) 217; negative, (
nenie
) 225, (
neniam
) 226, (
nenial
) 229, (
neniel
) 230, (
neniom
) 231, (
ne
) 27, 66, a; generalizing, (
ajn
) 236; numeral, 158; position of, 66, a; expressing direction of motion, 69, 121; with expressions of time, 93; distinguishing from acc. of time, 94; with acc., 266; with prep., 87; calling attention, (
jen
) 228; causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; as interjections, p. 216, ftn.; derivation of words from primary, 171.
Adverbial clauses
, p. 168, ftn.; participle, 222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.
Adversative conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Advice
, expression of, 257, 259.
Affectionate diminutives
, 283 (also 198, and ftn., p. 221).
Affirmation
, 66.
Affixes
, see Prefixes, Suffixes.
Agency
, expr. by
de
, 169.
Agreement
, of attributive adj., 17, (with acc.) 24; of predicate noun and adj., 21; of adj. with two or more nouns, 17; of adj. with words connected by
nek
, 31; of adj. with pronouns, 33; of participle, 108; of nouns in apposition, 48.
Alphabet
, I.
Anticipation
, expr. by clause, 97; by inf. with prep., 98.
Aoristic tenses
, explained, p. 78, ftn.; conjugation of, (present) 14, (past) 35, (future) 55, (conditional) 241, (imperative), 254.
Apposition
, 48.
Argumentative conjunction
, p. 32, ftn.
Article
, definite, 11; invariable, 18, 25; for possessive adj., 47; with possessive adj., 45; generic, 201, 218, b, elision of, 280, a; no indefinite, II.
Assumption
, defined, 240; implied, 244.
Augmentatives
, 122.
Auxiliary verbs
, 109.
C.
C.
Cardinal numerals
, 136; formation of, 142.
Case
, see Accusative, Dative, Nominative, Possessive.
Causative verbs
, 214.
Cause
, expr. by clause, 83; by
pro
, 86; by
ke
, p. 222, ftn.
Characteristic
, expr. by
kun
, 76; by adverbial participle, 222. Clauses, defined, p. 34, ftn.; adverbial, p. 168, ftn.; causal, 83; of anticipation, 97; of duration of time, 96; of imaginative comparison, 250; of purpose, 262; of result, 105; subordinate imperative, 259.
"Cognate acc.
," see acc. with intrans. verbs, 264.
Collective nouns
, 126.
Collective sense given by use ofda
, 103.
Commands
, expression of, 256; in subordinate clause, 259.
Complement of prep.
, 36.
Complementary inf.
, 29.
Comparison
, of adj., 74; of adv., 79; of words expressing quantity, 81; containing
ol
, 82;
ju
and
des
in, 84.
Composition
, see Compounds.
Compound tenses
, explained, 109; of impersonal verbs, 179; conjugation of, see Tenses.
Compounds
, dependent, 176; descriptive, 167; possessive, 184.
Conclusion (of conditions) defined
, 240; (of letters), see Correspondence.
Concrete nouns
, formation of, 227.
Conditional mood
, 241; compound tenses of, 242; in contrary to fact conditions, 246; in less vivid conditions, 243; independent use of, 244; of
devi
, 247; conditional sentences, see Conditions. Conditions, defined, 240; contrary to fact, 246; factual, 240; less vivid, 243; vivid, p. 189, ftn.; summary of, 249.
Conjugation
, 34; synopsis of, 267; of tenses, see Tenses.
Conjunctions
, defined, 52; coordinating, 52; subordinating, 53, (not omitted) p. 34, ftn.;
aŭ
, p. 32, ftn.;
kaj
, 26, p. 32, ftn.;
ke
, (in indirect statements), 53, (in causal clauses) 83, p. 222, ftn.; (in result clause) 105, (in purpose clause) 262, (in subordinate imperative clause) 259;
kvazaŭ
, 250;
nek
, 31, p. 32, ftn.;
se
, 240;
sed
, p. 32, ftn.;
tamen
, p. 32, ftn.;
do
, p. 32, ftn.; see p. 110, ftn.
Connection
, expr. by
de
, 49; indefinite, expr. by
je
, 260.
Consent
, expression of, 257, (in subordinate clauses) 259.
Consonants
, combinations of, 6; pronunciation of, 3, names of, 4.
Contrary to fact conditions
, 246.
Coordinating conjunctions
, 52.
Copulative conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Correlative words
, 235.
Correspondence
, 278.
D.
D.
Dates
, expr. by acc., 91; expr. by
antaŭ
, 90; expr. by prep., 89; on letters, see Correspondence, 278.
"Dative
," ethical, of reference, of separation, p. 197, ftn.
Definite quantity
, nouns of, followed by
de
, 100.
Degree
, advs. of, 66, (
tiel
) 88, (
kiel
) 134, 156; highest possible, 162; see also Comparison.
Deliberation
, expression of, 257, (in subordinative clause) 259.
Demonstrative
, pronoun, (
tiu
) 56, (
ĉi tiu
) 60, (
tio, ĉi tio
) 233; adjective, 65; adv., see Adverbs.
Dependent compounds
, 176.
Derivation
, of adv., 79, (from prep.) 120; of words from prep., 159; of words from primary adv., 171.
Descriptive compounds
, 167.
Diminutives
, 198; affectionate, 283.
Diphthongs
, 5.
Direct object
, defined, 23; inf. as, see Complementary inf., 29; clause as, 53, 259; of complementary inf., 29; of participle, 108; of prep., see Complement, 36.
Direction
, expr. by acc. (of noun) 46, 263, (of adv.) 121.
Disjunctive conjunctions
, p. 32, ftn.
Distributive
, prep., see
po
, 175; pronoun, (
ĉiu
) 173, (
ĉio
) 233; adj., 177; adv., see Adverbs.
Double letters
, 6, e.
E.
E.
Elision
, 280.
Emphasis
, by
eĉ
, 66; by
ja
, 215.
Emphatic negation
, 27.
Ending
, of acc., 23; of adj., 12; of adv., 79; of noun, 10; of plural, 16; of inf., 28; of indicative, 14, 35, 55; of conditional, 241, of imperative, 254; of participle, see Participles.
"Ethical dative
," p. 197, ftn.
Exclamations
, 115; use of
je
in, 260.
Exhortation
, 255.
Expedience
, expressions of, 259.
F.
F.
Factual conditions
, 240.
Feminine nouns
, formation of, 59.
Formation
, of words, 116; of opposites, 67, of feminines, 59; with
-ig-
and
-iĝ-
, 239; from primary words, 159, 171.
Fractions
, 166.
Frequentative verbs
, 218, a.
Future participle
, (active) 152, (passive) 199.
Future tense
, 55, (progressive) 114, (passive) 183, periphrastic, 153, 200.
Future perfect tense
, 148, (passive) 196.
G.
G.
Generic article
, 201. 218, b.
Generalizing adv.ajn
, 236.
H.
H.
Highest degree possible
, 162.
I.
I.
Imaginative comparison
, 250.
Imperative mood
, 254; in commands and prohibitions, 256; in resolve and exhortation, 255, in subordinate clauses, 259;. less peremptory uses of, 257; to express purpose, 262.
Imperfect tense
, 113, (passive) 178.
Impersonal verbs
, 50, compound tenses of, 179; modifiers of, 141.
Impersonally used verbs
, explained, 141; modifiers of, 141.
Inchoative verbs
, 232, a.
Indefinite connection
, expr. by
je
, 260.
Indefinite
, pronoun, (
iu
) 203, (
io
) 233; (personal) 54; adj., 208; advs., see Adverbs; prep., 260; suffix, 268; quantity, expressions of, with
da
, 99, 101.
Independent use of conditional mood
, 244.
Indicative mood
, defined, 241; tenses of, see Synopsis, 267.
"Indirect object
," see
al
.
Indirect quotation
, tenses in, 58; statements in, 53; questions in, p. 38, ftn.; p. 170, ftn.
Infinitive
, defined, 28, 241; ending of, 28; complementary, 29; as subject, 29; modifiers of, 130; synopsis of, 267; with prep., 98; replaced by noun, 218, b.
Instruction
, (orders), requests for, 257, 259.
Instrumentality
, expr. by
per
, 64; distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Instruments
, formation of names of, 63.
Intensive pronoun
,
mem
, 219.
Intention
, expr. by clause, 259.
Interjections
, 273.
International money system
, 285; weights and measures, 284.
Interrogation
, 30, 66, a.
Interrogative
, pronoun, (
kiu
) 106, (kio) 233; adj., 112; advs., see Adverbs.
Intransitive verbs
, defined, 22; no passive, p. 122, ftn.; from adj. roots, 232, c; from noun roots, advs., preps., suffixes, prefixes, 232, d; from trans, verb roots, 232, b, (table of), 279.
Introductory particle
, not needed, 50, 51.
Invariability
, of article, 18; of
mem
, 219; of verb, 18; of cardinals, 136.
Inversion
, not needed in questions, 30.
L.
L.
Less peremptory uses of imperative
, 257.
Less vivid conditions
, 243.
Letters
, names of, 4; double, pronunciation of, 6, e; see also Correspondence, 278.
Limitation of third personal pronoun
, 42.
M.
M.
Manner
, expr. by
kun
, 76; expr. by.
per
, p. 53, ftn.; by adverbial participle, 222; advs. of, see Adverbs.
Material
, expression of, 197.
Means
, expression of, 64.
Measure
, ace. of, 139; expr. by
je
, 260.
Measures
, weights and, 284.
Metric system
, 284.
Modifiers of impersonally used verbs
, 141.
Money system
, The international, 285.
Mood
, defined, 241; inf., see Infinitive; conditional, 241; imperative, 254; indicative, see 267; in conditions, see Conditions.
Moral obligation
, 247.
Motive or reason
, advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by clause, 83; expr. by prep., 86.
N.
N.
Names
, of letters, 4; orthography of proper, 128.
Necessity
, expression of, 259.
Negative
, pronoun, (
neniu
) 220; (
nenio
) 233; adj., 224; advs., see Adverbs; conjunction, 31.
"Nominative absolute
," how rendered, p. 169, ftn.
Nominative case
, ending of, (for nouns) 10, (for adj.) 12; of predicate noun and adj., 25, 210; with prep., 36, (
al
,
ĝis
,
tra
) 46.
Noun
, defined, 10, ending of, 10, plural of, 16; acc. of, 23; elision of, 280, b; feminine, 59; numeral, 157; participial, 205; predicate, 20, 211; possessive case of, 49; expressing motion, followed by acc., 263; expressing quantity, followed by
da
, 99, by
de
, 100; replacing inf., 218, b; replacing participial phrase, p. 193, ftn.; from adv., 171; from prep., 159.
Noun roots
, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d.
Number
, see Plural.
Numeral nouns
, 157; advs., 158.
Numerals
, cardinal, 136; formation of, 142; fractional, 166; ordinal, 149; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.; followed by
el
, 138.
O.
O.
Object
, see Direct object, Indirect object, Complement.
Obligation
, 247, (moral) 247.
Opposites
, formation of, 67; of
pli
and
plej
, 80.
Opposition
, distinguished from accompaniment, p. 49, ftn.
Order
, of word endings, p. 10, ftn.; see also Position.
Ordinal numerals
, 149; advs., 158; abbreviation of, p. 107, ftn.
Orthography
, of proper nouns, 128.
P.
P.
Part of the whole
, expression of, (after noun) 99, (after adv.) 101.
Participial nouns
, 205; advs., 222.
Participle
, defined, 108; agreement of, 108; adverbial, 222, (translating "without") p. 193, ftn.; present, 108, (passive) 165; past, 119, (passive) 189; future, 152, (passive) 199.
Particle
, introductory, not needed, 50, 51.
Partitive construction
, p. 74, ftn.
Passive voice
, agent of, 169; participles of, see Participles; tenses of, see Tenses; of
-ig-
formations, 239; distinguished from
-iĝ-
formations, 232, b.
Past tense
, 35, (passive) see Imperfect; past participle, see Participles.
Past periphrastic future
, 153, (passive) 200.
Past inception
, present action with, 131.
Peremptory commands and prohibitions
, 256, 259.
Perfect tense
, 124, (passive) 190; perfect participle, see Past participle.
Periphrastic futures
, 153, (passive) 200.
Permission
, expression of, 269.
Perplexity
, expression of, 257, 259.
Personal pronouns
, 32; acc. of, 37; indefinite, 54; reflexive, 39, 40; limitation of third personal, 42; position of unemphatic, 274.
Place
, expr. by
ĉe
, 125; advs. of, see Adverbs; expr. by
-ej-
, III; 128.
Pluperfect tense
, 135, (passive), 195.
Plural
, of nouns, 16; of pronouns, 56, 106, 203, 173, 220; of adj., 16; of
unu
, 137; none of article, 18; none of pronouns ending in
-o
, 233.
Position
, of attributive adj., 13; of adv., 66, a; of emphatic negative, 27; of unemphatic pronoun, 274; of interrogative adv., 30.
Possession
, expr. by
de
, 49.
Possessive
, adjective, 43; reflexive, 44; article for, 47; ftn., p. 221.
Possessive case of nouns
, 49; of pronouns, (
ties
) 62, (
kies
) 107, 147, (
ĉies
) 174, (
ies
) 204, (
nenies
) 221; see also Possessive adjective, 43.
Possessive compounds
, 184.
"Possessive pronouns
," p. 24, ftn.
Possibility
, expression of, 270.
Predicate
, adj., 19, agreement of, 21; after trans, verbs, 210; noun, 20; agreement of, 21; after trans. verb, 211; clause as, 259.
Prefixes
, causative verbs from, 214, c; intrans. verbs from, 232, d; prep. as, 160, 248; adverb as, 71, 167, a, interjection as, p. 216, ftn.;
bo-
, 277;
dis-
, 245;
duon-
, 277;
ek-
, 206;
eks-
, 281;
ge-
, 271;
mal-
, 67;
pra-
, 282;
re-
, 223.