APPENDIX II

OccupationEstimated Number of Women employed, July, 1914.Percentage of Women to Total Number of Workpeople employed, July, 1914.Increase in the Employment of Women since July, 1914.Number of Women stated by Employers to be directly replacing Men.Percentage of Women to Total Number of Workpeople employed, April, 1918.Percentage of those employed in July, 1918.Approximate Increase in Numbers.Industries2,176,0002625537,000531,00036Government Establishments2,00039,098197,000187,00044Gas, Water, Electricity (under Local Authorities)60017244,0004,0009Agriculture80,0009119,00040,00013Transport17,000245978,00079,50010Tramways1,20021,46618,00017,00034Finance and Banking9,300566063,00059,50040Commerce296,0002971354,000352,00053Professions (mainly Clerks)50,5002811857,00022,50061Hotels, Public Houses, Cinemas, Theaters, etc.181,000481425,00044,50061Civil Service, Post Office60,300247859,50064,00052Other Civil Service5,50091,80999,50089,00057Other Services under Local Authorities196,200341631,00026,00047Total3,276,00024471,532,0001,516,00037

TABLE II.

The Employment of Women in the Main Groups of Industrial Occupations, April 1916, 1917, 1918.

OccupationEstimated number of Women employed July, 1914.Increase (+), Decrease (-), since July, 1914, in the number of Women employed.Number of Women stated by Employers to be replacing Men, April, 1916.April, 1916.April, 1917.April, 1918.Metal Trades170,000+ 149,200+ 295,300+ 385,000194,000Chemical Trades40,000+ 34,300+ 66,000+ 63,00081,000Textile Trades863,000+ 19,200+ 14,500- 19,00065,000Clothing Trades612,000+ 12,800- 44,700- 37,00046,000Food Trades196,000+ 17,100+ 25,000+ 30,00062,000Paper and Printing Trades147,000- 700- 5,100- 4,00021,000Wood Trades44,000+ 14,000+ 21,000+ 34,00026,000All Industrial Occupations, including some not specified above2,176,000+ 284,700+ 483,600+ 537,000510,000

TABLE III.Analysis of Pre-War Occupation of Women made by Special Inquiry, January 1917.PRE-WAR OCCUPATIONPresent Occupation.Same Occupation.Household Duties, and not previously occupied.Textile Trades.Clothing Trades.Other Industries.Domestic Service.Other Industrial Occupations.Total stated and classified.Metal Trades53,24918,9273,4084,63512,45812,5025,449110,628Chemical Trades14,63452,4076,22617,94120,87944,43817,079173,604Textile Trades6,3784,7301,3773,6952,3202,5311,05422,085Clothing Trades38,2569,3341,0008,4305,7454,9703,64371,378Wood Trades4,4393,7647831,4902,6263,9501,19618,248Leather Trades7,6822,1796951,3721,7821,31182215,843Rubber Trades7,8974,0551,1191,5612,1042,3931,03020,159Others4,0033,1154006691,2331,89787512,192Total136,53898,51115,00839,79349,14773,99231,148444,137

TABLE IV.

Showing Changes between July, 1914, and October, 1918, in Numbers of Girls under 18 employed in Various Occupations.

Occupations with—Numbers onGrossJuly 1914.Oct. 1918.Increase.Decrease.(1)Very large Increase.Building and Construction1,5006,0004,500...Metal Trades45,000108,00063,000...Chemical Trades11,00025,00014,000...Woodworking Trades10,50020,0009,500...Other Trades26,00037,00011,000...Total in Industry94,000196,000102,000...(2)Large Increase, but no serious problem.Mines and Quarries1,5004,0002,500...Agriculture12,00018,0006,000...Professional Occupations5,00011,0006,000...Postal Service10,00014,0004,000...Municipal Gas, Water, and Electricity...1,0001,000...Municipal Tramways...1,0001,000...Other Local Government Service5,0008,0003,000...Total in Class 233,50057,00023,500...(3)Small Increase.Food, Drink, and Tobacco Trades49,00053,0004,000...

TABLE V.

Number of Children and Young Persons convicted of Indictable Offenses in Juvenile Courts in large Cities and in the Metropolitan Police Area from 1914-1917.

Indictable Offenses.1914191519161917————————Manchester435708767750Liverpool1,1691,5452,0132,196Leeds191256295385Bristol106207331279Birmingham368423504625Newcastle86177222234————————2,3553,3164,1324,469Metropolitan Police District1,7783,0693,8583,856

1. Births.

About 50,000 illegitimate children are born yearly in the United Kingdom. Consider what this means. In the course of a single generation of twenty years one million of these unprotected little ones are born, branded because their parents have acted illegitimately.[235:1]

The exact figures for England and Wales[235:2]during the past five and a half years are as follows:

It should be noted that in England still-born births are not registered; were these recorded the illegitimate birth-rate would be much higher than the present statistics show. In those countries where the records are kept the number of still-born illegitimate births is always very high, sometimes twice as high—as it is for children born under the protection of marriage.

2. Deaths.

An unusually high infant mortality is found everywhere among illegitimate children. In general, the illegitimate rate is twice as great as the legitimate.Two unprotected children die for each protected child.

The mortality of unmarried mothers is proportionately great.

"The ratio of illegitimate to legitimate mortality in the first week of life has increased from 170 per cent. in 1907 to 201 per cent. in 1916. These facts have a somewhat ominous aspect and suggest that infant welfare organizations might well devote special attention to the first days of the life of illegitimate children."—(Report of the Registrar-General for 1916.)

The Law of Affiliation and Bastardy. (Brief Summary of the Law in England and Wales.)

The mother is the legal parent. The child is not legitimized on the marriage of its parents. The child has no rights of inheritance from either parent. Where paternity is established the father is liable for support (or alimony). In Scotland the marriage of the mother with the father legitimizes the child. In Ireland the mother is not allowed to claim alimony herself—she must go into the workhouse and the guardians must sue for her.

To Obtain an Affiliation Order.

By the Bastardy Laws Amendment Act, 1872, the mother must apply to a justice of the peace for a summons to be served on the man alleged by her to be the father of her child. The cost of this summons is 3/6 with an additional 2/- for delivery if beyond the limits of a city borough. The cost of the affiliation order, when obtained, is 9/-. The application for the order may be made before the birth of the child or within twelve months after the birth. It cannot be done after that time unless (1) the man has acknowledged his paternity by paying money for the child, (2) the alleged father has left England, in which case a summons can be served any time within 12 months after his return.

The Affiliation Order.

The maximum amount that up to the present time has been allowed under an Affiliation Order is 5/- a week, such payments to continue until the child reaches the age of sixteen years. The justices determine the exact amount the father shall pay. It also rests entirely within their discretion to make any allowance for the mother's expenses at the time of birth. In fixing the sum the justices are supposed to acthaving regard to all the circumstances of the case, and often the payments were fixed as low as 2/6 or 3/6 per week before the passing of New Act 1919.

The Affiliation Orders Act, 1914.

By the Affiliation Orders Act, 1914, two important changes in the law were gained. The appointment of an officer, known as the collecting officer, took out of the hands of the mother the work of collecting the weekly payments granted under the maintenance order, while new powers were given of enforcing payment from a defaulting father. Further, the compulsory interval of six days (a period which gave the man opportunity toescape) between the summons and the appearance in court of the putative father was abolished.

The New Act.

The inadequacy of such sums with which to bring up a child has at last led to action, and the maximum of 5/- a week has been done away with. The maximum payment in the future will be 10/- a week. This Act (which is called the Affiliation Orders Increase of Maximum Payment Act, 1918) came into operation on January 1st, 1919.

Provisions Affecting Soldiers and Sailors.

If a soldier is alleged to be the father of the child, action must be taken while he is in England or Wales. In Scotland and Ireland the bastardy laws are different, and if he is abroad or under orders to go abroad action cannot be taken. The summons should be served on his commanding officer, with a sufficient payment to cover his journey to and from the court where his case is to be heard. Before the war the alimony granted to the mother for a child by a soldier was even less than in ordinary cases; this injustice has, however, been ended and the allowance now granted for an illegitimate child is 6/8 per week.

[235:1]The word illegitimacy is derived from the Latinillegitimus, meaning "not in accordance with law."

[235:2]The bastardy laws in Scotland and Ireland are different from the English laws, and therefore the figures for these countries are not given.

[235:3]First half-year.

Transcriber's Note:Variations in hyphenation have been left as in the original. Examples include:pre-requisiteprerequisitere-marryremarrysafe-guardingsafeguardingup-bringingupbringing

Variations in hyphenation have been left as in the original. Examples include:

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