Chapter 5

[105e]Gwrveling.

[105f]Al. “ungentle.”

[105g]Vide supra, lines 89, 113.

[105h]As there is nothing to rhyme with “ryodres,” probably there is a line left out here.

[106a]It would appear from this that the feast was given in celebration of the time of harvest. That the Britons, like the Jews, exhibited signs of great joy at that season, may be inferred from the following Triads of Dyvnwal Moelmud. (Myv. Arch. vol. iii. p. 283.)

“Tair clud udcorn sydd; dygynnull gwlad gan riaint a phencenedloedd,corn cynhauav, a chorn cad a rhyvel rhag gormes gorwlad ac estron.”There are three trumpet progressions; the assembly of a country according to heads of families and chiefs of tribes, the horn of harvest, and the horn of war and of battle against the oppression of neighbours and aliens.“Tair clud addwyn y sydd; beirdd yn darogan heddwch,cyrch cynhauav, a phriodas.”There are three happy progressions; bards announcing peace, a meeting in harvest time, and a marriage.“Tri corn cynghlud y sydd;corn cynhauav, corn dadlau, a chorn goly-chwyd.”There are three horns for mutual progression; the horn of harvest, the horn of contention, and the horn for religious adoration.

“Tair clud udcorn sydd; dygynnull gwlad gan riaint a phencenedloedd,corn cynhauav, a chorn cad a rhyvel rhag gormes gorwlad ac estron.”

There are three trumpet progressions; the assembly of a country according to heads of families and chiefs of tribes, the horn of harvest, and the horn of war and of battle against the oppression of neighbours and aliens.

“Tair clud addwyn y sydd; beirdd yn darogan heddwch,cyrch cynhauav, a phriodas.”

There are three happy progressions; bards announcing peace, a meeting in harvest time, and a marriage.

“Tri corn cynghlud y sydd;corn cynhauav, corn dadlau, a chorn goly-chwyd.”

There are three horns for mutual progression; the horn of harvest, the horn of contention, and the horn for religious adoration.

[106b]“Arvel,” which is required on account of the rhyme.

[106c]Bright shields, which are here likened to wings.

“Y gylchwy dan y gymwy bu adenawc.” Line 361His round shield was with fire winged for slaughter.

“Y gylchwy dan y gymwy bu adenawc.” Line 361

His round shield was with fire winged for slaughter.

[106d]An allusion to the trappings of the horses.

[107a]“Diryf.” “Rhyv;” that enlarges or swells out; “diryv,” without enlargement. A descriptive reference to the expanding or bulging effects of spears when hurled against a shield.

[107b]Al. “with equal step they thickly assembled,” “cnydyn” fromcnydiaw, to yield a crop. And “cynfedion” fromcydtogether, andpedion, feet.

[107c]Al. “unprofitably.”

[107d]“Hudid” (huddid) covered over.

[107e]Query, “vras” to rhyme with “glas”?

[107f]“Teithi;”the character, i.e. of the military preparations.

[107g]“Amgant;” al. “etmygant;” in which case the passage might be rendered,—

“Famous were the characteristicsOf, &c.”

[107h]The Novantæ comprised the present districts of Galloway, Carrick, Kyle, and Cunningham.

[108a]If we have interpreted “pumcant” aright, as giving the number of men in each battalion, it would appear that “mwnt,” though primarily standing for one hundred thousand, has also a general sense. This view of it might in like manner apply to the statement made at line 49.

[108b]“Trychwn,” i.e. tri cwn (a head) a regiment commanded by one head.

[108c]Al. “Thrice six,” &c. Al. “Three noisy,” &c. That as many as 300 commanders should issue from Eiddin, can only be explained on the supposition that, because of its proximity to Cattraeth, it formed the principal station of the allied forces.

[108d]Lit. “golden kings wearing chains.” The manner in which the greater and lesser numbers are placed in juxtaposition (lines 184–187) makes it very probable that the latter designate the commanders of the troops there mentioned. And we may well suppose that the statement from line 188 to line 191 is a mere continuation of the character of the “three bold knights.”

[108e]Lead, being heavy, answers to “trwm” in the preceding line.

[108f]A reference to the armour of the soldiers.

[109a]Or “who were Brython.” The Brython were the third “social tribe of the Isle of Britain,” who “came from the land of Llydaw, and were descended from the primitive tribe of the Cymry,” (Triad 5, third series.) Being the third principal tribe that settled in Britain, it is probable that their original inheritance was Alban, one of the “three principal provinces of the Isle of Britain,” (See Triad 2) which they must have occupied prior to the time of Prydain the son of Aedd Mawr. Dunbarton is Dun Bretton, i.e. Dinas y Brython.

[109b]Cynon was the son of Clydno Eiddin, and one of the three counselling warriors of Arthur.

“Tri chyngoriad varchawg llys Arthur; Cynon ab Clydno Eiddin, Arawn ab Cynvarch, a Llywarch Hen ab Elidyr Lydanwyn.” (Triad 86, first series.)

He was also one of the “three ardent lovers,” on account of his passion for Morvydd, daughter of Urien Rheged.

“Tri serchawg Ynys Prydain; Caswallawn mab Beli am Flur merch Fugnach Gorr, a Thrystan mab Tallwch am Essyllt gwreig March Meirchiawn ei ewythr, a Chynon ab Clydno Eiddun am Forwydd verch Urien.” (Tr. 53.)

Cynon ab Clydno Eiddin was educated at the college of Llancarvan, and is said to have answered one of the seven questions proposed by Cattwg Ddoeth, the President, as follows,—

“Pa gamp decav ar ddyn?Atteb. Cyweirdeb.” (Cynan ab Clydno Eiddin ai dywawd.)What is man’s fairest quality?Answer. Sincerity.

“Pa gamp decav ar ddyn?Atteb. Cyweirdeb.” (Cynan ab Clydno Eiddin ai dywawd.)

What is man’s fairest quality?Answer. Sincerity.

His grave is recorded in the Englynion y Beddau. (Myv. Arch. vol i. p. 79.)

[109c]We adopt this as a proper name, because it makes up the number three. A person of that name is mentioned in the following stanza;—

“A glywaist ti chwedl Cynrain,Pen cyngor Ynys Prydain,Gwell ydyw cadw nag olrhain.”Hast thou heard the saying of Cynrain,The chief counsellor of the Island of Britain?Better to keep than to pursue. (Iolo MSS. pp. 251, 651.)

“A glywaist ti chwedl Cynrain,Pen cyngor Ynys Prydain,Gwell ydyw cadw nag olrhain.”

Hast thou heard the saying of Cynrain,The chief counsellor of the Island of Britain?Better to keep than to pursue. (Iolo MSS. pp. 251, 651.)

The word has however been construed “chief spearmen,” and “of the stock of.”

[109d]There is a place so called in Cardiganshire.

[110a]Al. “gogyverth,” to oppose.

[110b]“Yn hon,” fromonan ash, and by metonymy, a spear. Or, as “hon” means what is present to the sight, we may construe the passage thus,—

“To greet openly,” &c.

[110c]“Deivyr diverogion,” the droppers of Deivyr; not “the men who droppedintoDeira,” as Davies has it. Deivyr and Bryneich were now opposed to the British patriots. See lines 50, 78.

[110d]Namely Cydywal, a chieftain of Gwynedd, now stationed in the region of Mordei; considering the disaster that ensued, it appeared whilst he presided over the banquet in his own camp, as if he were merely preparing a feast for the birds of prey.

[110e]His history is unknown.

[110f]“Cyn y,” i.e.cyni.

[111a]Nothing is known of this diviner.

[111b]The “croes” was probably a kind of cross bow. Taliesin in “Gwaith Gwenystrad” says of the slain warriors,—

“Llaw ynghroes”—

Which has been translated by Ieuan Vardd,

“Their hands were on the crucifix [cross.]” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 52.)

Al. “Athrwys,” (ath-rhwys) “very vigorously.”

[111c]This appears to have been the compact entered into by the different tribes of the Britons, for the purpose of withstanding the usurpation of the common foe. See line 32.

[111d]“Ermygei,” which might also, and perhaps more literally, be renderedhe paid respect to. The other reading “dirmygei,” would meanhe spurned, ordishonoured.

[111e]“Blaen Gwynedd,” the borders of North Wales, whither the Saxon encroachment had already extended.

[112a]“Fawd ut,” i.e. ffawddyd, from ffawdd, radiation, splendour. We may also render the sentence as follows,—

“I fell by the radiant rampart, (ffin)”

the epithetradianthaving a reference to the arms of the soldiers.

[112b]Or, as a moral reflection,—

“A hero’s prowess is not without ambition.”

There are various readings of the word which is here translatedprowess, e.g. cobnet, colwed, eofned, but all of them are capable of that construction, thus “cobnet” comes fromcobiaw, to thump, “colwed,” fromcola sting, or a prop, whilst “eofned” literally means fearlessness.

[112c]In Maelderw’s stanzas thus,—

“When all went up, thou didst go down.”

In another place,—

“When all were extended, thou didst also fall.”

[112d]The line in Gorchan Maelderw, Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 62, has been translated by Dr. W. O. Pughe,

“Present, ere he spoke, was carried with the arms.” (Dict.VoceBreichiawl.)

That in the other Gorchan of Maelderw, page 85, may be rendered,

Present narrates that he was carried with the arms.

[113a]Lit. “Three heroes and three score and three hundred, wearing the golden torques.”

[113b]If “ffosawd” ever bears the meaning assigned to it by Dr. Pughe, it must have derived it from the practise of fighting in thefosseof a camp, (which would be peculiarlygashing) for on his own showing the word has no other etymon than that of “ffos,” aditch, atrench. From the same root Merddin gives it the sense of burial—defossio.

“A hyt vraut yth goffaafDyffossauttrallaut trymmaf.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 149.)Until doom will I rememberThy interment, which was a most heavy affliction.

“A hyt vraut yth goffaafDyffossauttrallaut trymmaf.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 149.)

Until doom will I rememberThy interment, which was a most heavy affliction.

Likewise Taliesin;—

“Hyd ydd aeth efErcwlf murffosawdAs arnut tywawd.” (Myv. Arch. i. p. 69.)Until he, Ercwlf,Descended into the fosse of the rampart,And was covered with sand.

“Hyd ydd aeth efErcwlf murffosawdAs arnut tywawd.” (Myv. Arch. i. p. 69.)

Until he, Ercwlf,Descended into the fosse of the rampart,And was covered with sand.

[114a]Their names are given in “Gwarchan Cynvelyn.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. page 60. Davies’s Mythology, page 622.)

Three warriors and three score and three hundred,To the conflict of Cattraeth went forth;Of those who hastened from the mead of the cup-bearers,Three only returned,Cynon and Cadreith, and Cadlew of Cadnant,And I myself from the shedding of blood.—

[114b]The grave of Cynon is thus recorded;—

“Bet gur gwaud urtinIn uchel titin in isel gwelitinBet Cynon mab Clytno Idin.”The grave of a warrior of high renownIs in a lofty region—but a lowly bed;The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin.

“Bet gur gwaud urtinIn uchel titin in isel gwelitinBet Cynon mab Clytno Idin.”

The grave of a warrior of high renownIs in a lofty region—but a lowly bed;The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin.

And in another stanza;

“Piau y bet y dann y brinBet gur gwrt yng KiuiscinBet Kinon mab Clytno Idin.”Whose is the grave beneath the hill?It is the grave of a warrior valiant in the conflict,—The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin. (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 79.)

“Piau y bet y dann y brinBet gur gwrt yng KiuiscinBet Kinon mab Clytno Idin.”

Whose is the grave beneath the hill?It is the grave of a warrior valiant in the conflict,—The grave of Cynon the son of Clydno Eiddin. (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 79.)

A saying of Cadreith has been preserved in the Englynion y Clywed.

“A glyweisti a gant CadreithFab Porthawr filwr areithNi char Dofydd diobeith.” (Myv. Arch. i. 175.)Hast thou heard what Cadreith sang,The son of Porthawr, with the warlike speech?God loves not the despairer.

“A glyweisti a gant CadreithFab Porthawr filwr areithNi char Dofydd diobeith.” (Myv. Arch. i. 175.)

Hast thou heard what Cadreith sang,The son of Porthawr, with the warlike speech?God loves not the despairer.

[114c]“Gwenwawd.” It might be translated “flattering song,” butcandidorsacredseems more consonant with the character of a Bard, whose motto was “Y gwir yn erbyn y byd.” We may presume that Aneurin on this occasion displayed his heraldic badge, which, according to the law of nations, would immediately cause a cessation of hostilities.

“Tair braint Beirdd ynys Prydain; Trwyddedogaeth lle’r elont; nas dycer arv noeth yn eu herbyn: a gair eu gair hwy ar bawb.”The three primary privileges of the Bards of the Isle of Britain; maintenance wherever they go; that no naked weapon be borne in their presence; and their word be preferred to that of all others. (Institutional Triads. See also Myv. Arch. vol. iii. Laws of Dyvnwal Moelmud.)“Sed me per hostes Mercurius celerDenso paventem sustulit aere. (Horace Carm. lib. ii. Ode 7.)

“Tair braint Beirdd ynys Prydain; Trwyddedogaeth lle’r elont; nas dycer arv noeth yn eu herbyn: a gair eu gair hwy ar bawb.”

The three primary privileges of the Bards of the Isle of Britain; maintenance wherever they go; that no naked weapon be borne in their presence; and their word be preferred to that of all others. (Institutional Triads. See also Myv. Arch. vol. iii. Laws of Dyvnwal Moelmud.)

“Sed me per hostes Mercurius celerDenso paventem sustulit aere. (Horace Carm. lib. ii. Ode 7.)

[115a]“Gwyn dragon;” probably Hengist, who bore, as his arms, awhite prancing horseupon a red field. There is here accordingly an allusion to the first arrival of the Saxons, which was the cause to the Britons of all their national calamities for many a long year after.

Al. “Had it not been for the two hundred (al. ten hundred) men of the white-bannered commander.”

[115b]Or, “we were not—until.” &c.

[115c]Lit. “thorn bushes.” For an illustration of the advantage which the natives would derive from their woods and thickets in times of war, the reader is referred to a story told of Caradoc in the Iolo MSS. pp. 185, 597. which on account of its length we cannot transfer into our pages.

[115d]Or more sententiously, as Davies has it,

“Base is he in the field, who is base to his own relatives.”

The construction adopted in the text, might allude to the marriage of Rowena with Vortigern.

[116a]“Llwyeu,” from “llwyv,” aframe, aplatform, aloft. Or it may be “llwyv,” anelm tree, in reference to the devastation of the groves just mentioned. The elm was very common in the island at the period under consideration. Taliesin celebrates a battle entitled “Gwaith Argoed Llwyvein,” which means “the battle of the forest of elms.”

“A rhag gwaith Argoed LlwyvainBu llawer celain.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 53.)

Al. “When we were deprived of our sharpened weapons.”

[116b]Thus in Gorchan Maelderw,—

“There trod not, in Gododin, on the surface of the fosse,When deprived of his sharpened weapon, none more destitute.”

[116c]One reading has “the weapon of death,” another, “the death-formed weapon, is broken and motionless.”

[116d]If we give an affirmative meaning to the words “angkynnull agkymandull agkysgoget,” the couplet might be thus rendered,—

“They assembled in arms, and in complete array they moved along,And rolled through the mighty horde.”

It is observable that Carnhuanawc adopted this affirmative form in a similar passage with which “Gorchan Tudvwlch” opens, thus:

“Arv ynghynnull,Yn nghymandull,Twrv yn agwedd;Y rhag meiwedd,Y rhag mawredd,Y rhag madiedd.”They assemble in arms,The forces are marshalled,Tumult approaches:In the van are the warlike,In the van are the noble,In the van are the good.

“Arv ynghynnull,Yn nghymandull,Twrv yn agwedd;Y rhag meiwedd,Y rhag mawredd,Y rhag madiedd.”

They assemble in arms,The forces are marshalled,Tumult approaches:In the van are the warlike,In the van are the noble,In the van are the good.

And he moreover traces a similarity between this style and that of Tacitus, wherein the latter describes the effects of Galgacus’s address upon his British followers;—

“Jamque agmina, et armorum fulgores, audentissimi, cujusque procursu, simul instruebantur acies.” (See Hanes Cymru, p. 96.)

[117a]Al. “llawr,” “andprostratethe horde of the Lloegrians.”

[117b]The Lloegrians were the second “social tribe” that settled in Britain. Their province was that of Lloegyr, by which the Welsh still designate England, (Triads v. ii. first series) though there is reason to believe that it was originally of much smaller extent. The Lloegrians for the most part coalesced with the Saxons, (Triad vii. third series) and grievously harassed the Cymry in the sixth century.

“Cynddylan, cae di y rhiw,Er yddaw Lloegyrwys heddiw;Amgeledd am un nid gwiw!” (Llywarch Hen.)Cynddylan, guard thou the cliff,Against any Lloegrians that may come this day;Concern for one should not avail.

“Cynddylan, cae di y rhiw,Er yddaw Lloegyrwys heddiw;Amgeledd am un nid gwiw!” (Llywarch Hen.)

Cynddylan, guard thou the cliff,Against any Lloegrians that may come this day;Concern for one should not avail.

[117c]“Ygcynuor,” i.e. “yn cynvor.” Al. “cynnor,”the entrance. Al. “ynghynwr,”in the turmoil.

[117d]This probably refers to the enemy, who, being pagans, burnt their dead. The fact might have been suggested to the poet’s mind, by the name of his hero “Graid,” which signifiesheat.

[117e]Viz. that of Graid.

[117f]The rhyme determines this form, which occurs in 1. In Gorchan Maelderw, we have, instead of Graid the son of Hoewgi, “Braint the son of Bleiddgi.”

[118a]“Orwydan,” from Gorwydd. Another way of translating these lines would be—

“There was the hero of the two shielded wings,The one with the variegated front; the other of like quality with Prydwen;

which was the name of Arthur’s shield;—

“Tarian a gymmerai Arthur ar ei Ysgwydd, yr hon a elwid Prydwen.”A shield did Arthur take upon his shoulder, which was called Prydwen. (Gr. ab Arthur.)

“Tarian a gymmerai Arthur ar ei Ysgwydd, yr hon a elwid Prydwen.”

A shield did Arthur take upon his shoulder, which was called Prydwen. (Gr. ab Arthur.)

The supposition that Arthur’s shield had already acquired a notable renown is indirectly corroborated by an alleged contemporary poem, “Preiddiau Annwn.” (Myv. Arch. vol. i. p. 45) in which his ship of the same name is clearly invested with a similarly extravagant character,—

“Tri lloneid Prydwen ydd aetham ni ar for.”

[118b]Al. “in the midst of arms.”

[118c]Perhaps scintillations from the clash of arms.

[118d]Occasioned by the brightness of the arms. Al. “Clouded was the dawn, and the sun,” Al. “there was misery.”

[118e]“Bude vran,” an allusion to the name ofBudvan.

[119a]An old Adage says,—

“Nac addev dy rin i was.”Reveal not thy secrets to a servant.

“Nac addev dy rin i was.”

Reveal not thy secrets to a servant.

[119b]Perhaps buried on the field of battle, where the horses would trample on his grave; or the expression might allude to the mode of his being conveyed by horses to his last resting place.

[119c]“Eleirch,” lit.swans, but the expression “meirch eilw eleirch,” (horses of the colour of swans) in the Maelderw version, seems to favour the translation we have given above.

[119d]Or, “the trappings” of his charger.

[119e]His history is not known.

[120a]That is, he would not cowardly desert his post, and thus leave an opening in the rank.

[120b]During the Christmas festivities, which lasted for twelve days:

“Llon ceiliog a thwylluanAudeuddeng-nyddyn hoean”—Engl. y Misoedd.

On those occasions Bards and minstrels were frequent guests at the halls of the nobility, and their company contributed not a little to the general entertainment. The air “Nos Galan,” we may fairly presume, was a favourite at those festivities.

[120c]The word “arvaeth” in this poem seems to have a reference throughout to “arwydd,” orensign. Thus we may suppose that Gwenabwy bore theDragonfor his arms, which device conveyed the idea of devastation, rather than that of cultivation.

[120d]The Bard, according to his general custom, is here contrasting the two aspects of his hero’s character, the domestic and the martial.

[121a]A person of the name of Gwenabwy is mentioned in the Hoiannau of Merddin.—Myv. Arch. v. i. p. 137.

[121b]Llywarch Hen had a son of the name of Gwên: see his Elegy on Old Age, where he speaks in rapturous terms of the youth’s valour.

“Pedwar meib ar ugaint a’m bu,Eurdorchawg, tywysawg llu;Oedd Gwên goreu o naddu,” &c.Four and twenty sons I have had,Wearing the golden chain, leaders of armies;Gwên was the best of them.

“Pedwar meib ar ugaint a’m bu,Eurdorchawg, tywysawg llu;Oedd Gwên goreu o naddu,” &c.

Four and twenty sons I have had,Wearing the golden chain, leaders of armies;Gwên was the best of them.

[121c]“Mai ymead y gathleu.” There seems to be a playful allusion in these words tomewianandcath, the mewing of a cat.

[121d]“Meirch,” suggested by the name “Marchleu.”

[121e]Al. “Maenor,” stones.

[121f]Or “by the commander on his prancing charger.” “Llemenig,” might be a proper name, for we find that one of “the three free guests of the court of Arthur,” was so called. Nevertheless, as it would in that character appear somewhat out of place here, we have chosen the etymological sense in preference.

[121g]“Vym am,” i.e. vy mam, as it occurs, though with the addition of am vyrn, in 6.

[121h]The Bard would here pay an indirect compliment to his own gallantry.

[122a]“Bedryolet.” Al. “Spears of quartered ash were scattered from his hand.”

[122b]“Veinnyell.” Al. “veingel,” qu. narrow shelter?

[122c]Mygedorth is mentioned by Llywarch Hen,—

“Yn Llongborth gwelais i vygedorthA gwyr yn godde ammorthA gorvod gwedi gorborth.”In Llongborth I beheld a solemn pile,And men suffering privation,And in a state of subjection after excess of fruition

“Yn Llongborth gwelais i vygedorthA gwyr yn godde ammorthA gorvod gwedi gorborth.”

In Llongborth I beheld a solemn pile,And men suffering privation,And in a state of subjection after excess of fruition

It is likewise alluded to in the Triads,—

“Cornan, march meibion Elifer Gosgorddfawr, a ddwg arnaw Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, a Chynfelyn Drwsgl, i edrych ar fygedorth Gwenddoleu yn Arderydd.”Cornan, the horse of the sons of Elifer with the great retinue, carried Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, and Cynfelyn the stumbler, to see the funeral pile of Gwenddoleu in Arderydd.“Falsely was it said by Tudlew,That no one’s steeds would be overtaken by Marchleu;As he was reared to bring support to all around,Powerful was the stroke of his sword upon the adversary;Eagerly ascended the ashen spear from the grasp of his hand,From the narrow summit of the awful pile.”Gorch. Mael.

“Cornan, march meibion Elifer Gosgorddfawr, a ddwg arnaw Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, a Chynfelyn Drwsgl, i edrych ar fygedorth Gwenddoleu yn Arderydd.”

Cornan, the horse of the sons of Elifer with the great retinue, carried Gwrgi, Peredur, Dunawd Fyr, and Cynfelyn the stumbler, to see the funeral pile of Gwenddoleu in Arderydd.

“Falsely was it said by Tudlew,That no one’s steeds would be overtaken by Marchleu;As he was reared to bring support to all around,Powerful was the stroke of his sword upon the adversary;Eagerly ascended the ashen spear from the grasp of his hand,From the narrow summit of the awful pile.”Gorch. Mael.

[122d]“Vygu,” or “the place where he would suffocate some one.”

[122e]Or, “he would cut (lladd, mow) with a blade armfuls of furze.” The furze was for the purpose of supplying the pile.

[122f]When the weather is unsettled in harvest time, the reapers display greater energy and activity during the intervals of sunshine; hence the point of the simile.

[123a]Nothing more is known of this chieftain.

[123b]Or “Isaac,” as a proper name.

[123c]“O barth deheu.” “Deheu,” literally meansthe right, and as the mid-day sun is to the right of a person looking eastward, the word is also taken to signify the south; hence we say “deheudir” for South Wales. The “parth deheu” in this place must accordingly mean some district south of the scene of action, such as Wales, where Gwyddno and his family resided, would be.

[123d]“Devodeu,” manners, customs.

[123e]That is, the ebb and influx of the tide represented the contrary aspects of his character, the mild and the impetuous, which are respectively described in the succeeding lines.

[123f]Al. “fromthe point of Maddeu.”

[123g]If we take this “clawdd” to be the Catrail, we must look for Offer and Maddeu towards the extremity most remote from head quarters, i.e. the fort of Eiddin, (Edinburgh) and it is rather remarkable that, whilst the Catrail is generally supposed to terminate southward at the Peel-fell, some eminent antiquaries have fixed its furthest point at CastleOver, where there is a British fort, and others have thought that they could trace it in theMaiden-waynear the Roman wall, though it must be confessed that these supposed continuations are by a third party regarded as Roman roads. The similarity between the words Offer and Over is very obvious. Baxter identifiesOverwithOliclavis, which is naught else butol y clawddthe extremity of the rampart.

[124a]Al. “There was no young offspring that he cut not to pieces, no aged man that he did not scatter about.”

[124b]“Murgreit.” The title is ascribed by Taliesin to the Deity.

“Trindawd tragywyddA oreu elvydd,A gwedi elvydd,Addav yn gelvydd;A gwedi Adda,Y goreu Eva;Yr Israel bendigaidA oreuMurgraia.”The eternal TrinityMade the elements;And after the elementsAdam wonderfully;And after AdamHe made Eve;The blessed IsraelThemighty Spiritmade. (Gwawd Gwyr Israel.)

“Trindawd tragywyddA oreu elvydd,A gwedi elvydd,Addav yn gelvydd;A gwedi Adda,Y goreu Eva;Yr Israel bendigaidA oreuMurgraia.”

The eternal TrinityMade the elements;And after the elementsAdam wonderfully;And after AdamHe made Eve;The blessed IsraelThemighty Spiritmade. (Gwawd Gwyr Israel.)

[124c]Gwyddneu or Gwyddno Garanhir, lord of Cantrev y Gwaelod, A.D. 460–520. Three poems attributed to him are preserved in the Myvyrian Archaiology. A character mentioned in the Mabinogion, goes by the name of Gwyddneu ab Llwydau.

[124d]Mr. Davies thinks that this warrior was the son of Cunedda, who gave his name to Ceredigion. As Cunedda, however, flourished in the early part of the fifth century, the martial age of his son Ceredig would not well coincide with the date of this poem. There was another Caredig, who succeeded Maelgwn Gwynedd as king of the Britons, about A.D. 590.

[125a]“Lletvegin;” lit. adomestic animal. We have another example here of the Bard’s favourite practice of contrasting the different qualities of the person whom he celebrates.

[125b]Or “When the appointed time of his departure is at hand,” q.d., “gar cyrdd,” from “cerdd” awalk. The adopted reading, however, is very strongly corroborated by passages in other poems, where “cyrdd” is unmistakeably used as the plural of “cerdd,” asong, e.g.—

“Cyrdd a cherddorionA chathleu englynion.”Songs and minstrels,And Angel’s melodies. (Taliesin.)“Ys cad ffyrdd, yscar cyrddcyflef.”“He is the roads of battle, he is the friend of harmonious songs.” (Cynddelw.)“Llary deyrn cedyrn yn cadw gwesticyrdd,Cerddoriongyflochi.”A mild prince of mighty men keeping festivals of songs,And equally protecting the minstrels. (Llygad Gwr.)“Arddelw cain ffyrddcyrdd cyflef,Urddedig wledig wlad nef.”Claim the splendid paths of harmonious songs,Consecrated governor of the kingdom of heaven. (Bleddyn Vardd.)

“Cyrdd a cherddorionA chathleu englynion.”

Songs and minstrels,And Angel’s melodies. (Taliesin.)

“Ys cad ffyrdd, yscar cyrddcyflef.”

“He is the roads of battle, he is the friend of harmonious songs.” (Cynddelw.)

“Llary deyrn cedyrn yn cadw gwesticyrdd,Cerddoriongyflochi.”

A mild prince of mighty men keeping festivals of songs,And equally protecting the minstrels. (Llygad Gwr.)

“Arddelw cain ffyrddcyrdd cyflef,Urddedig wledig wlad nef.”

Claim the splendid paths of harmonious songs,Consecrated governor of the kingdom of heaven. (Bleddyn Vardd.)

[125c]A favourite saying of a person of that name has been preserved in the following triplet;

“A glywaist ti chwedl CeredigBrenin doeth detholedig?Pawb a’i droed ar syrthiedig.”Hast thou heard the saying of Ceredig,A wise and select king?Every one has his foot on the fallen. (Iolo MSS. pp. 259, 664.)

“A glywaist ti chwedl CeredigBrenin doeth detholedig?Pawb a’i droed ar syrthiedig.”

Hast thou heard the saying of Ceredig,A wise and select king?Every one has his foot on the fallen. (Iolo MSS. pp. 259, 664.)

[126a]The other reading “ceiniad” would mean aminstrel, which, on the supposition that the chieftain of the present is the same with that of the preceding stanza, would further support the textual construction which we have given there to “car cyrdd,” viz.the friend of song.

[126b]Al. “gowan,” gashing.

[126c]Al. “Crwydyr,” perambulated.

[126d]“Cystudd daear,”buried; “cystudd haiarn,”killed. See line 128.

[126e]Caradawg Vreichvras, chief elder (pen hynaiv) of Gelliwig in Cornwall. (Triad lxiv. first series.) According to the Triads he was one of the battle knights of the Isle of Britain, and in the Englyn attributed to Arthur he is styled “Pillar of Cymru.”

“Tri chadvarchawg Teyrn ynys Prydain: Caradawc Vreiehvras, a Llyr Lluyddawg, a Mael ab Menwaed o Arllechwedd; ac Arthur a gant iddynt hynn o Englyn,Sev ynt vy nhri chadvarchawgMael hir a Llyr Lluyddawg,A cholovn Cymru Caradawg.” (Triad 29.)

“Tri chadvarchawg Teyrn ynys Prydain: Caradawc Vreiehvras, a Llyr Lluyddawg, a Mael ab Menwaed o Arllechwedd; ac Arthur a gant iddynt hynn o Englyn,

Sev ynt vy nhri chadvarchawgMael hir a Llyr Lluyddawg,A cholovn Cymru Caradawg.” (Triad 29.)

Caradawg’s horse Lluagor is recorded as one of the three battle horses of the Island. (Trioedd y Meirch, Myv. Arch. vol. ii. p. 20.)

[127a]This simile has evidently some connection with the story told of Caradawg, that owing to his well founded confidence in his wife’s virtue, he was able to carve a certain Boar’s head, an adventure in which his compeers failed. It is remarkable also that the Boar’s head, in some form or other, appears as the armorial bearing of all of his name. See the “Dream of Rhonabwy.”—Note. Al. “red boar.”

[127b]This statement may have two meanings, the one real, as indicative of what did actually take place, namely, that the dogs came out of the neighbouring woods to feed upon the corpses which had fallen by the band of Caradawg; the other allegorical, as referring to himself in his character of a boar or a bull, the wild dogs being his enemies, who thus hunted and baited him.

[127c]We may infer from this admission that the Bard’s statements, though poetically adorned, are, as to the main facts, framed with a strict regard to truth. Thus no less than four vouchers for the correctness of his description of Caradawg’s valour are presented to our notice by name.

[127d]Gwriad was the son of Gwrien, one of the three princes of vassal origin. (See line 56: notes.) Gwynn might have been either Gwyn Godyvron or Gwyn ab Nudd; both alluded to in the Mabinogi of Kilhwch and Olwen.

[127e]Lit. itsmanglingorhewing.

[127f]We should have been tempted to construe the line thus,—

“From the broken hill ofencounter,”

Making “kynn caffat” into one word “cynghaffad,” had we not been precluded by the peculiar metre which version third presents throughout, and which accordingly requires “cyn” in this place to rhyme with “fryn.”—

“O fryn } caffad.”Hydwn cyn }

Possibly “Hydwn” may be identified withHdddinamorHadingtoun, in the province of Valentia.

[128a]Al. “vron,” the presence. Caradawg’s father was Llyr Merini, a prince of Cornwall.

[128b]Al. “eurawc,” covered with gold.

[128c]Caradawg Vreichvras, just mentioned.

[128d]These two were doubtless sons of Llywarch Hên, mentioned together in the following stanza;—

“Na Phyll, na Madawg, ni byddynt hiroedlawg,Or ddevawd y gelwynt;‘Rhoddyn!’—‘na roddyn!’—cyngrair byth nis erchynt!”Nor Pyll, nor Madawg, would be long lived,If according to custom there was a calling—“Surrender!” “They would not surrender!” quarters they ever scorned. (Elegy on Old Age, &c.)

“Na Phyll, na Madawg, ni byddynt hiroedlawg,Or ddevawd y gelwynt;‘Rhoddyn!’—‘na roddyn!’—cyngrair byth nis erchynt!”

Nor Pyll, nor Madawg, would be long lived,If according to custom there was a calling—“Surrender!” “They would not surrender!” quarters they ever scorned. (Elegy on Old Age, &c.)

[129a]Two persons named Gwgan and Gwion occur together in a Triad, as having been sentinels in the battle of Bangor, A.D. 603. As that event, however, happened subsequently to the battle of Cattraeth, where the heroes of the stanza were killed, the parties could not be the same. There was another Gwgawn, designated Llawgadarn, who is ranked with Gwrnerth and Eidiol in a Triad of the three strong men of Britain.

“Tri gyrddion ynys Prydain: Gwrnerth Ergydlym, a laddes yr arth mwyav ac a welwyd erioed a saeth wellten; a Gwgawn Llawgadarn, a dreiglis maen maenarch o’r glynn i benn y mynydd, ac nid oedd llai na thrugain ych ai tynnai; ac Eidiol Gadarn, a laddes o’r Saeson ym mrad Caersallawg chwechant a thrigain a chogail gerdin o fachlud haul hyd yn nhywyll.” (Triad lx. third series.)

Favourite expressions of both Gwgan and Gwiawn are recorded in Chwedlau’r Doethion. (Iolo MSS. pp. 251, 651.)

“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwgan,Gwedi dianc o’r ffwdan?Addaw mawr a rhodd fechan.”Hast thou heard the saying of Gwgan,After escaping from the turmoil?Great promise and a small gift.“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwiawn,Dremynwr, golwg uniawn?Duw cadarn a farn pob iawn.”Hast thou heard the saying of Gwiawn,The observer of accurate sight?The mighty God will determine every right.

“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwgan,Gwedi dianc o’r ffwdan?Addaw mawr a rhodd fechan.”

Hast thou heard the saying of Gwgan,After escaping from the turmoil?Great promise and a small gift.

“A glywaist ti chwedl Gwiawn,Dremynwr, golwg uniawn?Duw cadarn a farn pob iawn.”

Hast thou heard the saying of Gwiawn,The observer of accurate sight?The mighty God will determine every right.

[129b]See proceeding stanza. Gwion and Gwyn are mentioned together as the sons of Cyndrwyn by Llywarch Hên. See his Elegy on Cynddylan.

[129c]The son of Evrog, and one of the knights of the court of Arthur, who found the Greal.—

“Tri marchawg llys Arthur a gawsant y Greal. Galath vab Llawnselot dy Lak, a Pheredur mab Evrawc Iarll, a Bort mab brenin Bort. Y ddau gyntav oeddynt wery o gorph, a’r trydydd oedd ddiweir am na wnaeth pechawd cnawdol ond unwaith a hynny drwy brovedigaeth yn yr amser yr ennillawdd ev * * o verch Brangor yr hon a vu ymerodres yn Constinobl, or honn y doeth y genhedlaeth vwyav o’r byd, ac o genhedlaeth Joseph o Arimathea y hanoeddyn ell tri, ac o lin Davydd brophwyd mal y tystiolaetha Ystoria y Greal.”—(Triad lxi. first series.)

[129d]This name occurs in the Tale of Twrch Trwyth, page 259.

[129e]Probably Aeddon the son of Ervei: see line 845.

[130a]Or affirmatively, “a shield in the battle.”

[130b]Or “how sad their award.”

[130c]“How grievous is the longing for them.”

[130d]This line is full of poetical beauty, and forcibly exhibits how the baneful effects of the banquet, or the engagement to which it was the prelude, prevented the return of the warriors home, which their friends so ardently desired.

[130e]This figure is similar to that in the fourth line of the stanza.

[131a]His name occurs again in the poem. The “horn of Gwlgawd Gododin” is mentioned in the Tale of “Kilhwch and Olwen,” p. 283.

[131b]Or in reference to the banquet itself,—“notable were its effects, and it was the price which bought the battle of Cattraeth,” i.e. bought, or brought about its disastrous consequences.

[131c]That is, contributed his life towards a victory.

[131d]Orgiantlike; a reference to his stature, implied in the title “Hir,” (tall) which was attached to his name. See stanza V. note.

[131e]Lit. “With the strength of steeds.”

[131f]“Ar gychwyn,” poised, ready to fly.

[132a]Rhuvawn is celebrated in a Triad as one of the three blessed kings of the Isle of Britain.

“Tri gwyndeyrn ynys Prydain; Rhun ab Maelgwn, Owain ab Urien, a Rhuawn Bevr ab Dewrath Wledig.” (Triad xxv. third series.)

In another Triad he is recorded as one of the three imperious ones of the island.

“Tri trahawc ynys Prydein; Gwibei drahawc a Sawyl ben uchel a Ruuawn Peuyr drahawc.” (Triad xxxiv. second series.)

Other versions, however, of the same Triad, give Rhun mab Einiawn in the room of Rhuvawn Pebyr.

He is also styled one of the three golden corpses of the Isle of Britain, because, when he was slain, his body was redeemed for its weight in gold.

“Tri eurgelein ynys Prydain: Madawc mab Brwyn; Ceugant Beilliawc; a Rhuawn Bevr, ab Gwyddnaw Garanhir; sev yu gelwid felly achaws rhoddi eu pwys yn aur am danynt o ddwylaw au lladdes.” (Tr. lxxvii. third series.)

His grave is alluded to by Hywel the son of Owain Gwynedd, about A.D. 1160, in these lines;—

“Tonn wenn orewyn a orwlych betGwytua ruuawn bebyr ben teyrnet.” (Myv. Arch v. i. p. 277.)The white wave, mantled with foam, bedews the grave,The resting place of Rhuvawn Pebyr, chief of kings.

“Tonn wenn orewyn a orwlych betGwytua ruuawn bebyr ben teyrnet.” (Myv. Arch v. i. p. 277.)

The white wave, mantled with foam, bedews the grave,The resting place of Rhuvawn Pebyr, chief of kings.

[132b]There may be some slight allusion here to the circumstance mentioned in the last Triad.

[132c]Coelvain; the stones of omen, an honorary reward. In this stanza Rhuvawn is celebrated as pious, valiant, and hospitable.

[132d]The hall (neuadd) might have been the camp itself, or it might have been the general’s tent, answering to the Roman prætorium. Along the extent of the Catrail there are several forts of the British people, which were built either on the contiguous hills, or on the neighbouring heights. A field in the neighbourhood of Dolgelley, which exhibits clear vestiges of an ancient encampment, goes by the name of “Neuadd Goch.”

“Neuadd pob diddos.”Every shelter is a hall. (Adage.)

“Neuadd pob diddos.”

Every shelter is a hall. (Adage.)

[133a]Or, “so great, so immense was the slaughter.” Another reading; “So great, a sea of radiance was the slaughter,” “mor o wawr,” in reference to the brightness of the weapons.

[133b]Morien Manawc is mentioned in the “Dream of Rhonabwy”, as one of the counsellors of Arthur, (p. 416.) His grave is pointed out in the following lines;—(Myv. Arch. vol. i. page 79.)

“E Beteu ae cut gwitwalNy llesseint heb ymtialGwrien Morien a Morial.The graves that have their mounds together,Are theirs, who fell not unavenged,Gwrien, Morien, and Morial.

“E Beteu ae cut gwitwalNy llesseint heb ymtialGwrien Morien a Morial.

The graves that have their mounds together,Are theirs, who fell not unavenged,Gwrien, Morien, and Morial.

His memory was much cherished by the mediæval Bards, who not unfrequently compare their patrons to him. Thus Risserdyn (1290, 1340) says that Hywel ap Gruffydd had “vreich Moryen,” the arm of Morien; and his contemporary Madawg Dwygraig eulogises Gruffydd ap Madawg as being “ail Morien,” a second Morien.

[133c]“Medut,” from “meddu,” to possess, or it may signify “drunk,” from “meddw.” The kindling of the fire seems to have been for the purpose of annoying the enemy. Perhaps the allusion to fires, which occurs so frequently in the Poem, may, in some measure, explain the burnt and calcined features of many of our old camps.

[133d]Cynon was probably the general of this camp, under whom Morien fought.

[133e]“Welei.” Al.make.

[133f]Meaninghimself. Another reading of the latter part of the line would be “with his brass armour shattered.”

[133g]I.e. the camp occupied by the enemy, as the next line clearly indicates.

[134a]“Noc ac escyc,” from “ysgog,” to stir. Al. “Noe ac Eseye,” as if they were the names of some Saxon officers, who hurled the stone. In this case we should render it,

“Noe and Eseye hurled a massive stone from the wall of the fort,And never,” &c.

as if he were crushed beneath it. Adopting the former reading, however, we must observe the point of the words “ysgyg” and “ysgogit,” the one indicative of his undaunted courage, the other of his motionless state in death.

“Marw yw—Nid ysgyg er meddyg mwy.”—Dr. S. Cent.He is dead; he will stir no more for all the doctor’s art.

“Marw yw—Nid ysgyg er meddyg mwy.”—Dr. S. Cent.

He is dead; he will stir no more for all the doctor’s art.

[134b]Cyhadvan, cyd advan, a co-retreat.

[134c]Al. Teithan.

[134d]Or “tumultuous,” annovawc, fromannot anddov, tame, gentle, Al. “anvonawc,” sent, ordered.

[134e]See a description of his warlike character in the thirtieth stanza.

[134f]That is, Morien himself, who bore the epithet Mynawg or Manawg, (high-minded.) See preceding stanza, note two.

[134g]“Yn trwm,” as a person “seirchiawc saphwyawc—(and perhaps) elydnan,” would necessarily be. The bundles of combustible materials, which he also carried, would add to the weight of his armour, and tend to retard his movements. Or, “yn trwm” may refer to the battle, as being apressure, or asadaffair.

[135a]Qu. Pedrawg, whose son Bedwyr was one of the three crowned chiefs of battle?

[135b]“Varchawc” may be coupled with “fowys,” indicating that the enemy fled on horseback.

[135c]“Cylchwy,” means a circular inclosure as well as a shield, and in that sense it can be taken here, as showing that Morien surrounded the camp with fire.

[135d]“Gwyth;” another reading gives “gwych,” which would have the same meaning as “gowychydd,” line 296.

[135e]Whether we read “ceinion” or “gleinion,” we should have the same meaning, viz.—“of the saints,” the Britons being thus distinguished from the pagan Saxons. Thus Llywarch Hen says of Geraint that he was

“Gelyn i Sais, car i saint.”The Saxon’s foe, the friend of Saints.

“Gelyn i Sais, car i saint.”

The Saxon’s foe, the friend of Saints.

[136a]“Lleithig,” athrone, orthe dais of the hall; in the latter sense it would have reference to a banquet, and perhaps “tal” would mean the front or principal seat where Cynon sat. When, however, the battle commenced, the chieftain quitted the convivial board, and displayed the valour of a distinguished soldier.

[136b]His first thrust being so effectual. Al. “were not recognised,” having been so greatly mutilated.

[136c]Al. “in the day of gallantry.”

[136d]I.e. Elphin son of Gwyddno ab Gorvynion ab Dyvnwal Hen king of Gwent. In the early part of his life he was the patron of Taliesin, whom he found when an infant in a leathern bag, exposed on a stake of his father’s wear. “When Elphin was afterwards imprisoned in the castle of Dyganwy by Maelgwn Gwynedd, Taliesin by the influence of his song procured his release. There is a poem in the Myvyrian Archaiology, entitled the “Consolation of Elphin,” said to have been written by the chief of Bards.

Or, more likely, because of his connection with the North, he was one of the sons of Urien Rheged, mentioned by Llywarch Hen in the following triplet,—

“Pwylrai Wallawg, marchawg trin,Er echwydd gwneuthur dyvin,Yn erbyn cyvrysedd Elphin.”Gwallawg, the knight of tumult, would violently rave,With a mind determined to try the sharpest edge,Against the conflict of Elphin.

“Pwylrai Wallawg, marchawg trin,Er echwydd gwneuthur dyvin,Yn erbyn cyvrysedd Elphin.”

Gwallawg, the knight of tumult, would violently rave,With a mind determined to try the sharpest edge,Against the conflict of Elphin.

[137a]Probably the Epidii, in Cantyre and Argyleshire. Al. “Hud a phyd,” “The valour of the forward Elphin had recourse to wiles and stratagems.”

[138a]Morien is probably alluded to here again, whose especial department seems to have been the superintendence of the martial fire. “Mur greit,” to which we have given the same meaning as to “Murgreit,” (line 292) might, however, in connection with the rest of the verse be differently translated; thus “The furze was kindled on the rampart by the ardent bull of conflict,” or “The furze was kindled by the ardent bulwark, the bull of conflict.” The latter construction seems to be favoured by a stanza in “Cyvoesi Merddin,” (Myvyrian Archaiology, vol. i. p. 148) where Morien is styled “mur trin,” “the bulwark of conflict.”

“Marw Morgeneu marw kyvrenninMarw Moryen mur trinTrymmav oed am dy adoed di Vyrdin.”Morgeneu dead, Kyvrenin dead,Morien the bulwark of conflict dead;Most sad the lingering that thou art left, O Merddin.

“Marw Morgeneu marw kyvrenninMarw Moryen mur trinTrymmav oed am dy adoed di Vyrdin.”

Morgeneu dead, Kyvrenin dead,Morien the bulwark of conflict dead;Most sad the lingering that thou art left, O Merddin.

[138b]The meaning seems to be, that the enemies directed their attack to the part which abounded most with riches, or where the treasures were collected, or it may refer to the banquet; “alavvedd,” signifying theflowing mead.

[138c]“Llaes;” al. “lliaws,”numerous.

[138d]Beli son of Benlli, a famous warrior in North Wales. Allusion is made to his burying place in Englynion y Beddau;—

“Pieu y bedd yn y maes mawr,Balch ei law ar ei lavnawr?Bedd Beli vab Benlli gawr.”Who owns the grave in the great plain,Proud his hand upon his spear?The grave of Beli son of Benlli Gawr. (Myv. Arch. v. i. p. 82.)

“Pieu y bedd yn y maes mawr,Balch ei law ar ei lavnawr?Bedd Beli vab Benlli gawr.”

Who owns the grave in the great plain,Proud his hand upon his spear?The grave of Beli son of Benlli Gawr. (Myv. Arch. v. i. p. 82.)

Or Beli son of Rhun, a sovereign of North Wales.

[139a]“Ffin;” i.e. the Catrail.

[139b]The contrast between the appearances of the two heralds is remarkable.

[139c]I.e. the “Nar,” the puny messenger of the Saxons, compared here to a “twrch,” aboar, or amole.

[139d]“Of a worthy character.”

[139e]Or, “the battle spear.”

[139f]“A clat,” cladd, a trench. “In those parts where it (the Catrail) is pretty entire,—the fosse is twenty-six and twenty-five feet broad; and in one place which was measured by Dr. Douglas, the fosse was twenty-seven and a half feet broad. But in those parts where the rampart has been most demolished, the fosse only measures twenty-two and a half feet, twenty, and eighteen; and in one place only sixteen feet wide.” Chalmers’s Caledonia, vol. i. Al. “aclut,” i.e. Alclud, (Dunbarton.) “The warriors upon the far-famed Alclyde.”

[140a]Or, “in behalf of the power.”

[140b]Being skilled in the knowledge of the stars.

[140c]Lit. “For the falling.” To pull one’s hair was looked upon in the light of a great insult, as we may well infer from the kindred one of handling the beard, which was punishable by law. Thus e.g. a man might legally beat his wife “am ddymuno mevl ar varv ei gwr”—for wishing disgrace on the beard of her husband. Such a treatment appears to have been offered to Gwydion, which made his attendant determined upon avenging his cause.

[140d]“Awyr eryr,” a title given to him in reference to the sublime character of his profession. Gwydien, or Gwydion, was one of the three blessed astronomers of the Isle of Britain,

“Tri gwyn Seronyddion ynys Prydain. Idris Gawr, a Gwydion mab Don, a Gwyn ab Nudd; a chan vaint eu gwybodau am y ser a’u hanianau a’i hansoddau y darogenynt a chwenychid ei wybod hyd yn nydd brawd.” (Triad lxxxix. third series.)

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