Chapter 3

Wings hyaline, clouded with irregular waved bars of blue; body, thorax, and macular band round the margin of the inferior wings, orange.

The diurnal or Heliconean Hawk-mouths, form one of the most natural and remarkable groups amongLepidopterousinsects. They fly during the heat of the day; and, (as representing in their own family the tribe ofPhalænides) they have much of the general appearances of moths. In their slow flight, long transparent wings, and proneness to imitate death on being handled, they afford a most beautiful analogy to the Heliconian Butterflys. Both have their chief metropolis in equinoctial America, and both find their prototypes in the lovely family ofErycinidæ. It is really surprizing that searchers after thenaturalsystem, should have overlooked such a group.

Among the comparatively few genera of this division, found in India and the adjacent islands, is that now first defined: and we illustrate it by a new and very rare species, even in its own country. It was twice seen by Mr. Cunningham, on the North West Coast of Australia; once in shady woods descending to the shores of York Island, and again in nutmeg woods adjoining Brunswick Bay.

The form of the wings, which strongly resemble those of the sub-familyPapilionæwill immediately distinguish this from all the American genera. The plant,Pattersonia glauca, is of a sub-genus also peculiar to New Holland.

Pl.117.

LEPTONYXmacropus.Great footed Babbler.

Plate 117.

LEPTONYXmacropus

Great-footed Babbler.

Family Merulidæ. Sub-family Crateropodinæ. Genus Malacocircus, Sw. Sub-genus Leptonix. (The Rasorial type.)Nob.

Sub-generic Character.

Feet of extraordinary size and thickness, all the anterior toes of nearly equal length; the claws long, slender, and but slightly curved. Tail slightly rounded, of fourteen feathers. Wings very short.

Specific Character.

Above brown beneath whiteish, with transverse undulated lines; breast and rump, rufous brown; chin, stripe above and beneath the eye, whiteish.

For the use of this new and singularly formed bird, we are indebted to Professor Hooker, who, with his usual liberality, has recently sent for our inspection, a valuable box of Chilian birds, most of which are undescribed. They form the foundation of his son's, Mr William Hooker's collection, who has already commenced with much zeal the study of this interesting science.

All the rasorial characters are strikingly displayed in this extraordinary type; which exhibits the greatest developement of the foot of any insessorial bird yet discovered. It no doubt lives entirely upon the ground; for the feet are formed precisely on the same model as those ofMenuraandOrthonyx, both of which are the rasorial types of their respective circles, and are consequently representatives ofLeptonyx: the same analogy explains its resemblance to a partridge, and more distantly to the sub-genusErythacaSw. by its rufous breast.

The Indian bird erroneously calledPitta thoracicaby M. Temminck, follows this in close affinity, and is either the Grallatorial type, or the immediate point of connection betweenMalacocircusSw. andTimaliaHorsf.

Total length 9 inches; bill from the gape 11⁄10; wings 4; tail 3; tarsus 1¾; hind toe and claw 1½.

Pl.118.

BYSSOARCAZebra.

Plate 118.

BYSSOARCAZebra.

Zebra Ark-shell.

Genus.Arca.Lin. Lam.Sub-genus. Byssoarca.Nob.

Sub-Generic Character.

Animalfixed by byssiform filaments to other bodies.Shelltransverse; umbones remote; valves gaping in the middle of the ventral margin.

Specific Character.

Margins angulated; valves marked with simple uniform and regular grooves, radiating from the umbones: shell transversely and obliquely striped with brown.

It is somewhat surprising that the sedentary type of the genusArcashould have been so long uncharacterized in our Conchological Systems; seeing that the other four types, viz.Arca,Pectunculus,Cucullœa, andNucula, were defined many years ago by the celebrated Lamarck. We have consequently supplied this omission; and at the same time have selected a species hitherto, we believe, confounded with theB. Noæ; from which it differs in sculpture, colour, and in the umbones being less remote from each other.

The Animals of these shells affix themselves to other bodies by a particular muscle, which is protruded through the gaping part of the valves; they also adhere, when young, by the byssiform epidermes which covers the exterior: a specimen now before us, which we procured in the Bay of Naples, perfectly exemplifies this singular property. The present species is not uncommon in the West Indies, and has been sent to us from Jamaica. Like all others of this particular type it is almost constantly covered by coralline substances.

Pl.119.

APALISthoracica.Gorget Warbler.

Plate 119.

APALISthoracica,

Gorget Warbler.

Family Sylviadæ. Sub-fam: Sylvianæ. Genus (?) Apalis.

Generic (?) Character.

GeneralstructureofPrinea, but the bill shorter, the plumage more compact, and the outer toe not connected to the middle as far as the first joint.

Specific Character.

Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black.Le Plastron Noir.Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem.Motacillathoracica.Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969.

Olive green, beneath yellowish white; breast with a black collar; three lateral tail-feathers partly white: front black.

Le Plastron Noir.Le Vaill. Ois. d'Af. 3 pl. 123. f. 1. male. 2. fem.Motacillathoracica.Nat. Miss. 22. pl. 969.

This is one of the pretty warblers of Southern Africa, discovered by Le Vaillant: it is very common and widely distributed in the interior, but rare near the Cape. Le Vaillant mentions having found a young bird of the Criard Cuckoo, in the pigmy nest of this little species, which had already grown to the size of a thrush: it not only filled the nest, but actually enlarged and destroyed its original shape. Yet still did the foster parents, by a most extraordinary instinct, go on feeding this overgrown parasite, although it was even then more than double the size of themselves. Our figure is of the natural size of the male; the female is without the black collar. Specimens are in Mr. Burchell's Museum and in our own.

That this bird is of a tenuirostral type, is almost certain; seeing that it is an obvious representation ofMotacilla,Pachycephala,Tamatia,Trichas,Charadrius, and many other collared groups: but whether it forms part of the genusPrinea, or represents the tenuirostral genus between that andCulicivora, is very uncertain. We suspect that this latter station is filled by the Taylor-Warblers of India, not one of which is to be found in our public Museums.

Pl.120.

CLYTIAdissimilis.

Plate 120.

CLYTIAdissimilis,

Idea-likeness Butterfly.

Family Papilionidæ. Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus Clytia.

Generic Character.

Wings rounded, spotted. Anterior broad, ample, the posterior and the external margins of equal length: posterior slightly undulated at the margin, but destitute of tails. Pupa braced, with the head upwards.

Types.Pap. Clytia,dissimilis.L.Pap. Macarius.Godart.P. PanopeCr.

Specific Character.

Wings black, the interstices of the nerves pale fulvous white, broken into numerous stripes and spots, inferior wings with a marginal row of orange spots, surmounted by pale lunules, on a black border.Papilio dissimilis Linn.Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 76. Cramer. Pl. 82.C. D.Rœmer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6.

Papilio dissimilis Linn.Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. p. 38. Ency. Meth. 1. p. 76. Cramer. Pl. 82.C. D.Rœmer. Gen. Ins. pl. 18. f. 6.

We have never seen specimens of this Butterfly from any other country than China, although it appears that General Hardwicke has met with it in British India, and has communicated a valuable drawing of the larva and pupa to Dr. Horsfield, in whose interesting work it is engraved. To that plate we must refer the entomologist who wishes to understand the previous states of this insect; while its general aspect at once intimates its resemblance or analogy to the Sub-genusIdeaF, and consequently points it out as the generic type of that form in the circle of thePapilionæ. According to these views,Clytiais united toAmphrysius, by the sub-genusEpius; (Pap. Epius. Auct.) and at the same time forms the generic passage to thePieridæ, Sw. For want of a better term, we must call this theRasorialtype, as it corresponds to that Ornithological group.

The aberrant group of the Sub-familyPapilionæappear to be the generaLeilus, Sw. (UraneaLat.)Antimachus, Sw. andClytiaSw. the two typical genera beingPapilioandAmphrisius, Sw.

Pl.121.

THOASLysithous.

Plate 121.

THOASLysithous,

Lysithous Butterfly.

Sub-fam. Papilionæ. Genus, Papilio.Sw.Sub-genus Thoas.Nob.

Sub-Generic Character.

Posterior wings terminating in spatulate or obtuse tails; the margins deeply scoloped;Larvasmooth;Pupabraced, with the head directedupwards.

Typical Sections.

Specific Character.

Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5 red spots.Papilio Lisithous.Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136.

Wings uniform black; anterior with a white band; posterior dentated and tailed, margined by red lunules; the disk white, bordered behind by 4-5 red spots.

Papilio Lisithous.Ency. Meth. 1. p. 73, no. 136.

We discovered this imposing species in the interior of Brazil, in 1814, long before it was made known in France by the specific name we have adopted. It is confined to the southern provinces; for we never met with it north of the Rio St. Francesco. Although greatly resemblingThoas AgavusandHarrisianus, (Z. Ill. 1 Series, pl. 109) it is at once distinguished by the longer and more acute dentations of the inferior wings. The under side shews no material difference from the upper. To the second type of this subgenus belongs alsoAscariusL.PolybiusSw. (Z. I. 1 Series, pl. 137), andTros.Fab. whileDardanusF. probably connects this American group with the third orParistype, whose geographic range is confined to Asia.

In the fourth form (Evander), representing the Heliconian type, the tails are obsolete, but they begin to appear again in the fifth, and thus complete the circle of the sub-genusThoas. By studying this natural series, the Entomologist will discover a most beautiful set of analogies between the generaPapilioandAmphrisius.

Pl.122.

MUREX (Pteronotus)pinnatus.

Plate 122.

MUREX(Pteronotus) pinnatus.

Finned Murex.

Family Buccinidæ. Sub-fam. Muricinæ.Sw.Genus Murex.Lam.Sub-genus Pteronotus. Sw.

Sub-Generic Character.

See Pl.100.

Specific Character.

Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer lip crenate.Murex pinnatus.Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17.Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037.(bad.)

Shell snowy white, with three twisted varices, which are surmounted by a thin, dilated fringe, having the margins undulated; channel curved; outer lip crenate.

Murex pinnatus.Swains. Bligh. Cat. App. p. 17.

Martini. Conch. 3 pl. III. fig. 1036-1037.(bad.)

This highly elegant and delicate species was first described by us in theCatalogue of the Bligh Collection, at the sale of which a specimen produced five pounds. Latterly, however, the species has become more frequent: the figures are taken from a fine individual in our Museum, procured from China. The pure white of the surface is relieved by a slight iredescent or pearly gloss, similar to that on the scales of many fish: but which is probably concealed, in a state of nature, by a thick and soft epidermis, similar to that ofTriton corrugatum, Lam.

The structure of this sub-genus is further remarkable for the prolongation of the basal end of the principal varex on the body whorl, which, in nearly all the species, is so prominent, as to give the shell an appearance of having two channels. It is remarkable that this horn-like process occurs in that part of the shell which is immediately above the head of the animal: so that even in this genus of Mollusca we see a manifestation of that principle of the natural system, by which one of theaberranttypes of nearly all animals have crests, horns, or similar protuberances on or near the head.

Pl.123.

ACHATINELLA. Pl. 3.1. rosea. 2. pulcherrima.

Plate 123.

ACHATINELLArosea,

Rosey, reversed Achatinella.

Sub-Generic Character.

See pl.99and108.

Specific (?) Character.

Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with obsolete white bands.Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea)Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. 85.

Shell reversed, ovate-oblong, sub-ventricose, pale rose colour, with obsolete white bands.

Ach. bulimoïdes (var. rosea)Swains. in Brand's Journal Cap. 1828, p. 85.

The figures on this plate complete the illustration of our monograph of this pretty and interesting group of shells. At present, we feel undecided whether this is a species, or a variety ofA. bulimoïdes, from which it differs in being reversed, in having the marginal groove very distinct, instead of scarcely perceptible, and in colour. We possess only two specimens which came, with all the others, from the Pacific Islands.

ACHATINELLApulcherrima.

Fig. 2.

Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown.Ach. pulcherrima.Sw. ut. sup. p. 86.

Shell ovate-oblong, sub-cylindrical, white or yellow, with broad bands of chesnut; margin of the lip, brown.

Ach. pulcherrima.Sw. ut. sup. p. 86.

This species is the most lengthened in form, and the most beautiful in colour of all those we have yet seen: some individuals, however, are more ventricose than others and the colours are no less variable. The ground colour is usually of a rich and deep chesnut, with from one to three bands of orange yellow, fulvous, or white; we have figured a further variety of a rich golden yellow with a chesnut line only at its suture: but in all these the marginal groove is very close and distinct.

Pl.124.

ANTHOMYZATiresina. 2heliconides.

Plate 124.

ANTHOMYZATiresia.

Three banded Burnet.

Tribe, Sphingides. Family, Anthoceridæ.Sw.Genus ——? Sub-genus.

Sub-Generic Character.

Anterior wings with the outer or exterior margin much shorter than the posterior; inferior wings lengthened horizontally, but short and rounded. Antennæ slightly pectinated in one sex only: palpi pointing vertically. Inhabits Tropical America only.Nob.

Specific Character.

Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque, deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins of both wings dotted with white.P. Tiresia.Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B.

Large: anterior wings black, with one basal, and two transverse, opaque, deep yellow bands; posterior yellow, with a broad black border; margins of both wings dotted with white.

P. Tiresia.Cramer. Pl. 85. f. B.

We now, for the first time, detach from the moth-like, or diurnal Sphinxes, all those large and imposing species which are found in Tropical America; and by comparing their characters with those of the Oriental groupHelonia, it will be seen how strikingly they differ. During our researches in Brazil, the chief metropolis of this group, great attention was paid to these insects, of which we have a most extensive series. They fly slowly and heavily during the middle of the day, and on the least touch counterfeit death. Most of the species, when handled, discharge from their body a brown liquor, like their prototypes theHeliconidæ.

ANTHOMYZAheliconides,

Heliconian Burnet.

Anterior wings black, with one basal and two transverse hyaline yellowish white bands: posterior yellowish white, with a broad black border, margins of both wings dotted with white.

If we were not in possession of both sexes of the foregoing species, we should have suspected thatthiswas a mere sexual difference; but the spots are transparent. The remarkable resemblance between this and some of the Heliconian butterflies, particularlyLinusandPsidii, (Cr. pl. 257.) is truly astonishing. Nature could not have stamped their analogy stronger.

Pl.125.

LEILUSSurinamensis.Sw.

Plate 125.

LEILUSSurinamensis.

Surinam Emerald Butterfly.

Family, Papilionidæ. Sub-fam Papilionæ. Genus, Leilus. Sw. (Fissirostral or Hesperian type) Sub-genus. Leilusproper. Sw.

Synopsis of the Sub-genera.

Specific Character.

Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each other; tails nearly white.Papilio Leilus.Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. Surin. pl. 29.Urania Leilus.Fab. Syst. Gloss.

Wings black, varied with lines and bands of emerald-blue green: posterior tailed; the green spots round the margin running into each other; tails nearly white.

Papilio Leilus.Linn. Sys. Nat. 2. 750. Fab. Ent. Sys. 3. p. 21. Merian. Surin. pl. 29.

Urania Leilus.Fab. Syst. Gloss.

The Butterflys composing this remarkable genus are perhaps the most splendid insects in creation. No art can effectually represent the changeable and resplendent green which relieves the velvet black of the wings, and which varies with every change of light. The typical species are found in Tropical America, where they fly with amazing rapidity, and perform, like their prototypes the Swallows, annual migrations. When at rest, the anterior wings are flat or horizontal, but only slightly spread. The present species appears confined to Surinam.

Modern systematists have been peculiarly unfortunate in the location and construction of this group; while the name ofUrania, bestowed upon it by Fabricius, has long been appropriated to a genus of plants. Linnæus, more correctly, placed it with the genuinePapiliones; a station which is confirmed by the details of its structure: the anterior feet, like those ofLeptocircus, figured at pl.106, being provided with that short spiney process, which is a peculiar distinction of this sub-family. The analogies which result from this location ofLeilusare beautiful, and almost interminable. It is the representation of theNoctuidæand of theHesperidæin its own circle; and of the fissirostral tribe of birds; all these being modifications of the natatorial type of theVERTEBRATA.

Pl.126.

LEILUSBrasiliensis.Sw.

Plate 126.

LEILUSBraziliensis.

Brazilian Emerald Butterfly.

Sub-Generic Character.

Wingswhen at rest, horizontal, slightly expanded; posterior furnished with acute tails. Palpi short, porrect; the last joint nearly naked, projecting beyond the head, but shorter than the second joint.Tibiæof the anterior feet, spined in the middle: claws very small.Antennæfiliform, thickened in the middle; the tips bending outwards, but not uncinate.Sw.

Specific Character.

Wings black, varied with lines and bands of golden green: posterior wings tailed, the green spots round the margin divided and insulated; the tails black, with a narrow white edge.

In Mus. Britt. Nost.

This species, hitherto confounded with that peculiar to Surinam, is found only in Brazil; but its precise geographic range, in that vast empire, has not been correctly ascertained. We had the pleasure of capturing several specimens in Lat. 8, 24, S. in the vicinity of Pernambuco, where great numbers appear during the early weeks of May, and again in June.

On refering to our journals, we find the following note. "Papilio Leilus.—Great numbers of this insect were flying during the whole of the morning, pastAqua Fria(Pernambuco), in a direction from north to south: not one deviated from this course, notwithstanding the flowers which were growing around: they flew against the wind, which blew rather strong, and near the ground, but mounted over every tree or other high object which lay in their course; yet their flight was so rapid, that I could not capture a single specimen. They went singly, and near fifty or sixty must have passed the spot opposite the window, before mid-day: they continued to pass for three or four days in this manner. 12th June, 1817." Now it is clear that these insects could not have come from so far north as Surinam, where only the other species is found; and they certainly do not migrate to the more southern latitude of Rio de Janeiro. As we have never seen this species in the London Cabinets, we have deposited a specimen in the British Museum, that our entomologists may become acquainted with the structure of the feet.

Pl.127.

MALACOCIRCUSStriatus.Striped Babbler.

Plate 127.

MALACOCIRCUSstriatus.

Striated Babbler.

Family Merulidæ. Sub-fam. Crateropodinæ. Sw.North. Zool. 2, p 156.Genus Malacocircus.

Generic Character.

Bill rasorial, i. e. short, high at the base, conspicuously arched from the front, where the feathers are divided; tip obsoletely notched. Tarsi thick, moderate; the scales entire. Wings and tail rounded.

Sub-genera. Megalurus. Pomatorhinus.Horsf.Malacocircus. Leptonyx.Sw.

Specific Character.

Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills changeable greyish white.Gracula striata.Mus. Paris.

Entirely light brown: wings and tail darker, the quills marked by transverse dark lines: bill and feet yellow: margin of the quills changeable greyish white.

Gracula striata.Mus. Paris.

The Babblers, or long legged Thrushes, (forming the sub-familyCrateropodinæ, Sw.) are almost exclusively confined to the warmer latitudes of the old world; extending to the north as far as Egypt, and to the south over the greatest part of Australia. Like all birds which belong to the natatorial type, the majority of the species live in the vicinity of water. Their voice, like that ofDonacobius, Sw. is particularly discordant, and many of them appear to be gregarious. The present species we received from Ceylon, but without any notice of its habits: another specimen is in the Paris Museum, under the manuscript name ofGracula striata, from the circumstance of the scapular quills, and also the tail feathers, being marked with transverse lines of a darker brown, varying in intensity according to the rays of light.

We have not yet sufficiently worked out this intricate and little known group: the very existence of which was first announced in North. Zool. 2, p. 156. According to our present views, the genera yet characterized appear to beCrateropus,Malacocircus,Pellornium, andTimalia. ToCrateropus, we at present refer the sub-generaGrallina, Vieil,Cinclosoma, H. & V. andAipunemia, Sw.; while those ofMalacocircusare probablyMegalurus, H.Pomatorhinus, H. andLeptonyx, Sw. Under the genusTimalia, we placePsophodesandDasyornis, H. & V.

Pl.128.

MITREOLA.1. monodonta. 2. terebellum. 3. Mitra acuminata.

Plate 128.

MITREOLAmonodonta,

The Volute Mitres.

Family Volutidæ. Sub-family Mitranæ. Genus Mitreola.Sw.

Generic Character.

Shell fusiform, smooth; the middle plaits of the pillar largest apex of the spire generally papillary.

Specific Character.

Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary; outer lip within, gibbous.Mitra monodonta.Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324.

Shell ovate, acute, smooth; spire slightly striated, the tip papillary; outer lip within, gibbous.

Mitra monodonta.Lam. Syst. 7, p. 324.

We feel much obliged to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for calling our attention to the remarkable construction of this Volute Mitre, of which we had not then seen a specimen. We view it as supplying that link of connection between theVolutinæand theMitranæ, the Volute and the Mitre shells, which we had long been in search of. Of the genus, however, we know as yet but of two species, represented on the plate somewhat larger than their natural size. We have also added a figure of ourMitra acuminata, to shew how beautifullyMitreolais represented by the fourth type of the genusMitra, as now restricted, to which type (represented byM. Zebra),acuminataalso belongs: both, as prototypes of theStrombidæ, have the outer lip gibbous near the top; but the plaits of the pillar are totally different, while the spire of one is acute, and of the other papillary.M. monodontais a Grignon fossil: some specimens are so well preserved, that the colours may be traced in the appearance of zebra-like stripes: thus strongly corroborating our views on its true analogies.

MITRAterebellum.

Shell fusiform, turrited, smooth, base striated; channel sub-entire.Mitra terebellum.Lam. Sys. 7, 325. Ency. Meth. pl. 392, a, b, c, d?

Of this Grignon fossil, we have but one specimen: it agrees with Lamarck's description, but not with the figure he quotes; and it may possibly be a distinct species between hisM. plicatellaandterebellum. The plaits are like those ofM. monodonta; but the tip of the spire is acute, and slightly plaited.

Pl.129.

LEILUSOccidentalis.Sw.

Plate 129.

LEILUSOccidentalis,

West India Emerald-Butterfly.

Specific Character.

Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal band; tails black, with emerald green spots.Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer.pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134.Papilio Leilus. var.Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22.

Posterior wings with a flame-coloured, irregularly indented, marginal band; tails black, with emerald green spots.

Papilio Sloaneus. Cramer.pl. 85. e. f. vol. 1. p. 134.

Papilio Leilus. var.Fab. Ent. Syst. 3. 1. 22.

Specimens of this rare and splendid species, sent to our museum from the island of Jamaica, enable us to complete the illustration of the only three American species of this type hitherto discovered. It is in all probability the same as that figured by Cramer; particularly as his specimens came from the same locality. Even a superficial comparison of this figure with those on our two last plates, will shew the error of Fabricius and others, in classing them all under the same name. We have represented the species in that attitude which is assumed byL. Braziliensis, when at rest; the wings of which species are sometimeslessbut nevermoreexpanded: the fruit, upon which the insect is reposing, is the common West IndiaBanana, shewing its natural size.

In drawing the attention of Entomologists to the anatomical details of this typical example of the genusLeilus, it will be readily perceived that the obscurity which has involved its natural affinities, has entirely arisen from ignorance of its structure. At a time when minute and obscure Coleoptera are submitted to the most delicate dissection, under powerful magnifiers, theLepidoptera, not only the most striking and splendid of all insects,but the pre-eminent type of theAnnulosa, have been comparatively neglected. We cannot otherwise account for this, but by remembering that the influence of fashion is universal, and that she is always followed by the majority. This exclusive devotion however, to one order, is highly detrimental to the study of the natural system; or with so many profound Entomologists who have gone before us, it would not have been left for us to make known the fact, that the sub-familyPapilionæ, represents the sub-familyHarpalinæ, (Harpalidæ,Auct.) And that this analogy is not only demonstrable by the peculiar construction of theirtibiæ, but by the parallel relations and by the circular affinities of theColeopteraand theLepidoptera.

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