PREFACEProbably no marvel of modern science so grips the imagination as the mystery of those quivering impulses which go forth invisibly to link a ship sailing over the seas with the shores of the distant land.The author has endeavored to furnish a comprehensive explanation, in simple language, of the theory and practice of this wonderful art, and to explain, as far as possible, the importance of the position occupied by wireless telegraphy to-day and the possibilities of to-morrow.The title of this book naturally limits the amount of discussion that can be undertaken, and so, in the space at command, there has not been any real attempt made to enter into any engineering or constructive details further than is necessary to make the text clear.Much that might properly be made a part of the preface has been embodied in the book, in order to avoid repetition, and to also bring certain matter to the attention of those readers who consider a preface to be merely an opportunity for the author of a book to express opinions very often quite foreign to the title, and so unconcernedly skip it with hardly more than a passing glance.The author wishes to extend his sincere thanks to Mr. H. W. Young, Editor ofPopular Electricity; to Mr. John Firth, to Colonel George P. Scriven, and to theScientific American, for their kindness in supplying photographs for some of the illustrations, and to his friend, Mr. Safford Adams, who has kindly read the proofs and made many valuable suggestions.ALFRED P. MORGAN. May, 1915.TONIKOLA TESLAWHOSE GENIUS HAS HARNESSED ELECTRICITY TO THE DAILY WORK OF MAN AND WHOSE INVENTIONS ARE THE BASIS OF ALL MODERN WIRELESS TRANSMISSION, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED.ContentsPREFACECHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY: WIRELESS TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION. THE ETHER. ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.CHAPTER II. THE MEANS FOR RADIATING AND INTERCEPTING ELECTRIC WAVES. AERIAL SYSTEMS. EARTH CONNECTION.CHAPTER III. THE TRANSMITTING APPARATUS.CHAPTER IV. THE RECEIVING APPARATUS.CHAPTER V. TUNING AND COUPLING, DIRECTIVE WAVE TELEGRAPHY.CHAPTER VI. THE DIGNITY OF WIRELESS. ITS APPLICATIONS AND SERVICE. WIRELESS IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. WIRELESS ON AN AEROPLANE. HOW A MESSAGE IS SENT AND RECEIVED.CHAPTER VII. THE EAR. HOW WE HEAR. SOUND AND SOUND WAVES. THE VOCAL CHORDS. THE STRUCTURE OF SPEECH.CHAPTER VIII. THE TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. THE PHOTO PHONE. THE THERMOPHONE. THE SELENIUM CELL. THE SPEAKING ARC.CHAPTER IX. THE WIRELESS TELEPHONE.CHAPTER X. REMARKS. THEORY. ACCOMPLISHMENTS. MAXWELL'S HERTZ'S DISCOVERY. THE FUTURE.CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKSLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFig. 1.—Throw a stone into a pool of water and little waves will radiate from the spot where the stone struck.Fig. 2.—A Leyden jar is a glass jar lined inside and outside with tinfoil for about two-thirds of its height.Fig. 3.—A static machine, connected to a Leyden jar.Fig. 4.—A Leyden jar discharging through a coil of wire.Fig. 5.—Curved line representing an oscillatory discharge of a Leyden jar.Fig. 6.—Navy type of Leyden jars.Fig. 7.—The simplest practical transmitter.Fig. 8.—A cross-section of the aerial and atmosphere.Fig. 9.—Under the same conditions, but viewed from above.Fig. 10.—A simple receiving arrangement.Fig. 11.—An amateur aerial and station.Fig. 12.—The Army wireless station at Fort Gibbons.Fig. 13.—Lightning discharge near Montclair, N. J.Fig. 14.–Photo of double lightning discharge passing to earth near the First Orange Mountain, Montclair, N. J.Fig. 15.—Vertical aerials of the grid, fan and inverted pyramid types.Fig. 16.—A diagram showing pyramid aerial.Fig. 17.–A diagram illustrating the directive action of a flat-top aerial.Fig. 18.—Aerials of the "V" and inverted "L" types.Fig. 19.—A diagram showing the arrangement of a "T" aerial.Fig. 20.—Flat top aerials of the inverted "U" and "T" types.Fig. 21.—Umbrella aerial.Fig. 22.—An amateur aerial (flat top).Fig. 23.—Diagram showing the difference between loop and straightaway aerials.Fig. 24.—Showing how wires are arranged and insulated.Fig. 25.—Aerial insulator.Fig. 26.—Leading-in insulator.Fig. 27.–A side view of the aerial shown in Fig. 22.Fig. 28.—Diagram showing how batteries may be arranged.Fig. 29.—The power plant of a Marconi transatlantic station.Fig. 30.—If a magnet be suddenly plunged into a hollow coil of wire a momentary current will be induced in the coil.Fig. 31.—Magnetic phantom formed by a bar magnet.Fig. 32.—Magnetic phantom formed by a wire carrying current.Fig. 33.—Magnetic phantom formed by a coil of wire carrying current.Fig. 34.—Diagram of induction coil.Fig. 35.—Induction coil for wireless telegraph purposes.Fig. 36.—Induction coil primary and secondary.Fig. 37.—Interrupter for induction coil.Fig. 38.—Electrolytic interrupter.Fig. 39.—Open and closed core transformers.Fig. 40.—Lines representing direct and intermittent direct currents.Fig. 41.—Diagram representing alternating current.Fig. 42.—High potential humming transformer.Fig. 43.—High potential closed core transformer for wireless work.Fig. 44.—Leyden jar set for oil immersion.Fig. 45.—Oil immersed condenser.Fig. 46.—Diagram showing construction of condenser.Fig. 47.–Tubular condenser.Fig. 48.—Helix.Fig. 49.—Close coupled helix.Fig. 50.—Spark gap.Fig. 51.—Circuit showing tuned transmitting system employing close coupled helix.Fig. 52.—Photo of spark gap.Fig. 53.—Quenched spark gap.Fig. 54.—Diagram of aerial switch.Fig. 55.—Photo of aerial switch.Fig. 56.—Anchor gap.Fig. 57.–Wireless key.Fig. 58.—Photo of wireless key.Fig. 59.—Key and aerial switch.Fig. 60.—Portable receiving set and case.Fig. 61.—Complete receiving outfit.Fig. 62.—Portable pack set.Fig. 63.—Complete receiving set.Fig. 64.—Showing the construction of a watch case telephone receiver.Fig. 65.—Pickard adjustable telephone receivers.Fig. 66.—Illustrating the valve action of a rectifying detector.Fig. 67.—A new type of silicon detector.Fig. 68.—Diagram drawing analogy between rectifying action of a detector and pump.Fig. 69.—Pyron detector.Fig. 70.—Perikon detector.Fig. 71.—Silicon detector.Fig. 72.—Electrolytic detector.Fig. 73.—Electrolytic detector in circuit.Fig. 74.—Potentiometer.Fig. 75.—Diagram showing how potentiometer is connected in a circuit.Fig. 76.—Analogy between swinging and tuning.Fig. 77.—Receiving a message in a Marconi transatlantic station.Fig. 78.—Tuning coil of the double slide type.Fig. 79.—Diagram showing fixed condenser in circuit.Fig. 80.–Fixed condenser.Fig. 81.—Rotary variable condenser.Fig. 82.—Interior of rotary variable condenser, showing construction.Fig. 83.—Dr. Seibt's rotary variable condenser.Fig. 84.—Sliding plate variable condenser.Fig. 85.—Diagram showing arrangement of rotary variable condenser in receiving circuit.Fig. 86.—Chain and ball arranged to illustrate the effect of tuning.Fig. 87.—Loose coupled helix.Fig. 88.—Hot-wire ammeter.Fig. 89.—The principle of the hot-wire ammeter.Fig. 90.—Diagram showing loose coupled helix in circuit.Fig. 91.—Loose coupled tuning coil.Fig. 92.—Loose coupled tuner.Fig. 93.—Diagram showing position of loose coupler in circuit.Fig. 94.–Fort Gibbons, Alaska, wireless station.Fig. 95.—Transmitting condenser.Fig. 96.—Braun's method for directing wireless telegraph signals.Fig. 97.—Bellini-Tosi radio-goniometer.Fig. 98.—Arrangement of Bellini and Tosi for directive wireless telegraphy.Fig. 99.—Complete receiving and transmitting outfit.Fig. 100.—Special lightweight wireless telegraph set for airship service.Fig. 101.—Telefunken wireless cart, showing transmitter.Fig. 102.—Telefunken wireless cart for military service.Fig. 103.—Telefunken wireless wagon set in operation at Fort Leavenworth.Fig. 104.—Wireless room aboard the U. S. transport "Buford".Fig. 105. The apparatus set up for operation.Fig. 106.—Wireless equipped automobile.Fig. 107.—Co. Signal Corps at San Antonio.Fig. 108.—U. S. Signal Corps pack set shown open and closed.Fig. 109.—The receiving apparatus of the airship "America".Fig. 110.—Interior of the N. Y. Herald Press station.Fig. 111.—Operating the U. S. Signal Corps airship wireless apparatus.Fig. 112.—The N. Y. Herald station, showing aerial.Fig. 113.—Operator Jack Irwin overhauling the wireless apparatus for the dirigible balloon "America".Fig. 114.—Morse code.Fig. 115.—Continental code.Fig. 116.—Transmitting equipment of the high-power station at Nauen.Fig. 117.—Duplex receiving apparatus.Fig. 118.—Breaking-in system.Fig. 119.—The receiving apparatus of the station at Nauen.Fig. 120.—Diagram of the ear.Fig. 121.—The ossicles.Fig. 122.—Bon jour.Fig. 123.—Experiment showing sounding bodies are in vibration.Fig. 124.—Method of registering vibrations of a tuning fork.Fig. 125.—Way line made by a bristle attached to a tuning fork prong in vibration when passed over smoked glass.Fig. 126.—Illustrating the action of air waves.Fig. 127.—The vocal chords in position for making a sound.Fig. 128.—The vocal chords when relaxed.Fig. 129.–Koenig's manometric flame apparatus.Fig. 130.—Appearance of manometric flame in revolving mirror.Fig. 131.—Diagram of a telephone transmitter.Fig. 132.—Diagram showing the principle and construction of the telephone receiver.Fig. 133.—The photophone.Fig. 134.—Photophone receiving apparatus.Fig. 135.—Photophone transmitting apparatus.Fig. 136.—Powerful searchlight arranged to transmit speech over a beam of light.Fig. 137.—The electric arc.Fig. 138.—Circuit showing how a singing arc is arranged.Fig. 139.—A logical form of wireless telephone which is impractical.Fig. 140.—DeForest wireless telephone equipment.Fig. 141.—Wireless telephone receiving apparatus (induction method).Fig. 142.—Fessenden wireless telephone transmitting phonograph music.Fig. 143.—Diagram illustrating why damped oscillations will not carry the voice.Fig. 144.—How the sound waves of the voice are impressed upon undamped oscillations.Fig. 145.—Arrangement of the speaking arc.Fig. 146.—Diagram showing how a wireless telephone transmitting system is arranged.Fig. 147.—Poulsen wireless telephone equipment.Fig. 148.—The Majorana wireless telephone transmitter.Fig. 149.—Showing the brush discharge from a Marconi transatlantic aerial at night.Fig. 150.—An amateur wireless' telegraph station.Fig. 151.—The high-power naval wireless telegraph station under construction at Washington, D. C.Fig. 152.—The curved lines represent the radius of the government high-power wireless stations and show the zones over which direct communication may be had with ships.Fig. 153.—The aerial system of a transatlantic station.Fig. 154.—Fong Yee, a Chinese amateur wireless operator.Fig. 155.—Tesla world power plant.Fig. 156.—Twenty-five-foot sparks from a Tesla transformer.
PREFACEProbably no marvel of modern science so grips the imagination as the mystery of those quivering impulses which go forth invisibly to link a ship sailing over the seas with the shores of the distant land.The author has endeavored to furnish a comprehensive explanation, in simple language, of the theory and practice of this wonderful art, and to explain, as far as possible, the importance of the position occupied by wireless telegraphy to-day and the possibilities of to-morrow.The title of this book naturally limits the amount of discussion that can be undertaken, and so, in the space at command, there has not been any real attempt made to enter into any engineering or constructive details further than is necessary to make the text clear.Much that might properly be made a part of the preface has been embodied in the book, in order to avoid repetition, and to also bring certain matter to the attention of those readers who consider a preface to be merely an opportunity for the author of a book to express opinions very often quite foreign to the title, and so unconcernedly skip it with hardly more than a passing glance.The author wishes to extend his sincere thanks to Mr. H. W. Young, Editor ofPopular Electricity; to Mr. John Firth, to Colonel George P. Scriven, and to theScientific American, for their kindness in supplying photographs for some of the illustrations, and to his friend, Mr. Safford Adams, who has kindly read the proofs and made many valuable suggestions.ALFRED P. MORGAN. May, 1915.TONIKOLA TESLAWHOSE GENIUS HAS HARNESSED ELECTRICITY TO THE DAILY WORK OF MAN AND WHOSE INVENTIONS ARE THE BASIS OF ALL MODERN WIRELESS TRANSMISSION, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED.ContentsPREFACECHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY: WIRELESS TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION. THE ETHER. ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.CHAPTER II. THE MEANS FOR RADIATING AND INTERCEPTING ELECTRIC WAVES. AERIAL SYSTEMS. EARTH CONNECTION.CHAPTER III. THE TRANSMITTING APPARATUS.CHAPTER IV. THE RECEIVING APPARATUS.CHAPTER V. TUNING AND COUPLING, DIRECTIVE WAVE TELEGRAPHY.CHAPTER VI. THE DIGNITY OF WIRELESS. ITS APPLICATIONS AND SERVICE. WIRELESS IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. WIRELESS ON AN AEROPLANE. HOW A MESSAGE IS SENT AND RECEIVED.CHAPTER VII. THE EAR. HOW WE HEAR. SOUND AND SOUND WAVES. THE VOCAL CHORDS. THE STRUCTURE OF SPEECH.CHAPTER VIII. THE TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. THE PHOTO PHONE. THE THERMOPHONE. THE SELENIUM CELL. THE SPEAKING ARC.CHAPTER IX. THE WIRELESS TELEPHONE.CHAPTER X. REMARKS. THEORY. ACCOMPLISHMENTS. MAXWELL'S HERTZ'S DISCOVERY. THE FUTURE.CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKSLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFig. 1.—Throw a stone into a pool of water and little waves will radiate from the spot where the stone struck.Fig. 2.—A Leyden jar is a glass jar lined inside and outside with tinfoil for about two-thirds of its height.Fig. 3.—A static machine, connected to a Leyden jar.Fig. 4.—A Leyden jar discharging through a coil of wire.Fig. 5.—Curved line representing an oscillatory discharge of a Leyden jar.Fig. 6.—Navy type of Leyden jars.Fig. 7.—The simplest practical transmitter.Fig. 8.—A cross-section of the aerial and atmosphere.Fig. 9.—Under the same conditions, but viewed from above.Fig. 10.—A simple receiving arrangement.Fig. 11.—An amateur aerial and station.Fig. 12.—The Army wireless station at Fort Gibbons.Fig. 13.—Lightning discharge near Montclair, N. J.Fig. 14.–Photo of double lightning discharge passing to earth near the First Orange Mountain, Montclair, N. J.Fig. 15.—Vertical aerials of the grid, fan and inverted pyramid types.Fig. 16.—A diagram showing pyramid aerial.Fig. 17.–A diagram illustrating the directive action of a flat-top aerial.Fig. 18.—Aerials of the "V" and inverted "L" types.Fig. 19.—A diagram showing the arrangement of a "T" aerial.Fig. 20.—Flat top aerials of the inverted "U" and "T" types.Fig. 21.—Umbrella aerial.Fig. 22.—An amateur aerial (flat top).Fig. 23.—Diagram showing the difference between loop and straightaway aerials.Fig. 24.—Showing how wires are arranged and insulated.Fig. 25.—Aerial insulator.Fig. 26.—Leading-in insulator.Fig. 27.–A side view of the aerial shown in Fig. 22.Fig. 28.—Diagram showing how batteries may be arranged.Fig. 29.—The power plant of a Marconi transatlantic station.Fig. 30.—If a magnet be suddenly plunged into a hollow coil of wire a momentary current will be induced in the coil.Fig. 31.—Magnetic phantom formed by a bar magnet.Fig. 32.—Magnetic phantom formed by a wire carrying current.Fig. 33.—Magnetic phantom formed by a coil of wire carrying current.Fig. 34.—Diagram of induction coil.Fig. 35.—Induction coil for wireless telegraph purposes.Fig. 36.—Induction coil primary and secondary.Fig. 37.—Interrupter for induction coil.Fig. 38.—Electrolytic interrupter.Fig. 39.—Open and closed core transformers.Fig. 40.—Lines representing direct and intermittent direct currents.Fig. 41.—Diagram representing alternating current.Fig. 42.—High potential humming transformer.Fig. 43.—High potential closed core transformer for wireless work.Fig. 44.—Leyden jar set for oil immersion.Fig. 45.—Oil immersed condenser.Fig. 46.—Diagram showing construction of condenser.Fig. 47.–Tubular condenser.Fig. 48.—Helix.Fig. 49.—Close coupled helix.Fig. 50.—Spark gap.Fig. 51.—Circuit showing tuned transmitting system employing close coupled helix.Fig. 52.—Photo of spark gap.Fig. 53.—Quenched spark gap.Fig. 54.—Diagram of aerial switch.Fig. 55.—Photo of aerial switch.Fig. 56.—Anchor gap.Fig. 57.–Wireless key.Fig. 58.—Photo of wireless key.Fig. 59.—Key and aerial switch.Fig. 60.—Portable receiving set and case.Fig. 61.—Complete receiving outfit.Fig. 62.—Portable pack set.Fig. 63.—Complete receiving set.Fig. 64.—Showing the construction of a watch case telephone receiver.Fig. 65.—Pickard adjustable telephone receivers.Fig. 66.—Illustrating the valve action of a rectifying detector.Fig. 67.—A new type of silicon detector.Fig. 68.—Diagram drawing analogy between rectifying action of a detector and pump.Fig. 69.—Pyron detector.Fig. 70.—Perikon detector.Fig. 71.—Silicon detector.Fig. 72.—Electrolytic detector.Fig. 73.—Electrolytic detector in circuit.Fig. 74.—Potentiometer.Fig. 75.—Diagram showing how potentiometer is connected in a circuit.Fig. 76.—Analogy between swinging and tuning.Fig. 77.—Receiving a message in a Marconi transatlantic station.Fig. 78.—Tuning coil of the double slide type.Fig. 79.—Diagram showing fixed condenser in circuit.Fig. 80.–Fixed condenser.Fig. 81.—Rotary variable condenser.Fig. 82.—Interior of rotary variable condenser, showing construction.Fig. 83.—Dr. Seibt's rotary variable condenser.Fig. 84.—Sliding plate variable condenser.Fig. 85.—Diagram showing arrangement of rotary variable condenser in receiving circuit.Fig. 86.—Chain and ball arranged to illustrate the effect of tuning.Fig. 87.—Loose coupled helix.Fig. 88.—Hot-wire ammeter.Fig. 89.—The principle of the hot-wire ammeter.Fig. 90.—Diagram showing loose coupled helix in circuit.Fig. 91.—Loose coupled tuning coil.Fig. 92.—Loose coupled tuner.Fig. 93.—Diagram showing position of loose coupler in circuit.Fig. 94.–Fort Gibbons, Alaska, wireless station.Fig. 95.—Transmitting condenser.Fig. 96.—Braun's method for directing wireless telegraph signals.Fig. 97.—Bellini-Tosi radio-goniometer.Fig. 98.—Arrangement of Bellini and Tosi for directive wireless telegraphy.Fig. 99.—Complete receiving and transmitting outfit.Fig. 100.—Special lightweight wireless telegraph set for airship service.Fig. 101.—Telefunken wireless cart, showing transmitter.Fig. 102.—Telefunken wireless cart for military service.Fig. 103.—Telefunken wireless wagon set in operation at Fort Leavenworth.Fig. 104.—Wireless room aboard the U. S. transport "Buford".Fig. 105. The apparatus set up for operation.Fig. 106.—Wireless equipped automobile.Fig. 107.—Co. Signal Corps at San Antonio.Fig. 108.—U. S. Signal Corps pack set shown open and closed.Fig. 109.—The receiving apparatus of the airship "America".Fig. 110.—Interior of the N. Y. Herald Press station.Fig. 111.—Operating the U. S. Signal Corps airship wireless apparatus.Fig. 112.—The N. Y. Herald station, showing aerial.Fig. 113.—Operator Jack Irwin overhauling the wireless apparatus for the dirigible balloon "America".Fig. 114.—Morse code.Fig. 115.—Continental code.Fig. 116.—Transmitting equipment of the high-power station at Nauen.Fig. 117.—Duplex receiving apparatus.Fig. 118.—Breaking-in system.Fig. 119.—The receiving apparatus of the station at Nauen.Fig. 120.—Diagram of the ear.Fig. 121.—The ossicles.Fig. 122.—Bon jour.Fig. 123.—Experiment showing sounding bodies are in vibration.Fig. 124.—Method of registering vibrations of a tuning fork.Fig. 125.—Way line made by a bristle attached to a tuning fork prong in vibration when passed over smoked glass.Fig. 126.—Illustrating the action of air waves.Fig. 127.—The vocal chords in position for making a sound.Fig. 128.—The vocal chords when relaxed.Fig. 129.–Koenig's manometric flame apparatus.Fig. 130.—Appearance of manometric flame in revolving mirror.Fig. 131.—Diagram of a telephone transmitter.Fig. 132.—Diagram showing the principle and construction of the telephone receiver.Fig. 133.—The photophone.Fig. 134.—Photophone receiving apparatus.Fig. 135.—Photophone transmitting apparatus.Fig. 136.—Powerful searchlight arranged to transmit speech over a beam of light.Fig. 137.—The electric arc.Fig. 138.—Circuit showing how a singing arc is arranged.Fig. 139.—A logical form of wireless telephone which is impractical.Fig. 140.—DeForest wireless telephone equipment.Fig. 141.—Wireless telephone receiving apparatus (induction method).Fig. 142.—Fessenden wireless telephone transmitting phonograph music.Fig. 143.—Diagram illustrating why damped oscillations will not carry the voice.Fig. 144.—How the sound waves of the voice are impressed upon undamped oscillations.Fig. 145.—Arrangement of the speaking arc.Fig. 146.—Diagram showing how a wireless telephone transmitting system is arranged.Fig. 147.—Poulsen wireless telephone equipment.Fig. 148.—The Majorana wireless telephone transmitter.Fig. 149.—Showing the brush discharge from a Marconi transatlantic aerial at night.Fig. 150.—An amateur wireless' telegraph station.Fig. 151.—The high-power naval wireless telegraph station under construction at Washington, D. C.Fig. 152.—The curved lines represent the radius of the government high-power wireless stations and show the zones over which direct communication may be had with ships.Fig. 153.—The aerial system of a transatlantic station.Fig. 154.—Fong Yee, a Chinese amateur wireless operator.Fig. 155.—Tesla world power plant.Fig. 156.—Twenty-five-foot sparks from a Tesla transformer.
Probably no marvel of modern science so grips the imagination as the mystery of those quivering impulses which go forth invisibly to link a ship sailing over the seas with the shores of the distant land.
The author has endeavored to furnish a comprehensive explanation, in simple language, of the theory and practice of this wonderful art, and to explain, as far as possible, the importance of the position occupied by wireless telegraphy to-day and the possibilities of to-morrow.
The title of this book naturally limits the amount of discussion that can be undertaken, and so, in the space at command, there has not been any real attempt made to enter into any engineering or constructive details further than is necessary to make the text clear.
Much that might properly be made a part of the preface has been embodied in the book, in order to avoid repetition, and to also bring certain matter to the attention of those readers who consider a preface to be merely an opportunity for the author of a book to express opinions very often quite foreign to the title, and so unconcernedly skip it with hardly more than a passing glance.
The author wishes to extend his sincere thanks to Mr. H. W. Young, Editor ofPopular Electricity; to Mr. John Firth, to Colonel George P. Scriven, and to theScientific American, for their kindness in supplying photographs for some of the illustrations, and to his friend, Mr. Safford Adams, who has kindly read the proofs and made many valuable suggestions.
ALFRED P. MORGAN. May, 1915.
TO
NIKOLA TESLA
WHOSE GENIUS HAS HARNESSED ELECTRICITY TO THE DAILY WORK OF MAN AND WHOSE INVENTIONS ARE THE BASIS OF ALL MODERN WIRELESS TRANSMISSION, THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED.
ContentsPREFACECHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY: WIRELESS TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION. THE ETHER. ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.CHAPTER II. THE MEANS FOR RADIATING AND INTERCEPTING ELECTRIC WAVES. AERIAL SYSTEMS. EARTH CONNECTION.CHAPTER III. THE TRANSMITTING APPARATUS.CHAPTER IV. THE RECEIVING APPARATUS.CHAPTER V. TUNING AND COUPLING, DIRECTIVE WAVE TELEGRAPHY.CHAPTER VI. THE DIGNITY OF WIRELESS. ITS APPLICATIONS AND SERVICE. WIRELESS IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. WIRELESS ON AN AEROPLANE. HOW A MESSAGE IS SENT AND RECEIVED.CHAPTER VII. THE EAR. HOW WE HEAR. SOUND AND SOUND WAVES. THE VOCAL CHORDS. THE STRUCTURE OF SPEECH.CHAPTER VIII. THE TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. THE PHOTO PHONE. THE THERMOPHONE. THE SELENIUM CELL. THE SPEAKING ARC.CHAPTER IX. THE WIRELESS TELEPHONE.CHAPTER X. REMARKS. THEORY. ACCOMPLISHMENTS. MAXWELL'S HERTZ'S DISCOVERY. THE FUTURE.CATALOGUE OF GOOD, PRACTICAL BOOKS
Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1.—Throw a stone into a pool of water and little waves will radiate from the spot where the stone struck.
Fig. 2.—A Leyden jar is a glass jar lined inside and outside with tinfoil for about two-thirds of its height.
Fig. 3.—A static machine, connected to a Leyden jar.
Fig. 4.—A Leyden jar discharging through a coil of wire.
Fig. 5.—Curved line representing an oscillatory discharge of a Leyden jar.
Fig. 6.—Navy type of Leyden jars.
Fig. 7.—The simplest practical transmitter.
Fig. 8.—A cross-section of the aerial and atmosphere.
Fig. 9.—Under the same conditions, but viewed from above.
Fig. 10.—A simple receiving arrangement.
Fig. 11.—An amateur aerial and station.
Fig. 12.—The Army wireless station at Fort Gibbons.
Fig. 13.—Lightning discharge near Montclair, N. J.
Fig. 14.–Photo of double lightning discharge passing to earth near the First Orange Mountain, Montclair, N. J.
Fig. 15.—Vertical aerials of the grid, fan and inverted pyramid types.
Fig. 16.—A diagram showing pyramid aerial.
Fig. 17.–A diagram illustrating the directive action of a flat-top aerial.
Fig. 18.—Aerials of the "V" and inverted "L" types.
Fig. 19.—A diagram showing the arrangement of a "T" aerial.
Fig. 20.—Flat top aerials of the inverted "U" and "T" types.
Fig. 21.—Umbrella aerial.
Fig. 22.—An amateur aerial (flat top).
Fig. 23.—Diagram showing the difference between loop and straightaway aerials.
Fig. 24.—Showing how wires are arranged and insulated.
Fig. 25.—Aerial insulator.
Fig. 26.—Leading-in insulator.
Fig. 27.–A side view of the aerial shown in Fig. 22.
Fig. 28.—Diagram showing how batteries may be arranged.
Fig. 29.—The power plant of a Marconi transatlantic station.
Fig. 30.—If a magnet be suddenly plunged into a hollow coil of wire a momentary current will be induced in the coil.
Fig. 31.—Magnetic phantom formed by a bar magnet.
Fig. 32.—Magnetic phantom formed by a wire carrying current.
Fig. 33.—Magnetic phantom formed by a coil of wire carrying current.
Fig. 34.—Diagram of induction coil.
Fig. 35.—Induction coil for wireless telegraph purposes.
Fig. 36.—Induction coil primary and secondary.
Fig. 37.—Interrupter for induction coil.
Fig. 38.—Electrolytic interrupter.
Fig. 39.—Open and closed core transformers.
Fig. 40.—Lines representing direct and intermittent direct currents.
Fig. 41.—Diagram representing alternating current.
Fig. 42.—High potential humming transformer.
Fig. 43.—High potential closed core transformer for wireless work.
Fig. 44.—Leyden jar set for oil immersion.
Fig. 45.—Oil immersed condenser.
Fig. 46.—Diagram showing construction of condenser.
Fig. 47.–Tubular condenser.
Fig. 48.—Helix.
Fig. 49.—Close coupled helix.
Fig. 50.—Spark gap.
Fig. 51.—Circuit showing tuned transmitting system employing close coupled helix.
Fig. 52.—Photo of spark gap.
Fig. 53.—Quenched spark gap.
Fig. 54.—Diagram of aerial switch.
Fig. 55.—Photo of aerial switch.
Fig. 56.—Anchor gap.
Fig. 57.–Wireless key.
Fig. 58.—Photo of wireless key.
Fig. 59.—Key and aerial switch.
Fig. 60.—Portable receiving set and case.
Fig. 61.—Complete receiving outfit.
Fig. 62.—Portable pack set.
Fig. 63.—Complete receiving set.
Fig. 64.—Showing the construction of a watch case telephone receiver.
Fig. 65.—Pickard adjustable telephone receivers.
Fig. 66.—Illustrating the valve action of a rectifying detector.
Fig. 67.—A new type of silicon detector.
Fig. 68.—Diagram drawing analogy between rectifying action of a detector and pump.
Fig. 69.—Pyron detector.
Fig. 70.—Perikon detector.
Fig. 71.—Silicon detector.
Fig. 72.—Electrolytic detector.
Fig. 73.—Electrolytic detector in circuit.
Fig. 74.—Potentiometer.
Fig. 75.—Diagram showing how potentiometer is connected in a circuit.
Fig. 76.—Analogy between swinging and tuning.
Fig. 77.—Receiving a message in a Marconi transatlantic station.
Fig. 78.—Tuning coil of the double slide type.
Fig. 79.—Diagram showing fixed condenser in circuit.
Fig. 80.–Fixed condenser.
Fig. 81.—Rotary variable condenser.
Fig. 82.—Interior of rotary variable condenser, showing construction.
Fig. 83.—Dr. Seibt's rotary variable condenser.
Fig. 84.—Sliding plate variable condenser.
Fig. 85.—Diagram showing arrangement of rotary variable condenser in receiving circuit.
Fig. 86.—Chain and ball arranged to illustrate the effect of tuning.
Fig. 87.—Loose coupled helix.
Fig. 88.—Hot-wire ammeter.
Fig. 89.—The principle of the hot-wire ammeter.
Fig. 90.—Diagram showing loose coupled helix in circuit.
Fig. 91.—Loose coupled tuning coil.
Fig. 92.—Loose coupled tuner.
Fig. 93.—Diagram showing position of loose coupler in circuit.
Fig. 94.–Fort Gibbons, Alaska, wireless station.
Fig. 95.—Transmitting condenser.
Fig. 96.—Braun's method for directing wireless telegraph signals.
Fig. 97.—Bellini-Tosi radio-goniometer.
Fig. 98.—Arrangement of Bellini and Tosi for directive wireless telegraphy.
Fig. 99.—Complete receiving and transmitting outfit.
Fig. 100.—Special lightweight wireless telegraph set for airship service.
Fig. 101.—Telefunken wireless cart, showing transmitter.
Fig. 102.—Telefunken wireless cart for military service.
Fig. 103.—Telefunken wireless wagon set in operation at Fort Leavenworth.
Fig. 104.—Wireless room aboard the U. S. transport "Buford".
Fig. 105. The apparatus set up for operation.
Fig. 106.—Wireless equipped automobile.
Fig. 107.—Co. Signal Corps at San Antonio.
Fig. 108.—U. S. Signal Corps pack set shown open and closed.
Fig. 109.—The receiving apparatus of the airship "America".
Fig. 110.—Interior of the N. Y. Herald Press station.
Fig. 111.—Operating the U. S. Signal Corps airship wireless apparatus.
Fig. 112.—The N. Y. Herald station, showing aerial.
Fig. 113.—Operator Jack Irwin overhauling the wireless apparatus for the dirigible balloon "America".
Fig. 114.—Morse code.
Fig. 115.—Continental code.
Fig. 116.—Transmitting equipment of the high-power station at Nauen.
Fig. 117.—Duplex receiving apparatus.
Fig. 118.—Breaking-in system.
Fig. 119.—The receiving apparatus of the station at Nauen.
Fig. 120.—Diagram of the ear.
Fig. 121.—The ossicles.
Fig. 122.—Bon jour.
Fig. 123.—Experiment showing sounding bodies are in vibration.
Fig. 124.—Method of registering vibrations of a tuning fork.
Fig. 125.—Way line made by a bristle attached to a tuning fork prong in vibration when passed over smoked glass.
Fig. 126.—Illustrating the action of air waves.
Fig. 127.—The vocal chords in position for making a sound.
Fig. 128.—The vocal chords when relaxed.
Fig. 129.–Koenig's manometric flame apparatus.
Fig. 130.—Appearance of manometric flame in revolving mirror.
Fig. 131.—Diagram of a telephone transmitter.
Fig. 132.—Diagram showing the principle and construction of the telephone receiver.
Fig. 133.—The photophone.
Fig. 134.—Photophone receiving apparatus.
Fig. 135.—Photophone transmitting apparatus.
Fig. 136.—Powerful searchlight arranged to transmit speech over a beam of light.
Fig. 137.—The electric arc.
Fig. 138.—Circuit showing how a singing arc is arranged.
Fig. 139.—A logical form of wireless telephone which is impractical.
Fig. 140.—DeForest wireless telephone equipment.
Fig. 141.—Wireless telephone receiving apparatus (induction method).
Fig. 142.—Fessenden wireless telephone transmitting phonograph music.
Fig. 143.—Diagram illustrating why damped oscillations will not carry the voice.
Fig. 144.—How the sound waves of the voice are impressed upon undamped oscillations.
Fig. 145.—Arrangement of the speaking arc.
Fig. 146.—Diagram showing how a wireless telephone transmitting system is arranged.
Fig. 147.—Poulsen wireless telephone equipment.
Fig. 148.—The Majorana wireless telephone transmitter.
Fig. 149.—Showing the brush discharge from a Marconi transatlantic aerial at night.
Fig. 150.—An amateur wireless' telegraph station.
Fig. 151.—The high-power naval wireless telegraph station under construction at Washington, D. C.
Fig. 152.—The curved lines represent the radius of the government high-power wireless stations and show the zones over which direct communication may be had with ships.
Fig. 153.—The aerial system of a transatlantic station.
Fig. 154.—Fong Yee, a Chinese amateur wireless operator.
Fig. 155.—Tesla world power plant.
Fig. 156.—Twenty-five-foot sparks from a Tesla transformer.