Improved mechanismThe second part, or the mechanical, is represented by the figures457.,458.,459.,460., and461.Fig.457.is a sectional elevation in part of the construction of the spindle, bobbin and flyer proposed for spinning all kinds of flax or hemp.Fig.458.answers for spinning coarser yarns;fig.459.shows how yarns are to be spun for weft, and wound upon what is called a “pin cop bobbin.”a a ais the stationary or fixed spindle of the ordinary throstle frame, which is surrounded by the tubeb b, and connected to the wharve or pulleyc, by which the flyerdis driven. The flyer is furnished with guides or conductorse e, which lead the yarn immediately to the bobbin; this flyer is also provided with a small central shaft which supports it, and runs in the small cup or recess at the top of the stationary spindlea, and is fixed with the flyer to the tubeb b, which is altogether carried round or driven by the wharvec.It will be seen byfig.460., that the wharvec, and tubeb, are connected at bottom by a half-lap coupling joint or clutch; this is for the purpose of allowing the tubebto be slidden up the spindle, and more readily removing the bobbin when it is full of yarn, without stopping the frame, or removing the band from the wharvec, the tube of which runs in the step or cuph, fixed upon the bolster rail near the bottom of the throstle frame. The traversing of the bobbin or the copping motion is effected exactly in the same manner as in ordinary throstles, that is, by the lifting and lowering of the copping raili, which in this instance supports the bobbin. Infig.458.the flyer is constructed of twice the length of the bobbin, to allow this to rise and fall freely within it, and is connected at top by a slight cross piece, for the purpose of preventing the arms of the flyer from expanding by the centrifugal force, when turning with great velocity. The flyer for spinning coarse numbers requires to have an inner tubek, to support the spindle. The bobbins are supported upon a washerl,l. The spindle is allowed to revolve in a slight degree by the friction of the drag-weightm,m. This weight has a hole formed in it with a flat side, as shown infig.461.Flax has been for a long period spun wet in the mills; a method no doubt copied from the practice of housewives moistening their yarn with their saliva at the domestic wheel. Within a few years the important improvement has been introduced, of substituting hot for cold water, in the troughs through which the fibres in the act of spinning pass. By this means a much finer, smoother, and more uniform thread can be spun than in the old way. The flax formerly spun to twelve pounds a bundle, is, with hot water, spun to six. The inconvenience of the spray thrown from the yarn on the flyers remains; aggravated by increased heat and dampness of the room, where this hot process goes on. Being a new expedient, it receives daily changes and ameliorations. When first employed, the troughs of hot water were quite open; they are nowusually covered in, so as almost entirely to obviate the objections to which they were previously liable. With the covers has been also introduced a new method of piecening or joining on any end, which may have been run down, namely, by splicing it to the adjoining roving, whereby it is carried through the water without imposing a necessity on the spinner to put her hand into the water at all. In some places she uses a wire, for the purpose of drawing through the end of the roving to mend a broken yarn.This may be considered the inherent evil of flax-spinning,—the spray thrown off by the wet yarn, as it whirls about with the flyer of the spindles. A working dress, indeed, is generally worn by the spinners; but, unless it be made of stuff impermeable to water, like Macintosh’s cloth, it will soon become uncomfortable, and cause injury to health by keeping the body continually in a hot bath. In some mills, water-proof cloth and leather aprons have actually been introduced, which are the only practicable remedy; for the free space which must be left round the spindles for the spinner to see them play, is incompatible with any kind of fixed guard orparapluie.There was before the late Factory Bill passed, a class of very young children employed in the flax mills, under the name of little doffers, forming generally a troop of from four to ten in each spinning-room, who, the moment they perceived the bobbins of any frame or side of a frame exhausted of roving, ran together, and furnished it with full ones as quickly as possible. They were not numerous in all, but they had an occupation requiring a great activity and attention. It was practised also in the fine spinning-rooms, which are perfectly free from dust; and, as it involved a kneeling and stooping position, seemed peculiarly appropriate to children, and is still done by them at a somewhat more advanced age.Fine spinning mechanismThe adjoiningfig.462.will serve to explain the mechanism by which the fine spinning of flax is performed. The front pair of drawing rollers represented atF, was at one time moistened by letting water trickle upon it, from a vesselB, furnished with a stopcock placed a little above, or by immersing one half of the under-roller in the water-trough as atA. The roller pairC, which receives the fine rovings from bobbins placed on skewers or upright pins in the creel behind, is so mounted as to be fixed at any desired distance from the front rollersF. This distance should be always a little more than the average length of the filaments of the line; for if it were equal to it, they would be seized at both ends by the two pairs of rollers, which move with different velocities, and would be torn asunder, instead of being drawn out alongside of each other. The front rollers indeed move in many such machines four times faster than the back pair. The rest of this flax-spinning apparatus resembles in every respect the throstle frame of the cotton-spinner. The thread, as it escapes from the front rollers, gets twisted by the spindle and flyer, and wound up in constant progression on the bobbin, the motion of the latter being retarded either by a washer of leather beneath its lower end, or sometimes, as shown in the figure, by a weighted leverH, suspended from a cord, which embraces the pulley-groove turned on the lower end of the bobbin. This friction of this cord on the pulley, which may be varied by changing the length of leverage at which the weight acts, gives the bobbin the requisite retardation for winding up the yarn.The bobbinG, at the same time that it has this retarded movement of revolution on its axis, has another motion up and down on the spindleI, to present itself at different points to the thread, and to cause the equal distribution of this over the surface of the bobbin-barrel. This latter motion is given by a double eccentricL, which by turning slowly on its axis, makes the balance-leverMoscillate, and thereby raises or depresses the bobbin-rail with its row of spindles.Nis a section of the long tin drum, whichextends the whole breadth of the frame, and communicates its rotatory motion, derived from the steam-pulley, to the spindles, by the intervention of the endless cotton cordsO, as also to the fluted rollersC,F, and to the axis of the heart-shaped or eccentric wheelL, working in an endless screw.The ratio of the velocity of the rollers of supplyC, with the front or delivering rollersF, and with the spindles, is proportional to the fineness of the yarn. For low numbers, the draught is usually fourfold. The speed of the spindles also varies with the quality of the yarn, according as it is intended for warp or weft; the former requiring more twist than the latter; but never so much as to cause it to snarl into a knot, when left free to turn on itself.One of the most important improvements hitherto made in the spinning of flax is that for which James Kay, of Preston, obtained a patent in July, 1825. Its peculiar feature is the maceration in warm water of the slivers or rovings, previously to spinning them, by conducting them into tin cans, with open bottoms, fitted into circular boxes having holes like a cullender, and immersed into a trough of warm water. The slivers as they pass from the rollers are let fall through the cans into these boxes, when they are to be repeatedly pressed and beaten down by a plunger, or the action of rollers, as may be most convenient. The material must be thoroughly freed from air, and macerated. After five or six hours it is to be removed from the water, and placed in its compressed state at the back part of a drawing and spinning machine. The cake being now turned over, the end of the roving first deposited in the can is drawn out with care, then raised up, and passed over a tension roller to the drawing apparatus. The first pair of rollers for the drawing process merely retains the filaments; while at a distance of two inches and a half the drawing rollers are placed. Both are fluted for the purpose of taking firm hold of the material; and the drawing pair is made to move eight times quicker than the retaining. As the flax fibres have in this state little or no elasticity, and as they adhere loosely in their macerated condition, the drawing rollers must be placed thus close to the retaining rollers, and being made to move at a proper speed, produce an extremely attenuated thread.The adjoining table represents, in three compartments, the most important rooms in a flax-mill, viz.:—I. The tow preparing room.II. The line preparing room for the long flax.III. One room of spinning machines as a pattern for the rest.TOW PREPARING ROOM.A, lap machine;B, 4-feet breaker card;C, 3 feet 6 inches ditto;D, 3-feet finisher card, 3 workers;E, cut tow, second drawing, 5 heads;F, cut tow, first drawing, 4 heads;G, cut tow, reg. roving, 32 spindles;H, 4-feet breaker card;I, 4-feet finisher ditto;K, long tow, first drawing, 3 heads;L, long tow, second drawing, 4 heads;M, long tow, roving 4 spindles.LINE PREPARING ROOM.A, cut line, first drawing;B, cut line, second drawing, 4 heads;C, cut line, third drawing, 5 heads;D, cut line, reg. roving 32 spindles each;E, long line, first drawing;F, long line, second drawing, 3 heads each;G, long line, third drawing, 4 heads each;H, long line, roving 16 spindles.SPINNING ROOM.I. The line preparing room comprehends:—1. Heckling machines with heckles.2. Line spreaders, or first drawing slivers.3. Frames for the second drawing, of 3 heads each.4. Frames for the third drawing, of 4 heads each.5. Roving frames of 16 spindles each.6. Spare fallers for first drawing with gills.7. Ditto ditto for second and third drawing with ditto.8. Ditto ditto for roving.II. The cut flax line preparing room:—1. Sets of heckling frames (excentric.)2. Cutting or breaking machine.3. Line spreaders or drawing ditto.4. Frames for second drawing, 4 heads each.5. Dittoes forthird ditto,awing,5 ditto.6. Ditto, regulator roving, 32 spindles each.7. Spare fallers with gills for first drawing.8. Ditto, dittors with gillsfor second and third ditto.9. Ditto, ditto, with gills for roving.III. Long or uncut flax tow preparation:—1. Lap machine.2. Breaker cards, 4 feet diameter.3. Finisher ditto, ditto.4. Frames for first drawing, 3 heads each.5. Ditto for second drawing, 3 heads each.6. Ditto for roving, 16 spindles each.7. Spare fallers, with gills for first and second drawing.8. Ditto, ditto, ditto,h gillsfor roving.IV. Cut flax tow preparation:—1. Lap machine.2. First breaker cards, 4 feet diameter.3. Second ditto, ditto, 3 feet 6 inches ditto.4. Finisher cards with 8 workers.5. First drawing frames, of 4 heads each.6. Second ditto, ditto, of 5 ditto.7. Frames for regulator roving, 32 spindles each frame.8. Spare fallers with gills for first and second drawing.9. Ditto, ditto,s with gillsfor roving.V. Spinning rooms for both lines and tows:—spindles in frames in a number proportional to the number of the above preparation machines; and consequently to the quantity and quality of the flax yarn intended to be spun.VI. Utensils and tools; such as cards clothing with needle pointed filleting.Observations upon the above statement of the series of machinery requisite in a modern flax mill of the most improved construction:—The long or uncut flax to be spun into yarns averaging 30 leas per lb.Each heckling machine will produce about 41⁄2cwts. per day, which would be distributed into 200 lbs. of line, and 2662⁄3of tow.The total with 3 machines would be therefore 600 lbs. of line, and 800 lbs. of tow.The preceding statement contains three systems of line preparing, each system being composed of—1 line spreader, or first drawing;1st frame of 3 heads; 2d ditto, 2 slivers each;1 ditto ofof4 ditto;s;3d ditto, ditto ditto;2 ditto rovings of 32 spindles, which are capable of supplying about 640 spinning ditto;1 line spreader being allowed for contingencies.The above statement contains 3 systems of tow (uncut) preparation, each system being composed of—1 breaker card;2 finisher ditto,1 frame of first drawing, 3 heads of 4 slivers each;1 dittoe ofsecond ditto, 4 ditto,s of4 ditto ditto;21⁄3ditto rovings or 37 spindles, which are capable of supplying about 660 spinning ditto;1 lap machine being sufficient for 2 or 3 systems;1 extra finisher is deemed desirable.The statement contains 2 systems of heckling machines for cut flax, a system consisting of either 8 or 10 machines; for the coarser work, 8 machines in succession finer and finer, are sufficient; but for the finest 10 or 12 are required. Each system will produce between 2 and 300 lbs. per diem, of raw flax, heckled, divided on the average into 170 lbs. line, 280 lbs. tow, which will about equal the supply of the 5th system contained in the statement, each consisting of—1 line spreader or 1st drawing;1 frame 2d drawing; 4 heads 4 slivers each;1 dittoe3d ditto,ing;5 dittods4 ditto ditto;1 ditto roving 32 spindles;and are capable of supplying about 480 ditto, of spinning.The statement contains 2 systems of tow (cut flax) preparings, each system being composed of—2 second breaker card;4 finishers ditto;4 frames 1st drawing, 4 heads each 4 slivers;4 dittoes2d ditto,ing,5 ditto ditto,h4 ditto;4 regulator rovings 128 spindles, and are capable to supply about 1800 spinning ditto.1 first-breaker card and lap frame are sufficient to 2 or 3 systems.Summary view:—Longor uncutline3systems of640spindles=1920Ditto—tow3ditto660ditto19803900Cut—line5ditto480ditto2400Ditto—tow2ditto1800ditto36006000Total of spinning spindles99003900 spindles, at an average of 30 leas yarn per lb., would turn off 9 leas per spindle per diem with waste circa 1400 lbs.6000 spindles, at an average of 100 leas yarn per lb., would turn off 6 leas per spindle per diem with waste circa 450 lbs.Yarns produced:£.s.d.Of average30leasper lb.per weekcirca1050boles at 9s.472100Of ditto100ditto——1080—48600Total weekly produce2130958100£.s.d.Weekly charges, wages, &c.15000Flax40000Weekly expenses4000Interest on 60,000l.10 per annum1200071000Weekly profit248100Measures of flax yarn; and statistics of the linen trade for the United Kingdom.One lea of flax yarn at Leeds is=300yards.One spindle Scotch=38leas=11400yards.One rand=6ditto=1800ditto.One dozen is 12 rands=72ditto=21600ditto.When yarn is estimated in Nos. it implies the number of leas in one pound weight; as in cotton, it means the number of hanks of 840 yards each in one pound.Imports of flax and tow, or codilla of hemp and flax, at a duty of 1d. per cwt., in1834.1835.1837.1838.lbs.lbs.lbs.lbs.811,722740,8141,529,1161,002,256Retained for consumption.794,272728,1431,532,0591,002,408Linen yarn exported2,611,215Linen manufactures exported, in-cluding flax yarn, declared value£3,208,139£3,645,097£2,613,293
Improved mechanism
The second part, or the mechanical, is represented by the figures457.,458.,459.,460., and461.Fig.457.is a sectional elevation in part of the construction of the spindle, bobbin and flyer proposed for spinning all kinds of flax or hemp.Fig.458.answers for spinning coarser yarns;fig.459.shows how yarns are to be spun for weft, and wound upon what is called a “pin cop bobbin.”
a a ais the stationary or fixed spindle of the ordinary throstle frame, which is surrounded by the tubeb b, and connected to the wharve or pulleyc, by which the flyerdis driven. The flyer is furnished with guides or conductorse e, which lead the yarn immediately to the bobbin; this flyer is also provided with a small central shaft which supports it, and runs in the small cup or recess at the top of the stationary spindlea, and is fixed with the flyer to the tubeb b, which is altogether carried round or driven by the wharvec.
It will be seen byfig.460., that the wharvec, and tubeb, are connected at bottom by a half-lap coupling joint or clutch; this is for the purpose of allowing the tubebto be slidden up the spindle, and more readily removing the bobbin when it is full of yarn, without stopping the frame, or removing the band from the wharvec, the tube of which runs in the step or cuph, fixed upon the bolster rail near the bottom of the throstle frame. The traversing of the bobbin or the copping motion is effected exactly in the same manner as in ordinary throstles, that is, by the lifting and lowering of the copping raili, which in this instance supports the bobbin. Infig.458.the flyer is constructed of twice the length of the bobbin, to allow this to rise and fall freely within it, and is connected at top by a slight cross piece, for the purpose of preventing the arms of the flyer from expanding by the centrifugal force, when turning with great velocity. The flyer for spinning coarse numbers requires to have an inner tubek, to support the spindle. The bobbins are supported upon a washerl,l. The spindle is allowed to revolve in a slight degree by the friction of the drag-weightm,m. This weight has a hole formed in it with a flat side, as shown infig.461.
Flax has been for a long period spun wet in the mills; a method no doubt copied from the practice of housewives moistening their yarn with their saliva at the domestic wheel. Within a few years the important improvement has been introduced, of substituting hot for cold water, in the troughs through which the fibres in the act of spinning pass. By this means a much finer, smoother, and more uniform thread can be spun than in the old way. The flax formerly spun to twelve pounds a bundle, is, with hot water, spun to six. The inconvenience of the spray thrown from the yarn on the flyers remains; aggravated by increased heat and dampness of the room, where this hot process goes on. Being a new expedient, it receives daily changes and ameliorations. When first employed, the troughs of hot water were quite open; they are nowusually covered in, so as almost entirely to obviate the objections to which they were previously liable. With the covers has been also introduced a new method of piecening or joining on any end, which may have been run down, namely, by splicing it to the adjoining roving, whereby it is carried through the water without imposing a necessity on the spinner to put her hand into the water at all. In some places she uses a wire, for the purpose of drawing through the end of the roving to mend a broken yarn.
This may be considered the inherent evil of flax-spinning,—the spray thrown off by the wet yarn, as it whirls about with the flyer of the spindles. A working dress, indeed, is generally worn by the spinners; but, unless it be made of stuff impermeable to water, like Macintosh’s cloth, it will soon become uncomfortable, and cause injury to health by keeping the body continually in a hot bath. In some mills, water-proof cloth and leather aprons have actually been introduced, which are the only practicable remedy; for the free space which must be left round the spindles for the spinner to see them play, is incompatible with any kind of fixed guard orparapluie.
There was before the late Factory Bill passed, a class of very young children employed in the flax mills, under the name of little doffers, forming generally a troop of from four to ten in each spinning-room, who, the moment they perceived the bobbins of any frame or side of a frame exhausted of roving, ran together, and furnished it with full ones as quickly as possible. They were not numerous in all, but they had an occupation requiring a great activity and attention. It was practised also in the fine spinning-rooms, which are perfectly free from dust; and, as it involved a kneeling and stooping position, seemed peculiarly appropriate to children, and is still done by them at a somewhat more advanced age.
Fine spinning mechanism
The adjoiningfig.462.will serve to explain the mechanism by which the fine spinning of flax is performed. The front pair of drawing rollers represented atF, was at one time moistened by letting water trickle upon it, from a vesselB, furnished with a stopcock placed a little above, or by immersing one half of the under-roller in the water-trough as atA. The roller pairC, which receives the fine rovings from bobbins placed on skewers or upright pins in the creel behind, is so mounted as to be fixed at any desired distance from the front rollersF. This distance should be always a little more than the average length of the filaments of the line; for if it were equal to it, they would be seized at both ends by the two pairs of rollers, which move with different velocities, and would be torn asunder, instead of being drawn out alongside of each other. The front rollers indeed move in many such machines four times faster than the back pair. The rest of this flax-spinning apparatus resembles in every respect the throstle frame of the cotton-spinner. The thread, as it escapes from the front rollers, gets twisted by the spindle and flyer, and wound up in constant progression on the bobbin, the motion of the latter being retarded either by a washer of leather beneath its lower end, or sometimes, as shown in the figure, by a weighted leverH, suspended from a cord, which embraces the pulley-groove turned on the lower end of the bobbin. This friction of this cord on the pulley, which may be varied by changing the length of leverage at which the weight acts, gives the bobbin the requisite retardation for winding up the yarn.
The bobbinG, at the same time that it has this retarded movement of revolution on its axis, has another motion up and down on the spindleI, to present itself at different points to the thread, and to cause the equal distribution of this over the surface of the bobbin-barrel. This latter motion is given by a double eccentricL, which by turning slowly on its axis, makes the balance-leverMoscillate, and thereby raises or depresses the bobbin-rail with its row of spindles.Nis a section of the long tin drum, whichextends the whole breadth of the frame, and communicates its rotatory motion, derived from the steam-pulley, to the spindles, by the intervention of the endless cotton cordsO, as also to the fluted rollersC,F, and to the axis of the heart-shaped or eccentric wheelL, working in an endless screw.
The ratio of the velocity of the rollers of supplyC, with the front or delivering rollersF, and with the spindles, is proportional to the fineness of the yarn. For low numbers, the draught is usually fourfold. The speed of the spindles also varies with the quality of the yarn, according as it is intended for warp or weft; the former requiring more twist than the latter; but never so much as to cause it to snarl into a knot, when left free to turn on itself.
One of the most important improvements hitherto made in the spinning of flax is that for which James Kay, of Preston, obtained a patent in July, 1825. Its peculiar feature is the maceration in warm water of the slivers or rovings, previously to spinning them, by conducting them into tin cans, with open bottoms, fitted into circular boxes having holes like a cullender, and immersed into a trough of warm water. The slivers as they pass from the rollers are let fall through the cans into these boxes, when they are to be repeatedly pressed and beaten down by a plunger, or the action of rollers, as may be most convenient. The material must be thoroughly freed from air, and macerated. After five or six hours it is to be removed from the water, and placed in its compressed state at the back part of a drawing and spinning machine. The cake being now turned over, the end of the roving first deposited in the can is drawn out with care, then raised up, and passed over a tension roller to the drawing apparatus. The first pair of rollers for the drawing process merely retains the filaments; while at a distance of two inches and a half the drawing rollers are placed. Both are fluted for the purpose of taking firm hold of the material; and the drawing pair is made to move eight times quicker than the retaining. As the flax fibres have in this state little or no elasticity, and as they adhere loosely in their macerated condition, the drawing rollers must be placed thus close to the retaining rollers, and being made to move at a proper speed, produce an extremely attenuated thread.
The adjoining table represents, in three compartments, the most important rooms in a flax-mill, viz.:—
I. The tow preparing room.
II. The line preparing room for the long flax.
III. One room of spinning machines as a pattern for the rest.
TOW PREPARING ROOM.A, lap machine;B, 4-feet breaker card;C, 3 feet 6 inches ditto;D, 3-feet finisher card, 3 workers;E, cut tow, second drawing, 5 heads;F, cut tow, first drawing, 4 heads;G, cut tow, reg. roving, 32 spindles;H, 4-feet breaker card;I, 4-feet finisher ditto;K, long tow, first drawing, 3 heads;L, long tow, second drawing, 4 heads;M, long tow, roving 4 spindles.
TOW PREPARING ROOM.
A, lap machine;B, 4-feet breaker card;C, 3 feet 6 inches ditto;D, 3-feet finisher card, 3 workers;E, cut tow, second drawing, 5 heads;F, cut tow, first drawing, 4 heads;G, cut tow, reg. roving, 32 spindles;H, 4-feet breaker card;I, 4-feet finisher ditto;K, long tow, first drawing, 3 heads;L, long tow, second drawing, 4 heads;M, long tow, roving 4 spindles.
LINE PREPARING ROOM.A, cut line, first drawing;B, cut line, second drawing, 4 heads;C, cut line, third drawing, 5 heads;D, cut line, reg. roving 32 spindles each;E, long line, first drawing;F, long line, second drawing, 3 heads each;G, long line, third drawing, 4 heads each;H, long line, roving 16 spindles.
LINE PREPARING ROOM.
A, cut line, first drawing;B, cut line, second drawing, 4 heads;C, cut line, third drawing, 5 heads;D, cut line, reg. roving 32 spindles each;E, long line, first drawing;F, long line, second drawing, 3 heads each;G, long line, third drawing, 4 heads each;H, long line, roving 16 spindles.
SPINNING ROOM.
SPINNING ROOM.
I. The line preparing room comprehends:—
II. The cut flax line preparing room:—
III. Long or uncut flax tow preparation:—
IV. Cut flax tow preparation:—
V. Spinning rooms for both lines and tows:—spindles in frames in a number proportional to the number of the above preparation machines; and consequently to the quantity and quality of the flax yarn intended to be spun.
VI. Utensils and tools; such as cards clothing with needle pointed filleting.
Observations upon the above statement of the series of machinery requisite in a modern flax mill of the most improved construction:—
The long or uncut flax to be spun into yarns averaging 30 leas per lb.
Each heckling machine will produce about 41⁄2cwts. per day, which would be distributed into 200 lbs. of line, and 2662⁄3of tow.
The total with 3 machines would be therefore 600 lbs. of line, and 800 lbs. of tow.
The preceding statement contains three systems of line preparing, each system being composed of—
The above statement contains 3 systems of tow (uncut) preparation, each system being composed of—
The statement contains 2 systems of heckling machines for cut flax, a system consisting of either 8 or 10 machines; for the coarser work, 8 machines in succession finer and finer, are sufficient; but for the finest 10 or 12 are required. Each system will produce between 2 and 300 lbs. per diem, of raw flax, heckled, divided on the average into 170 lbs. line, 280 lbs. tow, which will about equal the supply of the 5th system contained in the statement, each consisting of—
The statement contains 2 systems of tow (cut flax) preparings, each system being composed of—
Summary view:—
3900 spindles, at an average of 30 leas yarn per lb., would turn off 9 leas per spindle per diem with waste circa 1400 lbs.
6000 spindles, at an average of 100 leas yarn per lb., would turn off 6 leas per spindle per diem with waste circa 450 lbs.
Measures of flax yarn; and statistics of the linen trade for the United Kingdom.
When yarn is estimated in Nos. it implies the number of leas in one pound weight; as in cotton, it means the number of hanks of 840 yards each in one pound.
Imports of flax and tow, or codilla of hemp and flax, at a duty of 1d. per cwt., in