95Grant, P.,45Greenwood, Arthur,189Greig, Mrs. Billington,209Grey or Franciscan Friars,6Guest,32Guild, Women’s Co-operative,176-177Habit of association, lack of,106Half-pay apprentices,41Halifax,39Hamilton, A.,20Hammond, J. L. and B,180n.Hand-loom Weavers, Committee on,42Hand-loom weaver’s wife,section,40Hand-wheels thrown aside,34Hargreaves, J.,33,42Haslam, J.,191,192,193Hat and cap workers,150Healds,98Hebden Bridge,231Henley, Walter of,10Henry VII., accounts of,27Henry VIII.,19Hicks, Mrs. Amie,128,129,130Hicks, Margaretta,209Hirsch-Duncker Unions,161Holda or Holla,2Hollow-ware workers, strike of,136-138Home, work in the,44Home Workers’ Union,160Horrocks,36Hostility of employers to Unions,139,151,169Hotel servants and waitresses,168Houldsworth,93Hours of work,183-4,277,289Housewife preparing wool,11,14-15position of the,165Housing in towns,50Huddersfield,115Hull,14,15Husbandry, servants in,section,3Hutchins, B. L.,197n.,207n.Hyde,93Ideals of Victorian era,198-9Ignorance of domestic work,51Importation of silk,26Improvements in working conditions,190,202Increase of women in metal trades,63Increase of women-workers in Germany,155Industrial change, effects of,42revolution,Chap. II.Industrial Workers of the World,148“Industry in bonds,”49Inequality of wages,123Influence of Unions on conditions,153Injury from prolonged standing,186,187Insanitary conditions in confectioners’ workrooms,130Inspection of factories impossible for women,197Inspectors, factory,181women appointed as,182Instability of status,152Insurance Act,103,108,116,126,131,176,188,205Interdenominational Unions,161Interests, interlocking of,173“Interkonfessionelle” Unions,164International Association for Labour Legislation,125International Typographical Union,143International Workers’ Congress,123Inventions,43Ipswich,65Christ’s Hospital at,21Ireland,224Irons on apprentices,274Ironworks, a fifteenth-century,29Isolation of women,164-5Jacquard’s loom,42Jam-making,135James, Clara,128,130James, John,25n.James, William,207Jones, Lloyd,106Kaffirs,2Kamtchatdals,2Kay,33Kendal,39Kettering,224King, Mr.,120Knights of Labour,144,145Knitting-machine,25Korrespondenzblatt,158Labour, an important factor in production,136Labour Commission,61,63,129,170,197,198Labour League, Women’s,177,208Labour legislation, weakness of and delays in,186Labour movement,127Labourers, Statute of,4Lacquering,63Lancashire,61,74,96,97,102cotton spinners of,93Lapsley,29Lassalle,158Laundresses, Union of,122Laundry Workers’ International Union,147Law, Alice,36Lawrence, Mass.,149Lead mines, women in,29poisoning,288Lee, inventor of knitting-machine,25Leeds,23,39,116,224Leicester,92,224Leland’sItinerary,21Lenience of Magistrate,293Levant Company,32Lighting of work-places,184,284Linen and jute,115,242List prices,99,100,114Liverpool,173Locked in factory,129-30Lombe, John,27London,126,242milliners,168Trades Council,128London weavers,13,14Women’s Trades Council,123Loom, the,5Low wages of women, consolation for,57Lowell, Female Labour Reform Association at,142strikes at,141Union,142Lye,136,137Lytton, Lady Constance,200Macarthur, Mary, xv,131Macclesfield,28MacDonald, J. R.,195n.Machine work,66Machinery and skill,68-9and women’s employment,69-70Mackworth, Sir H.,29Maladjustment and Readjustment,section,245Male Weavers’ Union,143-4Malingering, xv,188Malmesbury Abbey,21-2Manchester,31,32,47,50,55,93,126,173,176,224societies,126-7spinners,92Women’s Trade Union Council,139Women’s War Interests Committee,256,296Mantoux,23,41Manufactures and Commerce, Select Committee on,54Markham, Gervase,14Marriage,section,78and organisation,151decreasing prospect of,196,256prospect of, its effects on young men and women,151,169-70Married women’s work,89-91Marx, Karl,49Mary, Queen,21Match factories,47workers,183makers’ Union,128Match-girls’ strike,127-8Material progress,51,265Maternity benefit,103,259n.and child welfare,258care of,206Matheson, M. C.,195n.Matthews, Miss,153Mechanical power,200-201progress,43Mellor,33Men and women, division of work between,53numbers of, in cotton spinning,55organised together,166,168Metal trades, increase of women’s employment in,63Metal-cutting,66Middle-class women’s movement,section,195Mines, anAccount of,29Minimum, principle of the,237-8requirements,227Monopoly of trade in clothing,18Moral atmosphere of factories,50effects of Unionism,153Mortality,76,77Movement of women’s wages,section,229Mule-spinning,191-2Mundella, A. J.,250n.Munitions work,251-2National Federation of Women Workers,131,133,section,140,296Nature of Woman,2Neath,29Needlewomen,154Nelson and District Weavers’ Association,101n.New demand for women’s labour,section,250New England cotton mills,142New spirit among women,section,199New Unionism,127,149,174New York,141,142Nightingale, Florence,199,200Non-textile trades,28-30industrial revolution in,section,61Nordverein der Berliner Arbeiterinnen,155Northampton,224N.E. Lancashire Amalgamated Society,96Norwich,23,224Oakeshott, G.,118n.Oastler, Thomas,185Occupational statistics,81-8Oldham,95and district,96Opposition of landowners to Liberals,46to factory legislation,121-3to women’s employment,42,43,93,94Oppression by employers,19Ordinances of Worcester,18Organisation, early efforts at,section,92in different trades,171of German Unions,157-60of women, need for,107,255of women, together with men,172of young persons, difficulty of,113Outlook, the,section,167Overcrowding in towns,52Overstrain,110in cotton industry,59,281,287Overtime,184,289Owen, Robert,44,47,53,95,106Padiham,96,113Paper and stationery,63Paper-sorting or overlooking,67,168Paris,123Paterson, Emma,119-22Pay-stewards,176Pearson, Karl,1,206Peel, the elder,53Peel’s Committee (1816),41Pen trade,63Percival, Dr. Thomas,52,185Personality in Union officials,174Petition against importation of silk,26,27of weavers,17Philanthropy,163,166Phosphorus, white, prohibition of,183Phossy jaw,183Picks,98Pictet,5Piece rates,97-102Piecers to replace spinners,54women as,192Piers Plowman,8Pin manufacture,30Pittsburgh, U.S.A.,61Plague, the,4Plated ware trade,30Policy, a coherent,173Polish women weavers, strike of,149Polynesians,2Poor Law, its effect on wages,21of Elizabeth,32Possibilities of modern industry,204of State control,section,204Potential changes of the industrial revolution,section,200Potteries,29Potters,146Power sewing-machine,63Power-loom,35introduction of the,55Premature employment, effects of,62Preparing material,65Present position of the woman worker,section,183Press-work,66Preston,96Primitive industries,2,3Printing,66,116Professional women, scope for,263n.Professions for women,80Prohibition to combine,80of women’s employment,14Proportion of women in Unions,147Prosperity of spinners,38Protective and Provident League,119-24Psychological difficulties in organising women,164Public spirit, lack of,170Queen, the,247Radcliffe Society,96Radcliffe, William,33Rag-cutting,65Ramsay, Isle of Man,93Reaction in war-time,264Reciprocal movement between spinners and weavers,40Reed,97Reeling,107Reforms started by industrial employers,53Registrar-General,75,76Relative wages of men and women,231-6Replacement of men by women,55-56,252,255Results the War may have,section,256Richards, factory inspector,49Rights and privileges of women,105Ring-room doffers,113Ring-spinners,114Ring-winders,111Ring-winding,107Roberts, Lewis,32Rock, Maria,5Rogers, Thorold,4,5Rope-makers,129Sadler, M. T.,185St. Crispin, Daughters of,142,144San Francisco,147,153Sanitary conditions in non-textile trades,62Sanitation in town and country,50,51Schreiner, Olive,69Schultze-Gävernitz,44,157Screw manufactories,62Seamstresses,146Segregation of women from affairs,109Sewing women,143Shaftesbury, Lord,185,186Shakespeare quoted,19,25n.Shann, G.,195n.Sheffield,64plated ware trade,30Shifting of industrial processes,44Shirt-making,223Shock of War,section,239Shop Assistants’ Union,140,176Shortage of women’s labour,245Shorter hours, effects of,202movement for,109-10Shuttleworth Accounts,