How Drug Use Develops
Bolton, Iris M. "Educated Suicide Prevention,"School Safety.Spring, 1986.
DuPont, Robert L.Getting Tough on Gateway Drugs.Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1984.
Gold, Mark S., Linda Semlitz, Charles A. Dackis, and Irl Extein. "The Adolescent Cocaine Epidemic,"Seminars in Adolescent Medicine, Vol. 1(4). New York, NY, Thieme Inc., December, 1985.
Holzman, David. "Crack Shatters the Cocaine Myth,"Insight. June 23, 1986.
Holzman, David. "Hot Line Taking 1,200 Calls a Day,"Insight. June 23, 1986.
Jaffe, Jerome H.Testimony before Subcommittee on Children, Family, Drugs and Alcoholism.February 20, 1986. Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986.
Mann, Peggy.Marijuana Alert.New York, NY, McGraw Hill, 1985.
Mills, Carol J., and Harvey L. Noyes. "Patterns and Correlates of Initial and Subsequent Drug Use Among Adolescents,"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 52(2), 1984.
Morganthau, Tom, Mark Miller, Janet Huck, and Jeanne DeQuinne. "Kids and Cocaine,"Newsweek. March 17, 1986.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cocaine Addiction It Costs Too Much.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985.
Tobias, Joyce M.Kids and Drugs.Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.
Weekly Reader Publications.A Study of Children's Attitudes and Perceptions About Drugs and Alcohol.Middletown, CT, Xerox Educational Publications, 1983.
Effects of Drug Use
Deadwyler, Sam A. "Correlating Behavior with Neural Activity An Approach to Study the Action of Drugs in the Behaving Animal,"Neuroscience Methods in Drug Abuse Research, Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985.
Mann, Peggy.Marijuana Alert.New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1985.
Tobias, Joyce M.Kids and Drugs.Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.
Drug Use and Learning
Friedman, Alfred. Does Drug and Alcohol Use Lead to Failure to Graduate from High School?Journal of Drug Education, Vol. 15(4), 1985.
Johnston, Lloyd D., Jerald G. Bachman, and Patrick M. O'Malley.Monitoring the Future Questionnaire Responses from the Nation's High School Seniors.Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, forthcoming (and unpublished information).
Niven, Robert G. "Marijuana in the School Clinical Observation and Needs,"Marijuana and Youth.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1982.
Washton, Arnold M. and Mark S. Gold. "Recent Trends in Cocaine Abuse A View from the National Hotline, '800-COCAINE'".Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse, forthcoming.
What Parents Can Do
American Association of School Administrators and the Quest National Center.Positive Prevention Successful Approaches to Preventing Youthful Drug and Alcohol Use.Arlington, VA, American Association of School Administrators, 1985.
Fraser, M. W., and J. D. Hawkins.Parent Training for Delinquency Prevention A Review.Seattle, WA, Center for Law and Justice, University of Washington, 1982.
Manatt, Marsha.Parents, Peers, and Pot II.Rockville, MD National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.
Mann, Peggy.Marijuana Alert.New York, NY, McGraw-Hill, 1985.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drugs and the Family. Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981 (ADM 83 1151).
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Parents What You Can Do About Drug Abuse—Get Involved.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983 (ADM 84 1267).
Tobias, Joyce M.Kids and Drugs.Annandale, VA, Panda Press, 1986.
What Schools Can Do
Adams, Tom, with Bernard R. McColgan, Steven E Gardner, and Maureen E. Sullivan.Drug Abuse Prevention and the Schools.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, June, 1984 (unpublished paper).
Assisting Athletes with Alcohol and Other Drug Problems.Rockland, ME, The State of Maine, March, 1986.
Hampshire Informed Parents, Inc. "Evaluation of Drug Literature". Amherst, MA, Hampshire Informed Parents, Inc.
Hawley, R.A School Answers Back Responding to Student Drug Use.Rockville, MD, American Council for Drug Education, 1984.
Kennedy, Dorothy. "A Teacher, Help Me Stop Drug Abuse,"The Executive Educator. October, 1980, p. 23.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.Prevention Plus Involving Schools, Parents, and the Community in Alcohol and Drug Education.Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1983 (ADM 83 1256).
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Handbook for Prevention Evaluation.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981.
National School Boards Association.Resolutions of the NSBA.Alexandria, VA, National School Boards Association, April, 1986.
Pyramid Project.School Drug Policy.Berkeley, CA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, July, 1986.
The Rand Corporation.Teens In Action Creating a Drug Free Future for America's Youth.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985 (ADM 85-1376).
Rubel, Robert J.A Comprehensive Approach to Drug Prevention.Austin, TX, National Alliance for Safe Schools, 1984.
South Dakota High School Activities Association.Chemical Health School Athletics and Fine Arts Activities.Pierre, SD, South Dakota High School Athletics Association, 1968.
Strong, Gerald. "It's Time to Get Tough on Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Schools,"The American School Board Journal. February, 1983.
U.S. Department of Justice.For Coaches Only How to Start a Drug Prevention Program.Washington, DC, Drug Enforcement Administration, 1984.
U.S. Department of Justice.Team Up for Prevention.Washington, DC, Drug Enforcement Administration, 1984.
What Communities Can Do
Blizard, R. A. and R. W. Teague. "Alternatives to Drug Use An Alternative Approach to Drug Education,"The International Journal of the Addictions, 1981, pp 371-375.
Evaluation and Training Institute.Final Evaluation Report, 1984 85 Project DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education).Los Angeles, CA,, Evaluation and Training Institute, August, 1985.
Manatt, Marsha.Parents, Peers, and Pot II.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Preventing Adolescent Drug Abuse Intervention Strategies.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1983.
Teaching About Drug Prevention
Bausen, William B. and C. Kevin Molotte.Well and Good.Hollywood, CA, Health Promotion Associates, 1984.
Ellickson, Phyllis L. and Gail Zellman.Adapting the Social Influence Model to Drug Prevention, The Project Alert Curriculum.Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, November, 1985.
Health Behavior Research Institute.Project SMART.Los Angeles, CA, University of Southern California, 1982.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Adolescent Peer Pressure.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1981 (ADM 84-1152).
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Teaching Tools for Primary Prevention.Rockville, MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse, December, 1982 (unpublished paper).
New Hampshire State Department of Education.K-12 Guidelines for School Preventive Drug Education.Concord, NH, The State of New Hampshire, 1979.
How the Law Can Help
[1]Bethelv.Fraser, No. 84 1667, 54 USLW 5054, 5056 (July 7, 1986).
[2]New Jerseyv.TLO, 105 S. Ct. 733,742 (1985).
[3]2 J. Rapp,Education Law, § 9 06[2] at 9-128 (1986).
[4]See21 USC 845A.
[5]See21 USC 845.
[6]See, e.g., Zamorav.Pomeroy, 639 F2d 662 (10th Cir. 1981) (locker search conducted after trained police dog indicated presence of marijuana inside).
[7]See, e.g., Hortonv.Goose Creek Independent School District, 690 F2d 470, 476-77 (5th Cir. 1982) (en banc) (citing cases and so holding),cert. denied, 463 U.S. 1207 (1983).
[8]New Jerseyv.TLO, 105 S. Ct. at 744.
[9]Id.at 743.
[10]Id.at 745 47.
[11]Bahrv.Jenkins, 539 F Supp. 483, 488 (E.D. Ky., 1982).
[12]Martensv.District No. 220, 620 F. Supp. 29 (N.D. 111, 1985).
[13]See Hortonv.Goose Creek Independent School District, 690 F2d at 477 (1982),Jonesv.Latexo Independent School District, 499 F. Supp. 223 (E.D. Tex., 1980).
[14]See Doev.Renfrow, 475 F. Supp. 1012 (N.D. Ind. 1979),aff'd in relevant part, 631 F2d 91 (7th Cir.),cert. denied, 451 U.S. 1022 (1981).
[15]Hortonv.Goose Creek Independent School District, 690 F2d at 477.
[16]See Odenheimv.Carlstadt East Rutherford Regional School District, No. C-4305-85E (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. December 9, 1985),Anablev.Ford, Civ. No. 84 6033 (WD Ark. July 15, 1985),modified, (WD Ark. September 6, 1985).
[17]Bethel School Districtv.Fraser, 54 USLW at 5054 (July 7, 1986).
[18]Gossv.Lopez, 419 U.S. 565 (1975).
[19]One of the leading cases isDixonv.Alabama State Board of Education, 294 F2d 150 (5th Cir.),cert. denied, 368 U.S. 930 (1961).
[20]SeeEducation of the Handicapped Act, 20 USC §§ 1400-20, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 USC § 794.
[21]See generally20 USC § 1232g and 34 C FR Part 99.
[22]The term "education records" is defined as records that are directly related to a student and maintained by or for the education agency or institution. The term does not include certain records maintained by a separate law enforcement unit of an education agency.
[23]FERPA permits a school to disclose information from education records to its own officials (including teachers) who have a legitimate educational interest in the information. A school may determine in its FERPA policy that one such interest is the need to decide on the appropriateness of discipline.
[24]An eligible student is a student who is 18 or older or attending an institution of postsecondary education.
[25]See Board of Educationv.McCluskey, 458 U.S. 966, 970-71 (1982) (per cunam),see also Tarterv.Raybuck, 742 F2d 977, 983 (6th Cir. 1984),cert. denied, 105 S. Ct. 1749 (1985).
[26]See Harlowv.Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982),Woodv.Strickland, 420 U.S. 308 (1975). Under these cases, officials will be immune from personal liability so long as their conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional or Federal statutory rights of which a reasonable person should have known.
[27]Memphis Community School Districtv.Stachura, No. 85-410, 54 USLW 4771 (June 25, 1986).
[28]Careyv.Piphus, 435 U.S. 247 (1978).
Specific Drugs and Their Effects
Drug Enforcement Administration.Drugs of Abuse.U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
Mann, Peggy.Pot Safari A Visit to the Top Marijuana Research in the U.S.New York, NY, Woodmere Press, 1985.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Cocaine Use in America Epidemiologic and Clinical Perspectives.ADM 85-1414, 1985.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research.ADM 85-1372, 1984.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Hallucinogens and PCP.ADM 83-1306, 1983.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Inhalants.ADM 83-1307, 1983.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Marijuana.ADM 83-1307, 1983.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.NIDA Capsules, various issues.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Opiates.ADM 84-1308, 1984.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Phencyclidine An Update.ADM 86-1443.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Sedative Hypnotics.ADM 84-1309, 1984.
National Institute on Drug Abuse.Stimulants and Cocaine.ADM 84-1304, 1984.
Newsweek.March 17, 1986, page 58.
Tobias, Joyce.Kids and Drugs.Annandale, VA, Panda Press, May, 1986.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following employees of the U.S. Department of Education assisted in the preparation of this volume:
ORDERING INFORMATION
To obtain an additional copy of this handbook free of charge, please call the Department of Education's tollfree number:
1-800-624-0100
In the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, call 659-4854.
Or send your name and address to:
Schools Without DrugsPueblo, CO 81009
The Resources Section contains lists of recommended readings and organizations to contact for information and help in combating student drug use.
We welcome your comments on or questions about the material contained in this handbook. Please contact the Department's Information Office at 1-800-424-1616, or write to:
Information OfficeU.S. Department of Education555 New Jersey Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20208