5. Harold G. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1958), p. 18.6. Ibid., p. 18.7. See Kenneth Yasuda, The Japanese Haiku (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957).8. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku, p. 39.9. Ibid., p. 49.10. Ibid., p. 94.11. Ibid., p. 108.12. Ibid., p. 113.13. Ibid., p. 146.14. Issa, The Year of My Life, trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), p. 104.15. R. H. Blyth, A History of Haiku (Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1964),2: 82.Chapter 16 Private Zen: Flowers and FoodSato, Shozo. The Art of Arranging Flowers. New York: Abrams, 1965.Quoted in Michael Cooper, ed., They Came to Japan (University of California Press, 1965), p. 194.Chapter 17 The Lessons of Zen Culture1. Gary E. Schwartz, Richard J.Davidson, and Foster Maer, "Right Hemisphere Lateralization for Emotion in the Human Brain: Interactions with Cognition," Science, October 17, 1975, p. 287.2. Frank Gibney, "The Japanese and Their Language," Encounter, March 1975, p. 35.3. Masao Kunihiro, "Indigenous Barriers to Communication," The Wheel Extended, Spring 1974, p. 13.4. George Sansom, Japan: A Short Cultural History, rev. ed. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962).5. The best analysis to date is Eliot Deutsch, "An Invitation to Contemplation," Studies in Comparative Aesthetics, Monographs of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy, No. 2, University of Hawaii Press, 1975.6. Donald Richie, The Inland Sea (New York: Weatherhill, 1971), p. 60.BibliographyGeneral Historyde Bary, Wm. Theodore, ed. Sources of Japanese Tradition. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958.Hall, John Whitney. Japan, From Prehistory to Modern Times. New York: Delacorte, 1970.Hane, Mikiso. Japan, A Historical Survey. New York: Scribners, 1972.Morris, Ivan. The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan. New York: Knopf, 1964.Murdoch, James. History of Japan. 3 vols. New York: Ungar, 1964 (reissue).Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan: Past and Present. 3rd ed. New York: Knopf, 1964.Sansom, GeorgeB. AHistory of Japan. 3 vols. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958-1963.----------- . Japan: A Short Cultural History. Rev. ed. New York:Appleton-Centurv-Crofts, 1962.Varlev, H. Paul. The Onin War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.----------- . Japanese Culture: A Short History. New York: Prager,1973Wheeler, Post. The Sacred Scriptures of the Japanese. New York: Schuman, 1952.General Arts and CultureBenedict, Ruth. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Rutland,Vt.: Tuttle, 1954.Boger, Batterson. The Traditional Arts of Japan. New York: Crown, 1964.Boscaro, Adriana. 101 Letters of Hideyoshi. Tokyo: Kawata Press, 1975Hall, John Whitney. Twelve Doors to Japan. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1965.Hasegawa, Nyozekan. The Japanese Character: A Cultural Profile. Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha, 1966.Hearn, Lafcadio. Japan: An Interpretation. Rutland, Vt.: CharlesE. Tuttle, 1955 (reprint).Hisamatsu, Shin'ichi. Zen and the Fine Arts. Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha, 1971.Janeira, Armando Martins. Japanese and Western Literature. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1970.Keene, Donald, trans. Essays in Idleness. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.Koestler, Arthur. The Lotus and the Robot. New York: Harper & Row, 1960.Moore, Charles A., ed. The Japanese Mind. Honolulu: Universityof Hawaii Press, 1967.Munsterberg, Hugo. Zen and Oriental Art. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle,1965.------------ . The Arts of Japan, Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957.Paine, Robert Treat, and Soper, Alexander. The Art and Architecture of Japan. Rev. ed. Baltimore: Penguin, i960.Rodrigues, Joao. This Island of Japan. Translated by MichaelCooper. Tokvo: Kodansha, 1973.Sansom, George B. An Historical Grammar of Japanese. London:Oxford University Press, 1928.Seckel, Dietrich. The Art of Buddhism. New York: Crown, 1963. Suzuki, D. T. Zen and Japanese Culture. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1959.Ueda, Makota. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1967.von Durckheim, Karlfried Graf. The Japanese Cult of Tranquility. London: Rider, 1960.Buddhism and Japanese BuddhismAnesaki, Masaharu. History of Japanese Religion. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1930 (reissue, Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1963).Bapat, P. V. 2500 Years of Buddhism. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information, 1956.Bunce, William K. Religions in Japan. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1955.Ch'en, Kenneth. Buddhism in China. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964.Conze, Edward. Buddhism, Its Essence and Development. New York: Harper, 1959.Cowell, E. B. Buddhist Mahayana Texts. New York: Dover, 1969 (originally published in 1894 as volume 49 of The Sacred Books of the East).Eliot, Sir Charles. Japanese Buddhism. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969.Goddard, Dwight, ed. A Buddhist Bible. Boston: Beacon Press,1970.Hanayama, Shinsho. A History of Japanese Buddhism. Tokyo: Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai, 1966.Kato, Bunno, Tamura, Yoshiro, and Miyasaka, Kojiro, trans. The Threefold Lotus Sutra. New York: Weatherhill/Kosei, 1975.Kern, H. Saddharma-pundarika or the Lotus of the True Law (The Lotus Sutra). New York: Dover, 1963 (originally published in 1884 asvolume 21 of The Sacred Books of the East).Ramanan, K. Venkata. Nagarjuna's Philosophy. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975.Ross, Nancy Wilson. Three Ways of Asian Wisdom. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966.Saunders, E. Dale. Buddhism in Japan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1964.Shoko, Watanabe. Japanese Buddhism: A Critical Appraisal. Tokyo: Japanese Cultural Society, 1970.Suzuki, D. T. Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra. London: Rout- ledge & Kegan Paul, 1952.----------- . Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism. New York: Shocken,1963.Benoit, Hubert. The Supreme Doctrine: Psychological Studies in Zen Thought. New York: Pantheon, 1955.Blofield, John, trans. The Zen Teaching of Huang Po. New York: Grove Press, 1958.------------ . The Zen Teaching of Hui Hai on Sudden Illumination.New York: Samuel Weiser, 1972.Blyth, R. II. Zen in English Literature and Oriental Classics. New York: Dutton, 1960.------------ . Zen and Zen Classics. 5 vols. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press,1960-1970.Chang, Chung-Yuan, trans. Original Teachings of Chan Buddhism (The Transmission of the Lamp). New York: Random House, 1969.Chang, Garma C. C. The Practice of Zen. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.Cleary, Thomas, and Cleary, J. C., trans. The Blue Cliff Record. Berkeley: Shambala Publications, Inc., 1977.Dogen Zenji. Selling Water by the River. Jiyu Kennett, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1972.Dumoulin, Heinrich. A History of Zen Buddhism. New York: Random House, 1960.Hirai, Tomio. Zen Meditation Therapy. Tokyo: Japan Publications, 1975.Hoffman, Yoel. The Sound of One Hand. New York: Basic Books, 1975.Humphreys, Christmas. Zen Buddhism. New York: Macmillan, 1949.Hyers, Conrad. Zen and the Comic Spirit. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1973.Kapleau, Philip, ed. The Three Pillars of Zen. New York: Weather- hill, 1965.Kubose, Gyomay M. ZenKoans. Chicago: Regnery, 1973.Luk, Charles. Ch'an and Zen Teachings. 3 vols. London: Rider, 1962.------------ . The Transmission of the Mind Outside the Teaching.New York: Grove Press, 1974.Miura, Isshu, and Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. The ZenKoan. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965.______ . Zen Dust. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1966.(Contains The ZenKoanplus additional material.)Price, A. F., and Wong, Mou-Lam, trans. The Diamond Sutra and the Sutra of Hui Neng. Berkeley, Calif.: Shambala, 1969.Ross, Nancy Wilson, ed. The World of Zen. New York: Random House, 1960.Sasaki, Ruth Fuller, Iriya, Yoshitaka, and Fraser, Dana R. The Recorded Sayings of Layman Pang: A Ninth-Century Zen Classic. New York: Weatherhill, 1971.Shibavame, Zenkei. Zen Comments on the Mumonkan. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.Suzuki, D. T. Essays in Zen Buddhism. 3 vols. London: Luzak, 1927-1933, 1934.----------- . Manual of Zen Buddhism. New York: Evergreen, i960.----------- . StuThes in Zen. New York: Philosophical Library, 1955.----------- . Zen Buddhism. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1956.----------- . The Zen Doctrine of No Mind. New York: SamuelWeiser, 1973.Watts, Alan W. The Spirit of Zen. New York: Grove Press: 1958.----------- . The Way of Zen. New York: Pantheon, 1957.Wu, John C. H. The Golden Age of Zen. Committee on Compilation of the Chinese Library, Taipei, Taiwan: 1967.Yampolsky, Philip B. The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.----------- , trans. The Zen Master Hakuin: Selected Writings. NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1971.Yokoi, Yuho. Zen Master Dogen. New York: Weatherhill, 1976.ArchitectureCram, Ralph Adams. Impressions of Japanese Architecture. New York: Dover, 1966 (reprint).Drexler, Arthur. The Architecture of Japan. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1955.Engel, Heinrich. The Japanese House—A Tradition for Contemporary Architecture. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1964.Ishimoto, Kiyoko, and Ishimoto, Tatsuo. The Japanese House. New York: Crown, 1963.Itoh, Teiji, and Futagawa, Yukio. The Elegant Japanese House:Traditional Sukiya Architecture. New York: Walker/Weather- hill, 1969.Morse, Edward S. Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings. New York: Dover, 1961 (reprint).Sadler, A. L. A Short History of Japanese Architecture.. Rutland,Vt.: Tuttle, 1963.Tange, Kenzo, and Kawazoe, Noboru. Ise: Prototype of JapaneseArchitecture. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965.Watanabe, Yasutada. Shinto Art: Ise and Izumo Shrines. New York: Weatherhill/Heibonsha, 1974.GardensCondor, Joseph. Landscape Gardening in Japan. New York: Dover, 1964 (reprint).Engel,DavidII. Japanese Gardens for Today. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1959.Graham, Dorothy. Chinese Gardens. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1937. Inn, Henry. Chinese Houses and Gardens. New York: Crown, 1940. Kuck, Loraine. The World of the Japanese Garden. New York: Walker/Weatherhill, 1968.Nakane, Kinsaku. Kyoto Gardens. Osaka: Hoikusha, 1965. Petersen, Will. Stone Garden (Evergreen Review, vol. 1, no. 4). Collected in The World of Zen, ed. Nancy Wilson Ross. New York: Random House, 1960.Saito, K., and Wada, S. Magic of Trees and Stones. Rutland, Vt.:Japan Publications, 1964.Shigemori, Kanto. Japanese Gardens: Islands of Serenity. San Francisco and Tokyo: Japan Publications, 1971.Tamura, Tsuyoshi. Art of the Landscape Garden in Japan. NewYork: Dodd, Mead, 1936.Yoshida, Tetsuro. Gardens of Japan. Translated by Marcus Sims. New York: Praeger, 1957.CeramicsDickerson, John. Raku Handbook. New York: Van Nostrand, 1972.Jenys, Soame. Japanese Pottery. New York: Praeger, 1971. Mikami, Tsugio. The Art of Japanese Ceramics. New York: Walker/ Weatherhill, 1972.Miller, Roy Andrew. Japanese Ceramics. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1960.Rhodes, Daniel. Stoneware and Porcelain: The Art of High-Fired Pottery. New York: Chilton, 1959.Tea CeremonyCarpenter, Francis Ross, trans. The Classic of Tea. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974.Castile, Rand. The Way of Tea. New York: Weatherhill, 1971. Fukukita, Yasunosuke. Tea Cult of Japan. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1932.Fujikawa, Asako. Cha-no-yu and Hideyoshi. Tokyo: Hokuseido,1957Okakura, Kakuzo. The Book of Tea. New York: Dover, 1964 (reprint).Sadler, A. L. Cha-no-yu, The Japanese Tea Ceremony. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1963 (reprint).Zen Archery and SwordsmanshipAcker, William. Japanese Archery. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle,1965 (privately published, 1937).Gluck, Jay. Zen Combat. New York: Random House, 1962. Herrigel, Eugen. Zen in the Art of Archery. New York: Pantheon,1953.Ratti, Oscar, and Westbrook, Adele. Secrets of theSamurai. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1965.Robinson, B. W. The Arts of the Japanese Sword. London: Faber & Faber, 1961.Sollier, Andre, and Gyorbiro, Zsolt. Japanese Archery: Zen in Action. New York: Walker/Weatherhill, 1969.Flowers and FoodCarr, Rachel. Japanese Floral Art. Princeton, N. J.: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1961.Herrigel, Gustie S. Zen in the Art of Flower Arrangement. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958.Richie, Donald, and Weatherby, Meredith, eds. The Master's Book of lkebana. New York: International Book Society, 1966. Sato, Shozo. The Art of Arranging Flowers. New York: Abrams, 1965.Sparnon, Norman. Japanese Flower Arrangement: Classical and Modern. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1960.Steinberg, Rafael. The Cooking of Japan. New York: Time, 1969.Tsuji, Kaichi. Kaiseki: Zen Tastes in Japanese Cooking. Tokyo: Kadonsha, 1972.Ueda, Makoto. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Cleveland: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1967.NoTheaterHoff, Frank, and Flindt, Willi, trans. The Life Structure of the Noh. Racine, Wisconsin: Concerned Theatre Japan, 1973.Keene, Donald. No, The Classical Theatre of Japan. Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha, 1966.Keene, Donald, ed. Twenty Plays of the No Theatre. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.Nippon Gakujutsu Shinkokai (Japanese Classics Translation Committee). The Noh Drama, Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, vol. 1, 1955; vol. 2, 1959; vol. 3, 1960.O'Neill, P. G. A Guide to No. Tokyo: Hinoki Shoten, 1953.Pound, Ezra, and Fenollosa, Ernest. The Classic Noh Theatre of Japan. New York: New Directions, 1959 (reprint).Sakanishi, Shio. The Ink-Smeared Lady and Other Kyogen. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1960.Waley, Arthur. The No Plays of Japan. New York: Grove Press, 1957.Ze-ami. Kadensho. Kvoto: Sumiva-Shinobe, 1968.Zen and the Ink LandscapeAwakawa, Yasuichi. Zen Painting. Palo Alto, Calif.: Kodansha, 1970.Binyon, Laurence. Painting in the Far East. New York: Dover, 1959 (reprint).Bowie, Henry P. On the Laws of Japanese Painting. New York: Dover, 1952 (reprint).Fenollosa, Ernest F. Epochs of Chinese and Japanese Art. 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1963 (reprint).Fontein, Jan, and Hickman, Money L. Zen Painting and Calligraphy. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1970.Lee, Sherman E. Chinese Landscape Painting. New York: Harper & Row, 1954.----------- . A History of Far Eastern Art. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1964.----------- . Japanese Decorative Style. New York: Harper & Row, 1972.----------- . Tea Taste in Japanese Art. New York: Asia House, 1963.----------- . "Zen in Art: Art in Zen." Cleveland Museum of Art Bulletin 59 (1972): 238-259.Maeda, RobertJ.,trans. Two Twelfth-Century Texts on Chinese Painting. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Papers in Chinese Studies, No. 8, 1970.Matsushita, Takaaki. Ink Painting. New York: Weatherhill/Shi- bundo, 1974.Morrison, Arthur. The Painters of Japan. New York: Stokes, 1911.Nakata, Yujiro. The Art of Japanese Calligraphy. New York: Weatherhill, 1973.Noma, Seiroku. Artistry in Ink. New York: Crown, 1957.Siren, Osvald. The Chinese on the Art of Painting. New York: Schocken, 1963.Shimizu, Yoshiaki, and Wheelwright, Carolyn, eds. Japanese Ink Paintings from American Museums: The Muromachi Period. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976.Sugahara, Hisao. Japanese Ink Painting and Calligraphy. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Museum, 1967.Sze, Mai-Mai. The Way of Chinese Painting. New York: Random House, 1959.Tanaka, Ichimatsu. Japanese Ink Painting: Shubun to Sesshu. New York: Weatherhill, 1972.Zen and HaikuBasho, Matsuo. Monkey's Raincoat. New York: Grossman, 1973.Blyth, R. H. Senryu: Japanese Satirical Verses. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1949.----------- . Haiku, vol. 1: Eastern Culture-, vol. 2: Spring; vol. 3:Summer-Autumn; Vol. 4: Autumn-Winter. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1949-1952.----------- . A History of Haiku. 2 vols. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1963-1964.Bownas, Geoffrey, and Thwaite, Anthony, eds. The Penguin Book of Japanese Verse. Baltimore: Penguin, 1964.de Bary, Win. Theodore, ed. The Manyoshu. New York: Columbia University Press, 1965.Giroux, Joan. The Haiku Form. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1974.Henderson, Harold G. An Introduction to Haiku. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1958.Honda, II. H. The Kokin Waka-Shu. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1970.Isaacson, Harold J., trans. Peonies Kana: Haiku by the Upasaka Shiki. New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1972.Issa. The Year of My Life. 2nd ed. Translated by Nobuyuki Yuasa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.Janeira, Armando Martins. Japanese and Western Literature. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1970.Keene, Donald. Japanese Literature. New York: Grove Press, 1955.------------ , ed. Anthology of Japanese Literature. New York: GrovePress, 1955.Miner, Earl. An Introduction to Japanese Court Poetry. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1968.Rexroth, Kenneth. One Hundred Poems from the Japanese. New York: New Directions, 1964.Ueda, Makoto. Literary and Art Theories in Japan. Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1967.------------ . Matsuo Basho. New York: Twayne, 1970.Yasuda, Kenneth. A Pepper-Pod. New York: Knopf, 1947.------------ . The Japanese Haiku. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957.Yuasa, Nobuyuki, trans. Basho: The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1966.Glossaryamado: sliding, removable panels around exterior of traditional house.Amida: widely worshiped figure in Buddhist pantheon and central figure of adoration in Jodo and Jodo Shin Buddhism.Ashikaga: dynasty of shoguns (1333-1573) whose patronage inspired great classic age of Zen culture.atman: Hindu concept of the "soul" or a personal element in the larger god-head.aware: aesthetic concept which arose in Heian era, originally meaning a pleasant emotion evoked unexpectedly but later evolving to include poignancy.Basho (1644-1694): foremost Haiku poet of Japan.Bodhidharma: Indian monk who appeared in China around 520 and laid the basis for the Ch'an sect of Buddhism, becoming the First Patriarch of Zen.Brahman: supreme god-head of Brahmanism.Brahman: priest caste of Brahmanism.bugaku: ancient court dances in Japan, imported from Asia.Buddha: historic figure from sixth centuryb.c.in northeast Asia whose teachings became the basis for Buddhism.chabana: spare and elegant flower arrangement prepared to accompany the tea ceremony.Ch'an: belief system founded by Bodhidharma in the sixth century in China, combining elements of Indian Buddhism and Chinese Taoism and known in Japan as Zen.Ch'ang-an: T'ang Chinese capital which was the model for theoriginal Japanese capital at Nara.cha-no-yu: Japanese tea ceremony, which became the vehicle for the preservation of Zen aesthetic theory.chigai-dana: decorative shelf system in traditional Japanese houses which was borrowed from storage cabinets in Ch'an monasteries.ichinzo: realistic polychromatic character studes of Zen masters. Chojiro (1515-1592): first greatrakupotter and founder ofrakudynasty.choka: early Japanese poetry form, longer than Haiku.Chuang Tzu: traditionally a fourth centuryb.c.Taoist.daimyo: feudal governor of a domain, who often retained a force ofsamurai.Daisen-in: temple which is the site of a famous Zen stone gardenin Kyoto.Daitoku-ji: major Zen monastery in Kyoto, site of Daisin-in temple.dharma: term denoting the universal order of the universe.dhyana: Sanskrit term for meditation, corrupted to "Ch'an" inChinese and "Zen" in Japanese.Dogen (1200-1253): priest who introduced Soto sect of Zen toJapan, founding a temple in 1236.Eisai (1141-121 5): founder of Rinzai sect of Zen in Japan (1191).en: Heian aesthetic term meaning charming, sprightly.engawa: outer walkway around traditional Japanese house, between amado and shoji.eta: formerly outcast class in Japan because of association withmeat and hides industry.fusuma: sliding partitions in the traditional Japanese house. Gautama: original name of the Buddha.genkan: portico in the traditional house where shoes are removed.Ginkaku-ji: "Silver Pavilion" built by Yoshimasa in 1482.Godaigo: ill-fated emperor who reigned from 1318 to 1339 andattempted to restore genuine imperial rule.Gozan: five most important Zen monasteries, or "Five Mountains," which in Kyoto were Tenryu-ji, Shokoku-ji, Tofuku-ji, Kennin-ji, and Manju-ji.haboku: "broken ink" style of monochrome painting.haikai: Early name for poetic form now known as Haiku.Haiku: verse form consisting of seventeen syllables.Hakuin (1685-1768): Zen teacher of Tokugawa period who revived Rinzai sect.haniwa: clay sculpture of the pre-Buddhist period.harakiri: ritual suicide, more politely known as seppuku.Heian: Period of indigenous aristocratic culture.hibachi: small brazier heater in the traditional Japanese house.Hideyori (1593-1615): son of Hideyoshi, committed suicide when defeated by Tokugawa Ievasu.Hideyoshi (1536-1598): general who assumed control of Japan after Oda Nobunaga was murdered and who inspired Momoyama age of Japanese art.Hinayana: more traditional form of Japanese Buddhism, which is practiced in Southeast Asia.hinoki: Japanese cypress.Hojo: regents who dominated the Kamakura period of Japanese historyhokku: first three lines of a renga, or linked verse, which later came to be written alone as a Haiku.Honen (1133-1212): founder of the Jodo or Pure Land sect(1175)Hosokawa: clan which served as advisers and regents for the Ashikaga.Hsia Kuei (active ca. 1180-1230): Southern Sung Chinese painter whose stvle strongly influenced later Zen artists in Japan.Hui-k'o (487-593): Second Patriarch of Chinese Ch'an, said to have cut off his arm to attract Bodhidharma's notice.Hui-neng (638-713): Sixth Patriarch of Ch'an and founder of the Southern school of Ch'an which was transmitted to Japan.Hung-jen (605-675): Fifth Patriarch of Ch'an and teacher of Hui-neng.Ievasu (1542-1616): founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1615 to 1868.Ikebana: Japanese flower arranging.Jodo: sect of Japanese Buddhism based on chant praising Amida Buddha which was founded in 1175.Jodo Shin: rival sect of Japanese Buddhism also based on chant praising Amida which was founded in 1224.Jomon: prehistoric culture in Japan.Josetsu (active 1400-1413): leading artist in Japanese Sung revival.kaiseki: special cuisine associated with the tea ceremony. Kamakura: effective capital of Japan during period of warriordomination (1185-1333). kami: Shinto spirits inhabiting the natural world.Kamikaze: "Divine Wind" that sank the Mongol fleet attackingJapan in 1281.kamoi: crossbeams in the traditional Japanese house.Kano: family of painters dominating much of Japanese painting since the sixteenth century, replacing Zen artists as the official stylists.kare sansui: stone gardens in "dry landscape" style.Kinkaku-ji: "Golden Pavilion" built by Yoshimitsu in 1394.koan: illogical conundrums used in Rinzai Zen to induce enlightenment.koicha: powdered green tea used in the tea ceremony.Kokinshu: anthology of Japanese poems from the year 905.Kukai (774-835): introduced Shingon Buddhism to Japan in 808. Kyogen: farces performed as part of a program of No plays. Kyoto: capital city of Japan from 794 to seventeenth century andsite of classic Zen culture.Lankavatara:sutrabelieved by Bodhidharma to best express Ch'an philosophy.Lin-chi (d. 866): leading figure of the "sudden enlightenment" school of Ch'an, whose teachings were much of the basis of Japanese Rinzai Zen.Mahayana: Buddhism which spread to China and Japan.mandala: esoteric diagrams purportedly containing the key to cosmological truths.Manyoshu: early anthology of Japanese poetry (780).Ma Yuan (active ca. 1190-1224): Chinese Southern Sung painterwhose works strongly influenced Japanese Zen artists.Minamoto: warrior family of the Heian and Kamakura eras. Mincho (1351-1431): Japanese priest and one of the first Japanese artists to successfully adopt and revive Chinese styles of paintings.miso: fermented soybean paste used in Japanese cooking.miyabi: Heian aesthetic term signifying subtleties only a connoisseur could appreciate.Momoyama: period of Japanese history from 1 537 to 1615. mondo: Zen question-and-answer session in which a novice mustrespond immediately and without reflection to questions posed by a Zen master.Mu-ch'i (ca. 1210-ca. 1280): Chinese Ch'an painter whose worksstrongly affected Japanese Zen artists.mudra: sacred hand signs.Muso Soseki (1275-1351): Zen scholar and adviser to Ashikaga Takauji, who is traditionally thought to be the designer of several early Zen landscape gardens in Kvoto.Nageire: style of Ikebana.nageshi: decorative element in the ceiling of a traditional Japanese house.Nara: site of the first capital of Japan, which was consecrated in710 and abandoned by the court in 784.nembutsu: chant to Amida Buddha used by Jodo and Jodo Shin sects.Nichiren (1222-1282): founder of Buddhist sect based on Lotus Sutra.Nichiren Shoshu: name of the sect founded by Nichiren.No: theatrical form reflecting Zen ideals, which came to prominence during the Ashikaga era.Nobunaga (1534-1582): military ruler who began the movement to unify Japan.Oribe: style of Japanese Zen-influenced ceramics.pi-kuan: "wall-gazing" meditation practiced and extolled by Bodhidharma.Raku: style of ceramics invented by Chojiro.ramma: open latticework in the traditional Japanese house.Renga: "linked verse" form of Japanese poetry, in which differentparticipants must contribute alternate stanzas.Rikka: an early style of formal flower arranging.Rinzai: Japanese sect of Zen stressing sudden enlightenment and use ofkoans.roji: "dewy path" leading through the Japanese tea garden. Ryoan-ji: temple in Kyoto with a famous kare sansui flat garden.Sabi: aesthetic tenn signifying the dignity of old age.Saicho (767-822): introduced Tendai Buddhism into Japan (806).Saiho-ji: temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen landscape garden. Sakyamuni: the Buddha, "sage of the Sakyas."samurai: Japanese warriors, who were the first converts to Zen. Sanskrit: original language of much Buddhist literature.sarugaku: theatrical form which was forerunner of the No.sashimi: raw fish.satori: Zen term for enlightenment.Sen no Rikyu (1521-1591): proponent of wabi aesthetics whostrongly influenced the evolution of the tea ceremony.seppuku: ritual suicide.Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506): greatest Japanese Zen painter.Seto: site of Japanese pottery production.Shao-lin: Chinese monastery where Bodhidharma reportedly firstwent to meditate.Shen-hsiu (606-706): traditionally said to have been rival of Hui- neng at monastery of Fifth Patriarch and later much favored by Chinese ruling circles.shibui: important tenn for later Zen aesthetics which means understated, simple good taste. shin: type of ink-painting technique.shincha: type of tea.shinden: Heian architectural stvle borrowed from China.Shingon: esoteric sect of Buddhism introduced into Japan byKukai in 808.Shino: style of Japanese Zen-inspired ceramics.Shinran (1173-1262): founder of the Jodo Shin sect in Japan (1224).Shinto: original Japanese belief svstem, which preceded Buddhism.shite: leading character of a No drama.shoin: name of the writing desk in Ch'an monasteries, which gaveits name to the classic style of the Zen-inspired Japanese house.shoji: Rice-paper-covered latticework used as windows in the traditional Japanese house.Shubun (fl. 1414-d. ca. 1463): painter-monk at Shokoku-ji in Kyoto.Siddharta: the Buddha, so: technique of Japanese ink painting. So'ami (1472-1525): Japanese ink painter and garden artist. Sotan (1414-1481): Zen painter at Shokoku-ji, none of whoseworks are definitely known to survive.Soto: Japanese Zen sect emphasizing "gradual" enlightenment throughzazen.sukiya: later style of Japanese architecture which evolved from the shoin.sumi: Japanese black ink.sutra: works supposedly reporting discourses of the Buddha or his disciples.Taira: warrior clan instrumental in ousting Heian aristocracy andending Heian era.Takauji (1305-1358): founder of the Ashikaga shogunate.Taoism: native Chinese belief system which influenced Ch'an philosophy.Tatami: woven straw mats used for carpeting in the traditional Japanese house.Tendai: sect of Chinese Buddhism introduced into Japan by Saicho (806).Tenryu-ji: important Zen temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen-stvle landscape garden.toko-bashira: decorative, unpainted tree trunk used in traditionalhouse as part of art alcove.tokonoma: special art alcove in the Japanese house, which wasoriginally derived from the shrine in Chinese monasteries.Tomi-ko: wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa.Toshiro: thirteenth-century potter who visited China and broughtback important Chinese ceramics technology.usucha: a thin tea served as part of the tea ceremony. wabi: aesthetic term meaning a sense of deliberate poverty and naturalness.waka: thirty-one-syllable Japanese verse popularized in the Heian era.waki: supporting actor in the No drama.
5. Harold G. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1958), p. 18.
6. Ibid., p. 18.
7. See Kenneth Yasuda, The Japanese Haiku (Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957).
8. Henderson, An Introduction to Haiku, p. 39.
9. Ibid., p. 49.
10. Ibid., p. 94.
11. Ibid., p. 108.
12. Ibid., p. 113.
13. Ibid., p. 146.
14. Issa, The Year of My Life, trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), p. 104.
15. R. H. Blyth, A History of Haiku (Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1964),
2: 82.
1. Gary E. Schwartz, Richard J.Davidson, and Foster Maer, "Right Hemisphere Lateralization for Emotion in the Human Brain: Interactions with Cognition," Science, October 17, 1975, p. 287.
2. Frank Gibney, "The Japanese and Their Language," Encounter, March 1975, p. 35.
3. Masao Kunihiro, "Indigenous Barriers to Communication," The Wheel Extended, Spring 1974, p. 13.
4. George Sansom, Japan: A Short Cultural History, rev. ed. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962).
5. The best analysis to date is Eliot Deutsch, "An Invitation to Contemplation," Studies in Comparative Aesthetics, Monographs of the Society for Asian and Comparative Philosophy, No. 2, University of Hawaii Press, 1975.
6. Donald Richie, The Inland Sea (New York: Weatherhill, 1971), p. 60.
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Rexroth, Kenneth. One Hundred Poems from the Japanese. New York: New Directions, 1964.
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------------ . Matsuo Basho. New York: Twayne, 1970.
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------------ . The Japanese Haiku. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1957.
Yuasa, Nobuyuki, trans. Basho: The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1966.
amado: sliding, removable panels around exterior of traditional house.
Amida: widely worshiped figure in Buddhist pantheon and central figure of adoration in Jodo and Jodo Shin Buddhism.
Ashikaga: dynasty of shoguns (1333-1573) whose patronage inspired great classic age of Zen culture.
atman: Hindu concept of the "soul" or a personal element in the larger god-head.
aware: aesthetic concept which arose in Heian era, originally meaning a pleasant emotion evoked unexpectedly but later evolving to include poignancy.
Basho (1644-1694): foremost Haiku poet of Japan.
Bodhidharma: Indian monk who appeared in China around 520 and laid the basis for the Ch'an sect of Buddhism, becoming the First Patriarch of Zen.
Brahman: supreme god-head of Brahmanism.
Brahman: priest caste of Brahmanism.
bugaku: ancient court dances in Japan, imported from Asia.
Buddha: historic figure from sixth centuryb.c.in northeast Asia whose teachings became the basis for Buddhism.
chabana: spare and elegant flower arrangement prepared to accompany the tea ceremony.
Ch'an: belief system founded by Bodhidharma in the sixth century in China, combining elements of Indian Buddhism and Chinese Taoism and known in Japan as Zen.
Ch'ang-an: T'ang Chinese capital which was the model for the
original Japanese capital at Nara.
cha-no-yu: Japanese tea ceremony, which became the vehicle for the preservation of Zen aesthetic theory.
chigai-dana: decorative shelf system in traditional Japanese houses which was borrowed from storage cabinets in Ch'an monasteries.i
chinzo: realistic polychromatic character studes of Zen masters. Chojiro (1515-1592): first greatrakupotter and founder ofrakudynasty.
choka: early Japanese poetry form, longer than Haiku.
Chuang Tzu: traditionally a fourth centuryb.c.Taoist.
daimyo: feudal governor of a domain, who often retained a force ofsamurai.
Daisen-in: temple which is the site of a famous Zen stone garden
in Kyoto.
Daitoku-ji: major Zen monastery in Kyoto, site of Daisin-in temple.dharma: term denoting the universal order of the universe.dhyana: Sanskrit term for meditation, corrupted to "Ch'an" in
Chinese and "Zen" in Japanese.
Dogen (1200-1253): priest who introduced Soto sect of Zen to
Japan, founding a temple in 1236.
Eisai (1141-121 5): founder of Rinzai sect of Zen in Japan (1191).en: Heian aesthetic term meaning charming, sprightly.
engawa: outer walkway around traditional Japanese house, between amado and shoji.
eta: formerly outcast class in Japan because of association with
meat and hides industry.
fusuma: sliding partitions in the traditional Japanese house. Gautama: original name of the Buddha.
genkan: portico in the traditional house where shoes are removed.
Ginkaku-ji: "Silver Pavilion" built by Yoshimasa in 1482.
Godaigo: ill-fated emperor who reigned from 1318 to 1339 and
attempted to restore genuine imperial rule.
Gozan: five most important Zen monasteries, or "Five Mountains," which in Kyoto were Tenryu-ji, Shokoku-ji, Tofuku-ji, Kennin-ji, and Manju-ji.
haboku: "broken ink" style of monochrome painting.
haikai: Early name for poetic form now known as Haiku.
Haiku: verse form consisting of seventeen syllables.
Hakuin (1685-1768): Zen teacher of Tokugawa period who revived Rinzai sect.
haniwa: clay sculpture of the pre-Buddhist period.
harakiri: ritual suicide, more politely known as seppuku.
Heian: Period of indigenous aristocratic culture.
hibachi: small brazier heater in the traditional Japanese house.
Hideyori (1593-1615): son of Hideyoshi, committed suicide when defeated by Tokugawa Ievasu.
Hideyoshi (1536-1598): general who assumed control of Japan after Oda Nobunaga was murdered and who inspired Momoyama age of Japanese art.
Hinayana: more traditional form of Japanese Buddhism, which is practiced in Southeast Asia.
hinoki: Japanese cypress.
Hojo: regents who dominated the Kamakura period of Japanese history
hokku: first three lines of a renga, or linked verse, which later came to be written alone as a Haiku.
Honen (1133-1212): founder of the Jodo or Pure Land sect
(1175)
Hosokawa: clan which served as advisers and regents for the Ashikaga.
Hsia Kuei (active ca. 1180-1230): Southern Sung Chinese painter whose stvle strongly influenced later Zen artists in Japan.
Hui-k'o (487-593): Second Patriarch of Chinese Ch'an, said to have cut off his arm to attract Bodhidharma's notice.
Hui-neng (638-713): Sixth Patriarch of Ch'an and founder of the Southern school of Ch'an which was transmitted to Japan.
Hung-jen (605-675): Fifth Patriarch of Ch'an and teacher of Hui-neng.
Ievasu (1542-1616): founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan from 1615 to 1868.
Ikebana: Japanese flower arranging.
Jodo: sect of Japanese Buddhism based on chant praising Amida Buddha which was founded in 1175.
Jodo Shin: rival sect of Japanese Buddhism also based on chant praising Amida which was founded in 1224.
Jomon: prehistoric culture in Japan.
Josetsu (active 1400-1413): leading artist in Japanese Sung revival.
kaiseki: special cuisine associated with the tea ceremony. Kamakura: effective capital of Japan during period of warrior
domination (1185-1333). kami: Shinto spirits inhabiting the natural world.
Kamikaze: "Divine Wind" that sank the Mongol fleet attacking
Japan in 1281.
kamoi: crossbeams in the traditional Japanese house.
Kano: family of painters dominating much of Japanese painting since the sixteenth century, replacing Zen artists as the official stylists.
kare sansui: stone gardens in "dry landscape" style.
Kinkaku-ji: "Golden Pavilion" built by Yoshimitsu in 1394.
koan: illogical conundrums used in Rinzai Zen to induce enlightenment.
koicha: powdered green tea used in the tea ceremony.
Kokinshu: anthology of Japanese poems from the year 905.
Kukai (774-835): introduced Shingon Buddhism to Japan in 808. Kyogen: farces performed as part of a program of No plays. Kyoto: capital city of Japan from 794 to seventeenth century and
site of classic Zen culture.
Lankavatara:sutrabelieved by Bodhidharma to best express Ch'an philosophy.
Lin-chi (d. 866): leading figure of the "sudden enlightenment" school of Ch'an, whose teachings were much of the basis of Japanese Rinzai Zen.
Mahayana: Buddhism which spread to China and Japan.mandala: esoteric diagrams purportedly containing the key to cosmological truths.
Manyoshu: early anthology of Japanese poetry (780).
Ma Yuan (active ca. 1190-1224): Chinese Southern Sung painter
whose works strongly influenced Japanese Zen artists.
Minamoto: warrior family of the Heian and Kamakura eras. Mincho (1351-1431): Japanese priest and one of the first Japanese artists to successfully adopt and revive Chinese styles of paintings.
miso: fermented soybean paste used in Japanese cooking.miyabi: Heian aesthetic term signifying subtleties only a connoisseur could appreciate.
Momoyama: period of Japanese history from 1 537 to 1615. mondo: Zen question-and-answer session in which a novice must
respond immediately and without reflection to questions posed by a Zen master.
Mu-ch'i (ca. 1210-ca. 1280): Chinese Ch'an painter whose works
strongly affected Japanese Zen artists.
mudra: sacred hand signs.
Muso Soseki (1275-1351): Zen scholar and adviser to Ashikaga Takauji, who is traditionally thought to be the designer of several early Zen landscape gardens in Kvoto.
Nageire: style of Ikebana.
nageshi: decorative element in the ceiling of a traditional Japanese house.
Nara: site of the first capital of Japan, which was consecrated in
710 and abandoned by the court in 784.
nembutsu: chant to Amida Buddha used by Jodo and Jodo Shin sects.
Nichiren (1222-1282): founder of Buddhist sect based on Lotus Sutra.
Nichiren Shoshu: name of the sect founded by Nichiren.
No: theatrical form reflecting Zen ideals, which came to prominence during the Ashikaga era.
Nobunaga (1534-1582): military ruler who began the movement to unify Japan.
Oribe: style of Japanese Zen-influenced ceramics.
pi-kuan: "wall-gazing" meditation practiced and extolled by Bodhidharma.
Raku: style of ceramics invented by Chojiro.
ramma: open latticework in the traditional Japanese house.
Renga: "linked verse" form of Japanese poetry, in which different
participants must contribute alternate stanzas.
Rikka: an early style of formal flower arranging.
Rinzai: Japanese sect of Zen stressing sudden enlightenment and use ofkoans.
roji: "dewy path" leading through the Japanese tea garden. Ryoan-ji: temple in Kyoto with a famous kare sansui flat garden.Sabi: aesthetic tenn signifying the dignity of old age.
Saicho (767-822): introduced Tendai Buddhism into Japan (806).
Saiho-ji: temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen landscape garden. Sakyamuni: the Buddha, "sage of the Sakyas."
samurai: Japanese warriors, who were the first converts to Zen. Sanskrit: original language of much Buddhist literature.
sarugaku: theatrical form which was forerunner of the No.sashimi: raw fish.
satori: Zen term for enlightenment.
Sen no Rikyu (1521-1591): proponent of wabi aesthetics who
strongly influenced the evolution of the tea ceremony.
seppuku: ritual suicide.
Sesshu Toyo (1420-1506): greatest Japanese Zen painter.
Seto: site of Japanese pottery production.
Shao-lin: Chinese monastery where Bodhidharma reportedly first
went to meditate.
Shen-hsiu (606-706): traditionally said to have been rival of Hui- neng at monastery of Fifth Patriarch and later much favored by Chinese ruling circles.
shibui: important tenn for later Zen aesthetics which means understated, simple good taste. shin: type of ink-painting technique.
shincha: type of tea.
shinden: Heian architectural stvle borrowed from China.
Shingon: esoteric sect of Buddhism introduced into Japan by
Kukai in 808.
Shino: style of Japanese Zen-inspired ceramics.
Shinran (1173-1262): founder of the Jodo Shin sect in Japan (1224).
Shinto: original Japanese belief svstem, which preceded Buddhism.
shite: leading character of a No drama.
shoin: name of the writing desk in Ch'an monasteries, which gave
its name to the classic style of the Zen-inspired Japanese house.shoji: Rice-paper-covered latticework used as windows in the traditional Japanese house.
Shubun (fl. 1414-d. ca. 1463): painter-monk at Shokoku-ji in Kyoto.
Siddharta: the Buddha, so: technique of Japanese ink painting. So'ami (1472-1525): Japanese ink painter and garden artist. Sotan (1414-1481): Zen painter at Shokoku-ji, none of whose
works are definitely known to survive.
Soto: Japanese Zen sect emphasizing "gradual" enlightenment throughzazen.
sukiya: later style of Japanese architecture which evolved from the shoin.
sumi: Japanese black ink.
sutra: works supposedly reporting discourses of the Buddha or his disciples.
Taira: warrior clan instrumental in ousting Heian aristocracy and
ending Heian era.
Takauji (1305-1358): founder of the Ashikaga shogunate.
Taoism: native Chinese belief system which influenced Ch'an philosophy.
Tatami: woven straw mats used for carpeting in the traditional Japanese house.
Tendai: sect of Chinese Buddhism introduced into Japan by Saicho (806).
Tenryu-ji: important Zen temple in Kyoto and site of early Zen-
stvle landscape garden.
toko-bashira: decorative, unpainted tree trunk used in traditional
house as part of art alcove.
tokonoma: special art alcove in the Japanese house, which was
originally derived from the shrine in Chinese monasteries.
Tomi-ko: wife of Ashikaga Yoshimasa.
Toshiro: thirteenth-century potter who visited China and brought
back important Chinese ceramics technology.
usucha: a thin tea served as part of the tea ceremony. wabi: aesthetic term meaning a sense of deliberate poverty and naturalness.
waka: thirty-one-syllable Japanese verse popularized in the Heian era.
waki: supporting actor in the No drama.