,172,174,175,178Septum nasi,149Singer, purpose of,99range of,269Singing, choral,256class,257fortissimo,121good,259in schools,247Song, elements of,218-229Soprano, highest tones of,137light,232Sound,60,97-103,135,225quality of,102,246Tyndall on,97volume of,101,102,136Sounding body,99Speaker, purpose of,99Speaking, good,259Speech, elements of,218-229organs of,233purity of,135Sphincter action,86Staccato production,209Stammering,268Stop-closure,158Straining,86,175Straw bass,88Stuttering,268Style,254Swell,207,212TTechnique,23,179,183,185,186,254,255Teeth,202Temperament,245Tenors,232Throat mirror,107sore,265Thyro-arytenoideus,84,85hyoid membrane,81Thyroid cartilage,76,81Timbre,136Tone,132,135,136carrying power of,126color of,214ground,231head,160piano,233pitch of,126production,132,207-217quality of,128,142,150,231the sustained,208volume of,126Tones,189head,177highest,137lower,137quality of,146timbre of,136upper,86Tongue,131,145,149,214control of,202influence of,201Tonsils,145,149Trachea,81Tremolo,128,258,259Tuning fork,99UUvula,145VVibrations,61,98,100,236Vibratives,228Vibrato,258Vital capacity,71Vocal athlete,182Vocal bands,87,103,126action of,137false,78true,77,78,80,94vibrations of,136cords, false,95Madame Seiler on,154true,95methods,32physiology,17-32training, early weeks of,246Vocalises,207Vocalist, ideal,198Vocalization,19,31Voice,44,254breaking of,114brightening the,216carrying power of,232darkening the,216even,84harsh,232head, in females,166in ill health,114loud,272placed,215position in use of,206production,22,244small in volume,272user,17,33,46exercises for,135well placed,175Voices, classification of,260,261injured,26Vowel, a,195purity of,199sounds,196,197,216Vowels, adaptation of, to ideas,222and consonants,230,235dark,235formation of,218-221low-pitched,235mouth positions of,218perfect sound of,221pitch of,221,225,230quality of,221WWagner,257Whispering,225,226Women, register of,234