Although in the foregoing chapter a little has been said on this subject, there is a great deal more that a student should learn about the general form of these creatures.
They begin life as white or nearly colourless grubs, which, after various changes of skin, assume what is called the nymph or pupa stage, during which a change occurs, believed to be peculiar to theHymenoptera; the fifth segment of the larval body is transferred to the mass which is called the thorax, so that a portion of what looks like thorax is really the first segment of the abdomen. Continental writers call this portion sometimes the first abdominal segment and sometimes the median segment, but Newman gave it a definite name, the "propodeum", and the most convenient method seems to be to call it so, and treat it as a part of the thorax, calling the first or basal segment of the abdomenthat which immediately follows the regional constriction, which occurs between the propodeum and the abdomen.
Fig 28. Parts of an aculeate
Fig. 28.aHead.a1Antennæ.a2Ocelli.a3Compound eyes.b1Prothorax.b2Scutum of Mesothorax.b3Scutellum of Mesothorax.b4Post-Scutellum of Metathorax.b5Propodeum.c1c2, etc., Segments of Abdomen.Legs.d1Coxa.d2Trochanter.d3Femur.d4Tibia.d5Tarsi.d6Calcaria or Spurs.d7Unguiculi or claws.d8Pulvillus.eFront wing. 1 Costal nervure. 2 Post Costal nervure. 3 Median nervure. 4 Posterior nervure. 5 Basal nervure. 6 Cubital nervure. 10 1st Recurrent nervure. 11 2nd Recurrent nervure.f.Hind wing. 7 Anterior nervure. 8 Median nervure. 9 Posterior nervure.Cells.AMarginal.BUpper basal.CLower basal.D1st Submarginal.E2nd Submarginal.F3rd Submarginal.G1st Discoidal.H2nd Discoidal.I3rd Discoidal.J1st Apical.K2nd Apical.
Fig. 28.
aHead.a1Antennæ.a2Ocelli.a3Compound eyes.
b1Prothorax.b2Scutum of Mesothorax.b3Scutellum of Mesothorax.b4Post-Scutellum of Metathorax.b5Propodeum.
c1c2, etc., Segments of Abdomen.
Legs.d1Coxa.d2Trochanter.d3Femur.d4Tibia.d5Tarsi.d6Calcaria or Spurs.d7Unguiculi or claws.d8Pulvillus.
eFront wing. 1 Costal nervure. 2 Post Costal nervure. 3 Median nervure. 4 Posterior nervure. 5 Basal nervure. 6 Cubital nervure. 10 1st Recurrent nervure. 11 2nd Recurrent nervure.
f.Hind wing. 7 Anterior nervure. 8 Median nervure. 9 Posterior nervure.
Cells.AMarginal.BUpper basal.CLower basal.D1st Submarginal.E2nd Submarginal.F3rd Submarginal.G1st Discoidal.H2nd Discoidal.I3rd Discoidal.J1st Apical.K2nd Apical.
The perfect insect when it emerges has therefore a head, a thorax of four segments, and an abdomen of seven visible dorsal segments in the male, and of six in the female. The ♂ has six ventral segments exposed, and often the apex of the eighth, which is frequently elongate, the seventh being almost always short and hidden; the eighth dorsal segment can be discovered hidden under the seventh, but it is very rarely exposed. The head (a) bears numerous appendages; a pair of antennæ (a1), usually of thirteen joints in the male and of twelve in the female; two compound eyes (a3), composed of many facets; three simple eyes (or ocelli) (a2), which are situated on its vertex; twomandibles; twomaxillæ, bearingpalpion each side, of a varying number of joints; and alabium, or tongue, which also bears at its base two four-jointed palpi (cf. fig. 20).
The thorax, as we are considering it, consists of four segments—theprothorax(b1), which bears the two front legs; themesothorax(b2), which bears the intermediate pair of legs and the anterior pair of wings; and themetathorax(b3), which bears the posterior pair of wings and the hind legs. Thepropodeum has no appendages. The mesothorax above has two parts, a larger portion in front called by some thescutum(b2), and a smaller portion behind called thescutellum(b3). These are separated from each other by a transverse impression, and the scutellum is often raised into a sort of little shield; behind this is another little elevation called thepost-scutellum(b4); this is really the dorsal apex of the metathorax, and behind this lies thepropodeum(b5). Each leg is composed of various parts, and articulates into a cavity of the thorax called theacetabulum. The first two joints of the leg, thecoxa(d1) and thetrochanter(d2), are very short; then follows thefemuror thigh (d3); then thetibiaor shin (d4); and finally thetarsi(d5), which compose the foot. At the apex of thetibiaare usually two spines called thecalcaria(d6). Thetarsiare five-jointed, the joints following each other in a linear arrangement, and in theAnthophilathe basal joint is more or less dilated; the apical joint bears two claws (unguiculi,d7) which are sometimes toothed, and between them, in some genera, there is what is called apulvillus(d8) or cushion; this is very large and dilated in some of the fossors.
The wing neuration is always rather troublesome, as various authors use different names for the veins and cells. To begin with the anterior wing (e), there are four nerves which start from the base and run horizontally; the first of these, which forms the anterior margin of the wing, is called thecostal nervure(1); immediately below this, and running almost parallel to it with scarcely any space between them, is thepost-costal nervure(2); these end in thestigma(s), a dark in-crassation towards the apex of the wing; from the stigma a nerve, curving first downwards and then up to the anterior margin of the wing, encloses themarginal cell(A). Below thepost-costalnervure, and situated about the centre of the wing, is the third longitudinal nervure called themedian nervure(3); behind this again runs theposterior nervure(4), and behind that the actual margin of the wing which is not provided with a protecting nervure, but is only folded back so as to receive the hooks of the posterior wing. Across the wing at, roughly, about a third of its length from the body runs thebasal nervure(5); this extends in a somewhat zigzag line from thepost-costalto theposterior nervurecrossing themedian, andthereby enclosing two cells, theupper basal cell(B) and thelower basal cell(C). From the centre of the apical nerve of each of these cells extends a longitudinal nervure; the upper of these runs out nearly to the apical margin of the wing and is called thecubital nervure(6); this is united to the nervure of themarginal cellby one, two, or three cross nervures, enclosing thereby one, two, or three cells called the first (D), second (E), and third (F)submarginal cells. The nervure from the lower basal cell is a short one, as it is met by a cross nervure called the firstrecurrent nervure(10), which runs from thecubitalto theposterior, thereby enclosing two cells, the first (G) and second (H)discoidal. Thesecond recurrent(11) leaves thecubitalnearer the apex of the wing than the first, meeting a nervure which, springing from the outer posterior angle of the second discoidal, closes the third discoidal (I), and, curving slightly upwards, nearly reaches the apical margin of the wing. Beyond the second recurrent, and behind this last nervure which we have been talking about, are two spaces not actually enclosed, but called thefirst(J)and second(K)apical cells.
The posterior wings have very few cells.Like the anterior pair they have three longitudinal nervures; theanterior(7), which runs close and parallel to the anterior nerveless margin, and often touches it at about half the length of the wing; themedian(8) andposterior(9) run in diverging lines from the base towards the exterior margin of the wing, the anterior and median nervures being almost always joined by a cross nervure, and the median usually united to the posterior by a cross or curved nervure. The actual base of the anterior wing is covered by a little convex somewhat shell-like cap, called thetegula(T). The abdomen is composed of a series of segments in linear arrangement (c1c2, etc.). These call for no special remark, beyond what has been said in the chapter on males and females, but those who wish to investigate the very interesting questions connected with the terminal segments of these creatures should consult some more technical work.[3]The arrangements of the mouth parts and of the apical segments of the Hymenoptera afford perhaps the most important structuralcharacters of the order, but they involve an amount of dissection and study which can only be undertaken by those who are inclined to give themselves up to this subject as a speciality.
Abdomen,125Acetabulum,135Ammophila,22Andrena,9,12,15,48,77,79,122,139— fulva,121— rosæ,138— thoracica,121Antennæ,101,103,134Anthidium,50,121Anthophila,6Anthophora,48,61,82,93,109,111,121— pilipes,61— retusa,62Ants,28,31,88Aphides,88Apis,16Astatus,103Banded bodies,120Beetles,20Biting,3,32Black Species,120Bombus,16— terrestris,41,42Brain,125Bramble Stems,12Breeding,113Broods,13Burrows,9Calcaria,70,135Carder Bees,40Cardines,75Carpenter bee,55Caterpillar,19,20Cells,10,12,28,29,40,58— hexagonal,28— pitcher-shaped,58— waxen,29,40Ceratina,47,128Chimneys,25Chloroform,118Chrysis,27Cilissa,48Cleaning hairs,68Clover fertilization,39Cockroaches,128Cocoons,33,58Coleoptera,128,129Colletes,44Colonies,5,63Colour,100Colour schemes,22Combs,23,68,69Corbicula,67Coxæ,135Crabro,95,102— albilabris,119Cuckoos,3,14,30,54— flight of,85Cyanide,116Dasypoda,48Development,124Digestion,125Diggers,6,7Diptera,129Distribution,105Domestication,41Drone flies,3Dufourea,106Earwigs,128English names,55Epeolus,45Ether,117Eyes,134Females,95Femur,135Figwort,36Figure of insect,133Flies,3,129Flower lovers,6Flute,57Food,6,28Foot,135Formica,34,59— fusca,119— sanguinea,89Formicoxenus,96Fossors,6,7Galleries,28Grasshoppers,19,128Growth,126Guests of Ants,89Hairs,65,71Halictus,13,15,17,77,94,97,119,122Head,125Hemiptera,129,130Heterogyna,28,31Heteromorphæ,130Hive bee,2,16Homing instinct,21Homomorphæ,130Honey pots,29Hornets,35Humble bees,39— mutilated,41Hymenoptera,128,129Ichneumons,21Inquilines,3Jewel flies,21,27Keyhole wasps,101Killing bottles,126Knife-like hairs,68Labels,118Labial palpi,5Labium,127,134Larva,11,13Lasius niger,91— flavus,91Latin names,55Lawn bee,9Leaf-cutting bees,52Lepidoptera,129Ligula,75,134Limbs,125,127Locomotion,125Lodgers with ants,89Lomechusa,89Long-horned bee,104Lora,74Lysimachia,106Macropis,106Males,95Male wasp,2— hornet,2Mandibles,127,129Mason bee,55Maxillæ,75,127,134Mayflies,128Melecta armata,61— luctuosa,62Mentum,74Metœcus paradoxus,38Mimicking flies,94Miscophus,119Moss,29Mouse's nest,29Mouth,128Mutilla,112,119Myrmica,34Myrmosa,100Nests,24,26,31,35,45,49— in bramble stems,45— Humble bees,40— of leaves,53— of paper,37— in wren's nest,41Neuration,136— figure and explanation of,133Neuroptera,128,129Nodes,33Nomada,15,48Non-predaceous hymenoptera,3Nymph,11Odynerus,24Orthoptera,128,130Osmia,48,56,120— bicolor,59,121— inermis,58— leucomelana,57— parietina,58— rufa,56Ovaries,4Ovipositer,1Oxybelus,86Palm,82Palpi,134Panurgus,49Paper,37Paraglossæ,76Paralytics,18Plant lice,19Poison bags,1Pollen collecting,65Pompilus,87Ponera,33Porterage,34Post-scutellum,135Predaceous species,3Preservation,116Propodeum,132,135Prosopis,44,46— cornuta,47Pulvillus,135Queens,4Rarity,105Ray, John,63Sallows,82Sandy bank,83Saropoda,93,111Scale,33Scrophularia,36Scutellum,135Scutum,135Segments,96Setting,117Sexual structure,100Shin,135Snail shells,12,57Social species,3,4,28Solitary species,3,4,6Spade-like hairs,69Sphecodes,13,15,17,48,97,122Spiders,19Stinging,2,38Stings,2,32Stipes,74Straws,12Structure,132Stylops,77Submentum,74Swarming,29Tarsi,135Tegula,133,138Thigh,135Thorax,125,129Tibia,135Tomtit,42Tongues,15,39,44,49,66,72Trochanter,135Tubular entrance,25Unguiculi,135Vagaries of structure,104Velleius dilatatus,38Vespa sylvestris,36Walls,12Wasps, social,35— solitary,24Waspy coloration,120,121Wings,110— cells,112,133— folded,24,28— hooks,110— nervures,133Workers,4Wrens' nests,41Yellow-coloured species,120
Abdomen,125Acetabulum,135Ammophila,22Andrena,9,12,15,48,77,79,122,139— fulva,121— rosæ,138— thoracica,121Antennæ,101,103,134Anthidium,50,121Anthophila,6Anthophora,48,61,82,93,109,111,121— pilipes,61— retusa,62Ants,28,31,88Aphides,88Apis,16Astatus,103
Abdomen,125
Acetabulum,135
Ammophila,22
Andrena,9,12,15,48,77,79,122,139
— fulva,121
— rosæ,138
— thoracica,121
Antennæ,101,103,134
Anthidium,50,121
Anthophila,6
Anthophora,48,61,82,93,109,111,121
— pilipes,61
— retusa,62
Ants,28,31,88
Aphides,88
Apis,16
Astatus,103
Banded bodies,120Beetles,20Biting,3,32Black Species,120Bombus,16— terrestris,41,42Brain,125Bramble Stems,12Breeding,113Broods,13Burrows,9
Banded bodies,120
Beetles,20
Biting,3,32
Black Species,120
Bombus,16
— terrestris,41,42
Brain,125
Bramble Stems,12
Breeding,113
Broods,13
Burrows,9
Calcaria,70,135Carder Bees,40Cardines,75Carpenter bee,55Caterpillar,19,20Cells,10,12,28,29,40,58— hexagonal,28— pitcher-shaped,58— waxen,29,40Ceratina,47,128Chimneys,25Chloroform,118Chrysis,27Cilissa,48Cleaning hairs,68Clover fertilization,39Cockroaches,128Cocoons,33,58Coleoptera,128,129Colletes,44Colonies,5,63Colour,100Colour schemes,22Combs,23,68,69Corbicula,67Coxæ,135Crabro,95,102— albilabris,119Cuckoos,3,14,30,54— flight of,85Cyanide,116
Calcaria,70,135
Carder Bees,40
Cardines,75
Carpenter bee,55
Caterpillar,19,20
Cells,10,12,28,29,40,58
— hexagonal,28
— pitcher-shaped,58
— waxen,29,40
Ceratina,47,128
Chimneys,25
Chloroform,118
Chrysis,27
Cilissa,48
Cleaning hairs,68
Clover fertilization,39
Cockroaches,128
Cocoons,33,58
Coleoptera,128,129
Colletes,44
Colonies,5,63
Colour,100
Colour schemes,22
Combs,23,68,69
Corbicula,67
Coxæ,135
Crabro,95,102
— albilabris,119
Cuckoos,3,14,30,54
— flight of,85
Cyanide,116
Dasypoda,48Development,124Digestion,125Diggers,6,7Diptera,129Distribution,105Domestication,41Drone flies,3Dufourea,106
Dasypoda,48
Development,124
Digestion,125
Diggers,6,7
Diptera,129
Distribution,105
Domestication,41
Drone flies,3
Dufourea,106
Earwigs,128English names,55Epeolus,45Ether,117Eyes,134
Earwigs,128
English names,55
Epeolus,45
Ether,117
Eyes,134
Females,95Femur,135Figwort,36Figure of insect,133Flies,3,129Flower lovers,6Flute,57Food,6,28Foot,135Formica,34,59— fusca,119— sanguinea,89Formicoxenus,96Fossors,6,7
Females,95
Femur,135
Figwort,36
Figure of insect,133
Flies,3,129
Flower lovers,6
Flute,57
Food,6,28
Foot,135
Formica,34,59
— fusca,119
— sanguinea,89
Formicoxenus,96
Fossors,6,7
Galleries,28Grasshoppers,19,128Growth,126Guests of Ants,89
Galleries,28
Grasshoppers,19,128
Growth,126
Guests of Ants,89
Hairs,65,71Halictus,13,15,17,77,94,97,119,122Head,125Hemiptera,129,130Heterogyna,28,31Heteromorphæ,130Hive bee,2,16Homing instinct,21Homomorphæ,130Honey pots,29Hornets,35Humble bees,39— mutilated,41Hymenoptera,128,129
Hairs,65,71
Halictus,13,15,17,77,94,97,119,122
Head,125
Hemiptera,129,130
Heterogyna,28,31
Heteromorphæ,130
Hive bee,2,16
Homing instinct,21
Homomorphæ,130
Honey pots,29
Hornets,35
Humble bees,39
— mutilated,41
Hymenoptera,128,129
Ichneumons,21Inquilines,3
Ichneumons,21
Inquilines,3
Jewel flies,21,27
Jewel flies,21,27
Keyhole wasps,101Killing bottles,126Knife-like hairs,68
Keyhole wasps,101
Killing bottles,126
Knife-like hairs,68
Labels,118Labial palpi,5Labium,127,134Larva,11,13Lasius niger,91— flavus,91Latin names,55Lawn bee,9Leaf-cutting bees,52Lepidoptera,129Ligula,75,134Limbs,125,127Locomotion,125Lodgers with ants,89Lomechusa,89Long-horned bee,104Lora,74Lysimachia,106
Labels,118
Labial palpi,5
Labium,127,134
Larva,11,13
Lasius niger,91
— flavus,91
Latin names,55
Lawn bee,9
Leaf-cutting bees,52
Lepidoptera,129
Ligula,75,134
Limbs,125,127
Locomotion,125
Lodgers with ants,89
Lomechusa,89
Long-horned bee,104
Lora,74
Lysimachia,106
Macropis,106Males,95Male wasp,2— hornet,2Mandibles,127,129Mason bee,55Maxillæ,75,127,134Mayflies,128Melecta armata,61— luctuosa,62Mentum,74Metœcus paradoxus,38Mimicking flies,94Miscophus,119Moss,29Mouse's nest,29Mouth,128Mutilla,112,119Myrmica,34Myrmosa,100
Macropis,106
Males,95
Male wasp,2
— hornet,2
Mandibles,127,129
Mason bee,55
Maxillæ,75,127,134
Mayflies,128
Melecta armata,61
— luctuosa,62
Mentum,74
Metœcus paradoxus,38
Mimicking flies,94
Miscophus,119
Moss,29
Mouse's nest,29
Mouth,128
Mutilla,112,119
Myrmica,34
Myrmosa,100
Nests,24,26,31,35,45,49— in bramble stems,45— Humble bees,40— of leaves,53— of paper,37— in wren's nest,41Neuration,136— figure and explanation of,133Neuroptera,128,129Nodes,33Nomada,15,48Non-predaceous hymenoptera,3Nymph,11
Nests,24,26,31,35,45,49
— in bramble stems,45
— Humble bees,40
— of leaves,53
— of paper,37
— in wren's nest,41
Neuration,136
— figure and explanation of,133
Neuroptera,128,129
Nodes,33
Nomada,15,48
Non-predaceous hymenoptera,3
Nymph,11
Odynerus,24Orthoptera,128,130Osmia,48,56,120— bicolor,59,121— inermis,58— leucomelana,57— parietina,58— rufa,56Ovaries,4Ovipositer,1Oxybelus,86
Odynerus,24
Orthoptera,128,130
Osmia,48,56,120
— bicolor,59,121
— inermis,58
— leucomelana,57
— parietina,58
— rufa,56
Ovaries,4
Ovipositer,1
Oxybelus,86
Palm,82Palpi,134Panurgus,49Paper,37Paraglossæ,76Paralytics,18Plant lice,19Poison bags,1Pollen collecting,65Pompilus,87Ponera,33Porterage,34Post-scutellum,135Predaceous species,3Preservation,116Propodeum,132,135Prosopis,44,46— cornuta,47Pulvillus,135
Palm,82
Palpi,134
Panurgus,49
Paper,37
Paraglossæ,76
Paralytics,18
Plant lice,19
Poison bags,1
Pollen collecting,65
Pompilus,87
Ponera,33
Porterage,34
Post-scutellum,135
Predaceous species,3
Preservation,116
Propodeum,132,135
Prosopis,44,46
— cornuta,47
Pulvillus,135
Queens,4
Queens,4
Rarity,105Ray, John,63
Rarity,105
Ray, John,63
Sallows,82Sandy bank,83Saropoda,93,111Scale,33Scrophularia,36Scutellum,135Scutum,135Segments,96Setting,117Sexual structure,100Shin,135Snail shells,12,57Social species,3,4,28Solitary species,3,4,6Spade-like hairs,69Sphecodes,13,15,17,48,97,122Spiders,19Stinging,2,38Stings,2,32Stipes,74Straws,12Structure,132Stylops,77Submentum,74Swarming,29
Sallows,82
Sandy bank,83
Saropoda,93,111
Scale,33
Scrophularia,36
Scutellum,135
Scutum,135
Segments,96
Setting,117
Sexual structure,100
Shin,135
Snail shells,12,57
Social species,3,4,28
Solitary species,3,4,6
Spade-like hairs,69
Sphecodes,13,15,17,48,97,122
Spiders,19
Stinging,2,38
Stings,2,32
Stipes,74
Straws,12
Structure,132
Stylops,77
Submentum,74
Swarming,29
Tarsi,135Tegula,133,138Thigh,135Thorax,125,129Tibia,135Tomtit,42Tongues,15,39,44,49,66,72Trochanter,135Tubular entrance,25
Tarsi,135
Tegula,133,138
Thigh,135
Thorax,125,129
Tibia,135
Tomtit,42
Tongues,15,39,44,49,66,72
Trochanter,135
Tubular entrance,25
Unguiculi,135
Unguiculi,135
Vagaries of structure,104Velleius dilatatus,38Vespa sylvestris,36
Vagaries of structure,104
Velleius dilatatus,38
Vespa sylvestris,36
Walls,12Wasps, social,35— solitary,24Waspy coloration,120,121Wings,110— cells,112,133— folded,24,28— hooks,110— nervures,133Workers,4Wrens' nests,41
Walls,12
Wasps, social,35
— solitary,24
Waspy coloration,120,121
Wings,110
— cells,112,133
— folded,24,28
— hooks,110
— nervures,133
Workers,4
Wrens' nests,41
Yellow-coloured species,120
Yellow-coloured species,120