[13]Mr. William Browne, who began life in Carlisle as a bookbinder, and ended as auctioneer, appraiser, and high-bailiff to the County Court.
[13]Mr. William Browne, who began life in Carlisle as a bookbinder, and ended as auctioneer, appraiser, and high-bailiff to the County Court.
So fagged and spiritless had the animal become after one of the baits, that a rough-spun butcher—a madcap of a fellow—had the temerity to leap astride its back, and to ride up Rickergate in that ungainly fashion; while the poor beast, now completely deadened to attack or viciousness of any kind, was being slowly lead in the direction of some shambles or outbuildings in East Tower street.
A disaster which befel the comedian, Riley, a few years before Mr. Rome was nearly killed at Park-house farm, had a somewhat ludicrous termination. The author of theItinerant, in professionally "starring" through the provinces, remained for some time in the neighbourhood of Furness Abbey, and was engaged to lend his assistance there. Theentertainment going off very successfully, a "leetle" too much wine followed on the heels of it. This we presume, for the quantity imbibed by Mr. Riley rendered his perception not quite so clear as it might have been. The way to his quarters was by a footpath through some fields; and jogging along by the dimmish light of an obscured moon, he rambled off the path, and got into a field in which a pugnaciously inclined bull was kept. Snatches of song and other sounds arousing the brute from his night's slumber, he rose and prepared to attack the son ofThespis, and gave notice of his intentions by several long drawn "boos," which "boos" Mr. Riley attributed to some one coming after him from the concert. The bull followed up, and got nearer and nearer, with his "boo—boo—boo!" A collision suddenly took place close to the hedge, and in the twinkling of an eye the gentleman was tossed up, and landed secure, but prostrate, on the other side of the hedge, without any harm but a good shaking. Looking up, the astonished comedian exclaimed: "You are neither a musician nor a gentleman, by ——, if you are!"
During the eighteenth century, and for thirty or forty years into the present one, farmers, small tradesmen, indeed, most families living in the country, who could afford it, at the fall of the year, salted and stored by as much beef as served the family through the winter. Hence bull baiting—until suppressed—prevailed in most of the northerntowns and villages, in the month of November. The weather was then suitable for salting a supply of beef for winter use, and an extra quantity either of bull or heifer beef was quite saleable at that season of the year. An erroneous idea prevailed—had indeed become a settled conviction, that bull beef was much better—should not be used as food, in fact, without the animal had been subject to the usual barbarous baiting.
In many places there prevailed a stringent regulation, that bulls should not be slaughtered, until they had passed the ordeal of baiting; and curious observances were enforced should the practice be omitted. In Kendal, for instance, a singular custom was to be observed when any butcher killed a bull, and attempted to dispose of the beef, without the animal having been fastened to the bull ring and baited. The seller of the carcass was obliged to have put up conspicuously, a large sign board, with the words "Bull Beef," painted in legible letters, and to have a lantern stuck up, with lighted candles burning in it, as long as the tabooed beef remained unsold. This singular regulation or custom continued in use, and was regularly observed as long as bull baiting was permitted in the town.
The Kendal bull ring was fixed on a green at the High Beast Banks, and had been so fixed for generations. There the disgusting, demoralizing saturnalia, with all its ruffianly concomitants, was held before a yelling crowd of professedly civilizedspectators. This brutal indulgence was continued to the mayoralty of Mr. William Dobson, in 1790, when the corporation interfered and put a final stop to it. We are surprised that in Kendal, where the Quaker element in the population was so strong, the odious "sport" should have been allowed to continue so long. The followers of George Fox, we feel assured, would consider any encouragement given to such degrading brutality as morally criminal.
Great Dockray and Sandgate, in the pleasant and busy market town of Penrith, were the scenes of many uproarious bull baits. In one day, no less than five beasts have been tied to the stake, and unmercifully tortured. They would all be required, and many carcasses besides, at that season of the year when salt beef was prepared for winter consumption. At Penrith, the bull baitings were regularly attended by crowds of spectators, from all the surrounding country villages. The inhabitants of the town, too, deserted their quiet homes to witness the exciting but barbarous practice. In Penrith, as well as other places, the idea was rooted in the minds of the people that bulls intended for slaughter, and sold for human food, should be baited. If the carcass of a bull, in the shambles of a butcher, had not been subjected to the usual process of brutal cruelty, it would have been rejected. The village of Stainton, as well as Penrith, was noted for bull dogs of a pure and courageous breed.Those normal tribes of gipsies, tinkers, and potters, who roamed over Cumberland, Westmorland, and the borders of Scotland, during the latter part of the eighteenth century, were celebrated for breeding and training bull dogs of a superior description.
The small but interesting market town of Keswick—highly celebrated at the present day, as the head quarters of numerous lake and mountain excursionists—likewise had its bull ring, to which, through a lengthened period of time, hundreds of unfortunate animals were tied and baited. No greater desecration can be imagined to one of the most attractive districts in Great Britain—revealing at every step scenes displaying vividly the sublime beauty and grandeur of God's choicest handiwork—than the mad uproar, the wild confusion, and gross brutality of a bull bait. The echoes of the surrounding hills were made to resound with the furious merriment of an excited multitude, in the full enjoyment of a cruel "sport." From the beautiful Vale of Saint John, from the lower slopes of Blencathra and Skiddaw, from the confines of the picturesque lake of Bassenthwaite, from the surroundings of the more imposing Derwentwater, from many scattered villages, like Borrowdale, crowds hastened to share in the gross enjoyment of a hideous outrage on humanity.
The bull ring at Keswick,—as well as at Carlisle, Penrith, Wigton, Kendal, and other places in the Lake country—was frequently the means of startinga combat between some pugnaciously inclined Tom Crib, and any one who, through intimidation, could be drawn into a fight. "Shaking the bull ring" was tantamount to a challenge from some foolhardy individual, to "hev it oot" with any one inclined to step forward; and it rarely happened at "statute fairs" but that at least some two or three pugilistic encounters followed the "shaking."
Baiting the badger differed from bull baiting in one respect, inasmuch as the former was generally practised in some room or yard, mostly attached to a public house. It was often a private affair, got up by some sporting landlord, for the purpose of drawing customers to his hostelry, as well as to have an opportunity of seeing the badger drawn; while bull baiting, except on great state occasions, was always a public affair.
The badger, in former times called the "Grey," is a small animal, which at no remote period was, comparatively speaking, plentiful in Cumberland and Westmorland, and in various parts of the north of England. It abounded, too, in Scotland, and its cured skin was used in making the Highlander's hanging pouch. It measured about three feet from the snout to the end of the tail, and weighed from seventeen to thirty pounds. Few animals are better able to defend themselves, and fewer still of their own weight and size dare attack them, in their native haunts. When in good case, they are remarkably strong, fight with great resolution if brought to bay, can bite extremely hard, and inflict very severe wounds. It is strange that it should have been so persistently and ruthlessly hunted anddestroyed, so as to lead to the almost entire extermination of the herd in this country.
InReminiscences of West Cumberland, (printed for private circulation, in 1882,) William Dickinson gives the following account of the capture of some of these animals:—"On March 29, 1867, a badger was captured in a wood adjoining the river Derwent, by Mr. Stirling's gamekeeper. It was a full grown animal, in prime condition, and was secured without sustaining any injury. A few years before that a badger was caught near St. Bees. It was supposed to have escaped from captivity. Within my recollection, a badger was taken by a shepherd and his dogs, on Birker moor, and believed to be a wild one; and none had been known for many miles around by any one living. They are not now known to breed in Cumberland; but the late Mr. John Peel of Eskat, told me the brock or badger had a strong hold in Eskat woods, and that he once came so suddenly on a brock asleep, as it basked in the sun, that he struck it with his bill hook, and wounded it in the hind quarter. Its hole was so near that it crawled in and was lost. The place is still called the Brock-holes."
An interesting experiment has been tried on the Naworth Castle estate, the Border residence of Mr. George Howard, a dozen miles or so from Carlisle. About the year 1877 or 1878, four healthy and well developed badgers were let off, some two miles eastward from the castle, near the side of the riverIrthing, which flows through a wide sweep of charmingly diversified scenery. The place occupied by them is a piece of rough, woodland, "banky" ground, quiet and secluded, the soil being of a dry sandy nature. The badgers, in the first instance, were lodged in an old fox earth "bield," part of which they have held in undisturbed possession ever since. They appeared to fall in naturally with their new quarters, and soon took to digging and making the hole, and its various ramifications, much larger and more capacious.
Curiously enough, after the lapse of some years, the foxes returned to their old retreat, and for two successive seasons there has been a breed of young cubs reared in the same burrow with the badgers. Each species of animal has taken up a separate part or side-branch of the hole for its own particular use and abode; and, so far as appearance goes, the two families have lived together happy and contented for the time being.
A similar illustration of foxes fraternising with badgers is amply borne out in a valuable communication toThe Times, of October 24th, 1877, by Mr. Alfred Ellis of Loughborough, who, after some difficulty, introduced a breed of badgers, in semi-wild state, to a covert within fifty yards of his own residence. Mr. Ellis says, "The fox and the badger are not unfriendly, and last spring a litter of cubs was brought forth very near the badgers; but their mother removed them after they hadgrown familiar, as she probably thought they were showing themselves more than was prudent."
The neighbouring dogs are not known to have molested the Naworth badgers in any way, and it is now supposed the estate can number about a dozen in numerical strength. The nocturnal habits, natural to badgers, make it very difficult to study their actions and mode of life, with any amount of close observancy, as they rarely leave their holes till near nightfall, and are back again generally by daybreak.
There is not much which properly comes under the game laws near the badgers' place of rendezvous, but Mr. Brown, the head keeper, is under the impression that they are destructive to some kinds of game; in fact, he says, they take anything they can lay hold of in the shape of eggs or young birds. They dig a good deal for fern roots, and feed upon them, turning up the ground in the same way that a pig does. It would appear also that they are very fond of moles. Any of these animals left dead by the keepers or foresters, in the vicinity of their haunts, invariably disappear quickly and are no more seen.
Shy, reserved, and alert as the badgers are, they may be come upon sometimes, by chance or accident, on the banks of the Irthing; and when seen in the dusky twilight of a summer evening, "scufterin'" along through the long grass or "bracken" beds, they might be easily mistaken for a litter of young pigs.
In addition to the food incidentally mentioned, the badger lives upon frogs, insects, wasps' nests, fruit, grass, and a great variety of other things. Its habits are perfectly harmless in a wild state; and yet few animals have suffered so much cruel torture, in consequence of vulgar prejudice. The hams, as food, were esteemed superior in delicacy of flavour to the domestic pig or wild hog. In this country, the hind quarters only were used for food; while in some parts of Europe and in China, the whole carcass was held in high esteem, and considered to be very nutritious.
In hunting and capturing them, the usual plan was to dig a hole in the ground, across some path which they were known to frequent, covering the pit lightly over with sticks and leaves. Another mode of catching them was by means of a sack being carefully fitted to the entrance of their burrows. When supposed to be out feeding, two or three dogs were set to hunt the adjoining grounds, and the badger was thus driven homewards, and safely secured in the sack.
The mode of baiting was generally pursued as follows. Sometimes, according to choice, the animal was put into a barrel; while at other times, a trench was dug in the ground, fourteen inches deep and of the same width, and covered over with a board. But the plan most frequently adopted was to have a square drain-like box constructed, in the form of a capital letter ∟. The longer partmeasured something like six feet in length, and the shorter part four feet. The box was throughout thirteen or fourteen inches square, with only one entrance way. When a batting display took place, the badger was placed inside the box at the far end of the shorter compartment. It will be apparent, from being so placed, that it had some advantage over any dog attacking in front. The dog had to proceed up the longer leg of the box, and then turning sharp round, found the object of its search cautiously crouching, and on the watch for any advancing foe.
A strong fresh badger was never unprepared for fight, and, by being thus on the alert, had the opportunity of inflicting a fearful bite at the outset; so severe, indeed, that any currish inclined dog at once made the best of his way out, howling with pain, and thoroughly discomfited. And no coaxing, no inducement in the world, could make the craven-hearted brute attempt a second attack.
On the contrary, one of the right sort rushed immediately into close quarters, seized the badger with as little delay as might be, and endeavoured to drag it forth into open daylight. It required a dog of rare pluck and courage, however, to accomplish this feat—one, in fact, insensible to punishment; and few could be found willing to face and endure hard biting, and force the badger from its lair. Pure bred bull dogs will naturally go in and face anything, but it is in very few instances thatthey make any attempt to draw. Long experience showed that the best and truest that could be produced, were a cross between a well bred bull dog and a terrier, commonly known as bull terriers. Sufficiently powerful and courageous dogs were, also, to some extent, to be found amongst rough wiry haired terriers—the Charlieshope Pepper and Mustard breed of Dandie Dinmonts—which "fear naething that ever cam wi' a hairy skin on't;" and the handsome, smooth, glossy-coated black and tan dog, "fell chield at the varmin," which would buckle either "tods or brocks." Bedlington terriers,—a distinct breed of Northumbrian origin, long known and esteemed in Cumberland and other northern counties—have frequently proved themselves admirable adepts at drawing the badger. These dogs, properly speaking, are more "fluffy" coated than wiry—have greater length of leg than the Dandie Dinmonts—are full of spirit and stamina—remarkably active and alert—and very fierce and resolute when called into action.
The badger is not often much hurt in the drawing, the thickness of their skin being sufficient to prevent them from taking any great harm. The looseness of the skin is such that they can turn easily, and, moreover, they are so quick in moving about, that the dogs are often desperately wounded in the first assault, and compelled to give up the contest.
To give an idea of the extreme sensitiveness for cleanliness which characterize the habits of thebadger, let the following example be taken. On being drawn from its barrel by the dog, it not unfrequently happens in the scuffle which ensues, that the animal is rolled over and over, among the mire of the road, or the dirt of some neighbouring dunghill. Should the badger, however, be able to escape to its place of refuge in the barrel, even for a minute or two, the onlooker is surprised to find it turn out again as "snod" and clean, as if the dragging process through the dirt had never been undergone.
Several proverbial sayings are current, which have been drawn from the nature and habits of this animal. For instance, a man of much and long continued endurance, is said to be "as hard as a brock;" and any one, upon whom age is creeping, and whose hair has lost a good deal of its original brightness, is said to be "as grey as a badger." Relph of Sebergham, in detailing in his native patois, the woes of a young and lusty love-sick swain, gives an illustration of one of the modes of hunting the animal:—
Nae mair i' th' neets thro' woods he leads,To treace the wand'rin'brock;But sits i' th' nuik, an' nowt else heeds,But Jenny an' her rock.
Nae mair i' th' neets thro' woods he leads,To treace the wand'rin'brock;But sits i' th' nuik, an' nowt else heeds,But Jenny an' her rock.
In addition to the haunts of the badger incidentally mentioned, Brock-stones, in Kentmere; Brock-holes, at the foot of Tebay Fells; Graythwaite woods, in Furness Fells; Greystoke forest, nearPenrith; Brockley-moor, in Inglewood forest; Brock-hills, near Hesket Newmarket; and Brocklebank, on the east side of Derwentwater;—these and many other like coverts in the Lake Country, (as their names indicate,) were all strongholds and places of much resort for these animals, in the olden time.
Within the memory of living man, badgers have burrowed in the sand hills on Brocklebank, where it was not uncustomary for the tag-rag and bob-tail fraternity of Keswick, to hunt and capture them for the purpose of baiting.
About the year 1823, Tom Wilson, a shoemaker—reared at The Woodman inn, Keswick—remembers one being caught in a sack at the foot of Brockle-beck, when a novel but extremely foolish experiment was tried in the way of hunting it. It was let off in the midst of a gang of rough men, half-grown lads, and dogs, in deep water, near Lord's Island on Derwent Lake, and the chances are that the poor animal perished by drowning. At all events, it soon disappeared under the surface, and was never seen again by man or dog.
A husbandman, named Jonathan Gill, captured another on Great How, a steep wooded mountain which rises on the east side of Thirlmere lake. These are the two last badgers in the Keswick locality, of which we have any tidings. It is more than probable that the Brocklebank herd became dispersed or extinct about this period.
Represent to yourself the earliest dawn of a fine summer's morning, time about half-past two o'clock. A young man, anxious for an introduction to Mr. Wilson, and as yet pretty nearly a stranger to the country, has taken up his abode in Grasmere, and has strolled out at this early hour to that rocky and moorish common (called the White Moss) which overhangs the Vale of Rydal, dividing it from Grasmere. Looking southwards in the direction of Rydal, suddenly he becomes aware of a huge beast advancing at a long trot, with the heavy and thundering tread of a hippopotamus, along the public road. The creature is soon arrived within half a mile of his station; and by the grey light of morning is at length made out to be a bull, apparently flying from some unseen enemy in his rear. As yet, however, all is mystery; but suddenly three horsemen double a turn in the road, and come flying into sight with the speed of a hurricane,manifestly in pursuit of the fugitive bull. The bull labours to navigate his huge bulk to the moor, which he reaches, and then pauses panting and blowing out clouds of smoke from his nostrils, to look back from his station amongst rocks and slippery crags upon his hunters. If he had conceited that the rockiness of the ground had secured his repose, the foolish bull is soon undeceived; the horsemen, scarcely relaxing their speed, charge up the hill, and speedily gaining the rear of the bull, drive him at a gallop over the worst part of that impracticable ground down to the level ground below. At this point of time the stranger perceives by the increasing light of the morning that the hunters are armed with immense spears fourteen feet long. With these the bull is soon dislodged, and scouring down to the plain below, he and the hunters at his tail take to the common at the head of the lake, and all, in the madness of the chase, are soon half engulphed in the swamp of the morass. After plunging together for about ten or fifteen minutes all suddenly regain theterra firma, and the bull again makes for the rocks. Up to this moment, there had been the silence of ghosts; and the stranger had doubted whether the spectacle were not a pageant of aërial spectres—ghostly huntsmen, ghostly lances, and a ghostly bull. But just at this crisis, a voice (it was the voice of Mr. Wilson) shouted aloud, "Turn the villain! turn that villain! or he will take to Cumberland." The youngstranger did the service required; the villain was turned, and fled southwards; the hunters, lance in rest, rushed after him; all bowed their thanks as they fled past; the fleet cavalcade again took the high road; they doubled the cape which shut them out of sight; and in a moment all had disappeared, and left the quiet valley to its original silence, whilst the young stranger, and two grave Westmorland "statesmen," (who by this time had come into sight upon some accident or other) stood wondering in silence, and saying to themselves, perhaps,
"The earth hath bubbles as the water hath;And these are of them."
"The earth hath bubbles as the water hath;And these are of them."
But they were no bubbles; the bull was a substantial bull, and took no harm at all from being turned out occasionally at midnight for a chase of fifteen or eighteen miles. The bull, no doubt, used to wonder at this nightly visitation; and the owner of the bull must sometimes have pondered a little on the draggled state in which the swamps would now and then leave his beast; but no other harm came of it.
Abbot, Joseph, Bampton, and Tom "Dyer,"165,and Weightman,190,198"A bit iv a lad stept oot of a corner o' the ring,"202Alston town, description of,135" wrestlers,135Arlecdon moor wrestling meetings,68Armstrong, "Solid Yak,"131,143,151Armstrong, Jacob, thrown by Weightman,199Ashburner, Tom, Grasmere, and Roan Long,92Atkinson, Robert, Sleagill giant,8Badgers and Badger Baiting,235" at Naworth,236Balmer, John, nearly drowned in Windermere,78Bateman, William, Yottenfews,176Barrow, John, Windermere,77Bedlington terriers,241Best, George, Yarrow,xlivBewick, Thomas, and his Ainstable cousin,14,bull baiting,222Bigg, John Stanyan, quotation from,134Bird, George, Langwathby,33" Joseph, Holme Wrangle,66,71,72Border wrestling at Miles end,xlvBowstead, John, brother to Bishop of Lichfield,32Bridewain or Bidden Weddings,15Brown, Rev. Abraham, wrestler,63Brunskill, George, and William Wilson,185Bull Baiting,219Bull-dogs and Bull-terriers,240Burns, Arthur, Ullater, and Roan Long,92,175Caldbeck, familiar name at,157Carlisle wrestling, list of men who contended at first annual meeting,107Cass, William, and Tom Todd,171,and Weightman,184,203,204Casson, Robert, Oxenpark,177Chapman, Richard,33,146,167Christopherson, Brian, Oxenpark,176Clark, William, Hesket-new-market,153,160"Clattan," (seeMc.Laughlan)Cock-fighting prohibited by the Puritans,xxviiCock-fighting at Elleray and Alston,142"Cork lad of Kentmere,"3Cornish wrestling,xxv,xxviiiCromwell, Oliver, at a wrestling meeting,xxviiCrow park, Keswick,179Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling, ancient,1Dandie Dinmont terriers,241Dennison, George,141" thrown by William Dickinson,140,sets a dislocated shoulder in the Carlisle ring,144Devonshire wrestling,xxv,xxviiiDickinson, William,135Dixon, Miles,74"James,84—103" George, "aw t' Dixons errant doon yet,"85"Dixon's three jumps,"13Dobson, John, Cliburn,24,163Dodd, Adam, Langwathby,24,28,32,64Dodd, Robert, Brough,7"Doon on ye'r knees, fadder, an' boo like a bull,"222Eals, Sarah, Alston, a shrew,140Earl, John, Cumwhitton,120,160Earl, William, and "Clattan,"212,214English wrestling, old,xxivFaulds Brow sports,56Fawcett, James,36—24Fearon, John, Gilcrux,171,172Fidler, John, Wythop hall,67Ford, T., Ravenglass,56, and Weightman,189,190Forster Brothers, the, of Penton,168,193Foxes and Badgers fraternising,237"Fwok sud aye be menseful, an' menseful amang fwok,"206"Gwordie Maut" and Weightman,192Gibson, Alexander Craig, "Folk Speech of Cumberland,"97Golightly, Thomas, Alston,24,129Graham, Sir James—black mare,187Graham, James, and Weightman,193,199,throws "Clattan,"210Graham, Harry,116—66Grecian wrestling, ancient,ixGretna fight, the—Carter and Oliver,173Harrison, Thomas, Blencow,10" John, New Church,54,143" John, Lowick, "Checky,"175Herdwick sheep,58High street mountain, sports on,11Hodgson, Tom,—quarrel with Weightman,197,throws "Clattan,"210Hogg, James, Ettrick Shepherd,xxxviiiHolmes, John, King of Mardale,32Holmes, John, tailor,93"Hoo 'at thoo let him hipe the' i' that stupid fashion?"183Howard, Mr. Philip, Corby Castle, and Weightman,197Howell, Edward, Greystoke,184Huddleston, Mr. Andrew,10"If thoo says Clattan isn't a gud russler,"182Indian wrestling,xviiiIrish wrestling,xlviIrishmen, two, and Tom Nicholson,111Irving, George,204,210,212"I's nobbut shy—I's nobbut varra shy,"206Jackson, Joseph, sickle maker,176Jameson, Samuel, Penrith,54,145,159" William,34Japanese wrestling,xii,contrasted with Northern English,xviiJordan, John, Great Salkeld,117"Jwohn Barleycworn's ruin't mony a gud heart,"206"Keg," the Keswick bully,111Langwathby Rounds,27Liddle, John, Bothel,171,209Litt, William,61;and William Richardson,50,and Miles Dixon,83,describes Weightman,195Little, John, facetious letter on Carlisle ring,196Long, Rowland,90—51,179Long John,96—throws Tom Nicholson,104Longmire, Thomas,93Lonsdale, Earl of, patronizes the wrestling ring,149Lowthian, Isaac, Plumpton,34Lowden, Charles, challenged,58" John, Keswick,67,96,104,138,145Mackereth, William,115—96,and "Clattan,"215"Marcy, Jwohn! is that thee?"173Marshall, the forgeman, at Sparkbridge,176,177Mason, Isaac, Croglin,29,32,182Maughan, Isaac, Alston,25Mc.Donald, Anthony, Appleby,33,34Mc.Laughlan, John,208—110,153,and William Wilson,181,and Weightman,203Melmerby Rounds,20Michie, Robert, Hawick,xliiiMiles End athletic Border games,xlvMorton, Thomas, Gale,25,33" Joseph, Gale,26Mulcaster, Richard, on the art of "wrastling,"5Muncaster bridge, "built by men from Grasmere,"86Nanny, Louis, Haltwhistle,171Nicholson, Matthias, Penruddock,11Nicholson, Thomas,99—thrown by Miles Dixon,83,match with Harry Graham,117Nicholson, John,46,100,109"Noo, lads, I've clear'd rooad for yee,"92Olympic games,ix"Owther the coo back, or the brass to pay for't,"205Parker, John, Sparkgate,54" Joseph, Crooklands,75Parkyns, Sir Thomas, treatise on wrestling,xxviii,rules and conditions, xxxiiParkyns, Sir Thomas.Some account of his life,xxxiii" and Professor Wilson, similarity between,xxxviiPearson, Henry, great upholder of wrestling,106,161,199Pearson, Shepherd—a curious bet,49Peart, Cuthbert, and Jemmy Fawcett,40Peat, Thomas, Blencow,24,32,194Pocklington, Mr., and Keswick regatta,179Pooley, Ralph, Longlands,35Powley, Miss, "Echoes of Old Cumberland,"20,27,155Puritan anathema against Cumberland and Westmorland,2Pythian games,ixRelph, Rev. Josiah, quotation from,242Reminiscences of West Cumberland, by William Dickinson,236Richardson, John, Staffield hall,130Richardson, John, Caldbeck, and Scotch rebels,158Richardson, Lady, Lancrigg,87Richardson, Thomas, "the Dyer,"156" and Tom Todd,168,169,and William Wilson,180Richardson, William, Caldbeck,43"118, and Dennison,147,and William Wilson,183Ridley, Tom, "the glutton," and Tom Nicholson,112,138,and Weightman,191Robinsons of Cunsey, and Roan Long,94Robinson, James,149-195,209Robinson of Renwick,212" Jonathan, Allerby,214Robley, John, Scarrowmannock,24" Joseph, Scarrowmannock,56Rodgers, Jonathan, Brotherelkeld,75Routledge of "Clockymill,"189Rowantree, Robert,126-54Salmon poaching in the Derwent,113Savage of Bolton,143Scotland, wrestling in,xxxviiiScott, Sir Walter, at St. Ronans games,xxxviiiScott, James, Canonbie,119Scougal, George, Innerleithen,xlSelkirk, John, Beckermet, throws "Clattan,"215Skulls of Calgarth,97Slee, William, Dacre,139,152,159Snow storm of 1807, great,133Spedding, John, Egremont,147Stagg, John, blind bard,15Stamper, George, Underskiddaw,110"Standback," assumed name for trail hounds,172"Stangings" at Langwathby,30Steadman, George, Drybeck,35Stephenson, Thomas, and Jemmy Fawcett,41Stone Carr, ancient sports at,8Taylor, Benjamin, bone setter,141Thompson, Joseph, Caldbeck,33Thompson, Teasdale, High Rotherup,23Thwaites, William, and Professor Wilson,177Tinling, Dr., Warwick bridge,189Tinnian, Job, Holme Cultram,47Todd, "Brandy," Wigton,48Todd, Tom, Knarsdale,167—160,161Trail Hounds,172Turkey, wrestling match in,xxiWard, William, North Tyne,128Watson, Jonathan,184,193,194,210Weardale wrestlers,136Weightman, John,186—160,171" and Tom "Dyer,"165,and William Wilson,184,and "Clattan,"211Westmorland and Cumberland wrestling, ancient,1"What's t'e gaen to mak' o' yon 'an, Tom?"166"When a bit iv a tailyer can thrā' me,"93Whitfield, "Pakin,"38Wilson, William,175-55,88,163Wilson, William, "Wicked Will" of Grasmere,177Wilson, Professor, and Sir Thos. Parkyns, similarity between,xxxvii" on the wrestling at Carlisle,18,fracas with Tom Nicholson,104" Midnight chase of a bull,244"78,81,83Windermere lake, wrestling on frozen surface of,14Woodall, John, Gosforth,8Wrestling on St. Bartholomew's day,xxv" and riots near the Hospitall of Matilde,xxviWrestling match for £1000,xxviii" not a Scotch game,xlivWright, Wilfrid, and Tom "Dyer,"166"Wully! we sud beàth been weel bray't,"148