Copy of Experiments made at the Alliance Gas Company’s Works in Dublin, during the past year 1837. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.Results of experiments on the qualities of various coals for the production of gas; its value in illuminating power; produce of coke, and quality; and other particulars important in gas-making:—1st Experiment, Saturday, May 27th, 1837.—Deane coal, (Cumberland). 2 cwt. of 112 lbs. each (or 224 lbs.) produced 970 cubic feet of gas; 4 bushels of coke of middling quality; specific gravity of the gas, 475. Consumed in a single-jet burner, flame 4 inches high, 14⁄10ths cubic feet per hour; distance from shadow 76 inches or 2·3 mould candles. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·33 cubic feet per lb., or 9,700 cubic feet per ton of 20 cwt. Increase of coke over coal in measure, not quite 30 per cent. Loss in weight between coal, coke and breize 56 lbs., converted into gas, tar, ammonia, &c.2nd Experiment, May 28th.—Carlisle coal, (Blenkinsopp). 224 lbs. produced 1010 cubic feet of gas, 4 bushels of coke of good quality though small; increase of coke over coal in measure not quite 30 per cent. Loss in weight, same as foregoing experiment. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·5 cubic feet per lb. or 10,080 per ton.Illuminating power of the Gas.Consumedper hour,single jet.Distancefromcandle.Equaltocandles.Specificgravity.feet.inches.At the end of the 1st hour11⁄10702·72·475Dittodittowith 20-holeargand burner-52521·33·475When charge nearly off14⁄10851·84·442When charge quite off, with20-hole argand burner-9100not 1·2563rd Experiment, May 29th.—Carlisle coal (Blenkinsopp). 112 lbs. produced 556 cubic feet of gas. Other products, loss of weight, &c., same proportion as foregoing experiment. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·96 cubic feet per lb., or 11,120 per ton.In this experiment the quantity of gas generated every hour was ascertained; the illuminating power, the specific gravity, and the quantity of gas consumed by the single jet with a flame 4 inches high, was tried at the end of each hour, with the respective gases generated at each hour; and the following is a table of results.RESULTS.Hour.Gasproduced.Consumedper hourper single jet,4 inches high.Specificgravity.Distanceof candlefromshadow.Illuminatingpowerequal tomould candles.cubicfeet.cubicfeet.inches.1st.150-111⁄2-10ths.or 1·15-·534702·722nd.12011·495752·363rd.9512·344752·364th.9515·311802·085th.8017·270851·816th.1629·200100not oneTotal556or921⁄3or 2 feet 9 inches.Average of the above gas, 6-hour charge.921⁄316-10ths. nearly·359812·03Average of the above gas at 4-hour charge.115121⁄3-10ths.·421752·36Production of gas in 6 hours 556 feet, or at the rate of 11,120 cubic feet per ton.ProducDittof gasin 4 hours 460 feet, or at the rate of19,200cubicditto.The relative value of these productions of gas is as follows, viz.:11,120 at 16-10ths per hour nearly, (or 1·5916 accurately) and equal to 203 candles; the 11,120 feet would be equal to and last as long as 1597 candles, or 2661⁄6lbs. of candles.9200 at 121⁄3-10ths. per hour, (or 1·2375 accurately,) and equal to 236 candles; the 9200 feet would be equal to 1949 candles, or 3245⁄6lbs. candles.Now 2661⁄6lbs. of mould candles, at 7s.6d.per dozen lbs. will cost18l.6s.41⁄2d., whilstNow3245⁄6lbs. ofmdo.d cado.es,at 7s.6d.perdozedo.bs. wdo.ost10l.3s.Shewing the value of 4-hour charges, over 6-hour charges; and of 9,200 cubic feet over 11,120 cubic feet.Note.—9500 cubic feet of Wigan cannel coal gas are equal in illuminating power to 859 1-6th lbs. of candles, which at 7s.6d.per dozen lbs. will cost 25l.10s.51⁄2d.It is also found that any burner with superior gas, will consume only about half the quantity it would do with common gas.4th Experiment, May 30th.—Cannel and Cardiff coal mixed1⁄2and1⁄2, together 112 lbs., produced 460 feet of gas; 2 bushels of coke of good quality; increase of coke over coal in measure about 30 per cent.; loss in weight, 41 lbs.; coke weighed 71 lbs., no breize. Average quantity of gas made from the charge, (4 hours) 4·1 cubic feet, per lb., or 9·200, per ton.Illuminating power.—At end of first hour.Candles.Cubic feet.Distance of candle fromshadow-73 or 2·49-Consumed per hour, singlejet, 4 inches high-12-10thsAt end of 2nd hour, do.70 or 2·72Do.umeddo.er hodo.111⁄2-10thsAt end of 3d hour.This gas very indifferent.Average of the three70 or 2·72Do.umeddo.er hodo.111⁄2-10thsSpecific gravity 3·44; 5 feet per hour, with a 20-hole argand burner, equal to 14·66 candles.5th Experiment, May 31st.—Carlisle coal, 112 lbs. produced 410 feet of gas; other products, same as in former experiments with this coal, but heat very low.Illuminating power and produce of gas.410 ft-1sthour120cubic feet-Average of this gas: specific gravity, 540; distance of candle from shadow, 55 inches, or 4·4 candles consumed per single jet, 9-10ths of a cubic foot per hour. 20-hole argand burner, 4 feet per hour, equal to 21·33 candles.2nd1003d904th100It is possible, from the superior quality of this gas, that a little of the cannel gas made for a particular purpose, may have have got intermixed with it in the experimental gasholder and apparatus.A variety of other experiments were tried on different qualities of coal, and mixtures of ditto, too tedious to insert here, though extremely valuable, and all tending to shew the superior value of gas produced at short over long charges; and also showing the importance and value of coal producing gas of the highest illuminating power; among which the cannel coal procured in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and some other counties of England and Wales, and the Parrot or splent coal of Scotland, stand pre-eminent.Note.—In all the foregoing experiments the same single-jet burner was used; its flame in all instances exactly 4 inches high.The coal when drawn from the retort was slaked with water, and after allowing some short time for drying, was weighed.ATableof the number of hours Gas is burnt in each month, quarter and year.Time of Burning.July.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Mar.Apl.May.June.Mid.quar.Mic.quar.Xms.quar.Ladydayquar.Totl.ofYear.o’clock.From Dusk:to 6——231628065334————2173102277ForSun-daysoff,de-ductonesev-enth.—7—142262921119661314——436265188493—8—4052931221421278962284—3292357278759—91371821241521731581179358298951664493681078—10441021121551822041891451248860381862585414581443—117513314218621223522017315511891682773506335481808—12106164172217242266251201186148122983684427256382173All night-217307345421473527512411382295242195732869142113054327Morning from4—1648801101371379871282—3064327306727—5——18498010610670403——318235216472—6———18507575429—————143126269—7————20444414——————6458122Time of Burning.July.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.o’clock.From Dusk:to 6——2316280ForSun-daysoff,de-ductonesev-enth.—7—14226292111—8—405293122142—9137182124152173—1044102112155182204—1175133142186212235—12106164172217242266All night-217307345421473527Morning from4—164880110137—5——184980106—6———185075—7————2044Time of Burning.Jan.Feb.Mar.Apl.May.June.o’clock.From Dusk:to 665334———ForSun-daysoff,de-ductonesev-enth.—79661314———81278962284——91581179358298—10189145124886038—112201731551189168—1225120118614812298All night-512411382295242195Morning from41379871282——510670403———675429————74414————Time of Burning.Mid.quar.Mic.quar.Xms.quar.Ladydayquar.Totl.ofYear.o’clock.From Dusk:to 6—2173102277ForSun-daysoff,de-ductonesev-enth.—7436265188493—83292357278759—9951664493681078—101862585414581443—112773506335481808—123684427256382173All night-732869142113054327Morning from43064327306727—5318235216472—6——143126269—7——6458122Copy of a Paper submitted to a Committee of the House of Commons in the Session of 1837, being a Synopsis of the proceedings of the undermentioned principal Gas-Light Establishments of England; and procured by actual Survey and Experiments between the Years 1834 and 1837. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.Price of Gas per Meter, and Discounts allowed.Price of Coal, and Description; delivered per Ton.Average Quantity of Gas made per Ton of Coals.Coke made from a Ton of Coal.Selling Price of Coke.Material used to heat Retorts.Quantity used per Ton of Coal.No. of Public or Street Lamps supplied.Description.—Size or Sort.Price paid per Annum for Ditto.Who lights, cleans, puts out, and repairs.No. of Hours, or Time burnt in the Year.Gas consumed in each Lamp per Hour.Rate per Meter Cubic Feet received for Ditto.Amount deducted for cleaning, lighting, extinguishing, providing Lamp Posts; &c.Per Centage of Loss of Gas made.Greatest Quantity of Gas delivered in One Night.Duration of Charges.Method of Purification.Number of Gas Holders.Specific Gravity of the Gas.Distance of Candle from Shadow.Gas equal to Candles. Gas burnt in a single Jet Four Inches high.Gas consumed per Hour with a Four-Inch Flame.Gas Flame reduced to Candle burnt per Hour.Height of Gas Flame equal to Light from Candle.Cu. ft.L.s.d.s.d.s.d.Cubic Feet.Inch.CandlesCu. ft.Cu. ft.Inch.Birmingham Gas Company.10s.per meter cub. feet.Discounts10l.to30l.peran.21⁄2percent.30l.to50l.550l.to75l.71⁄275l.to100l.10100l.& upwards15Lump coal from West Bromwich pits risen much of late. 1837, 11s.10d.6,50032 bushels.2s.1d.per quarter delivered, or about 3d.per bushel.Slack.About 5 cwt. of slack, at 6s.per ton, 25 per cent.490Batswings, 460 301210000Company, and provides posts, services, &c.226 nights, or 2938 hours, 9 months, omitting 5 nights for moons.5 feet per hour.30401018180Receives net about 6s.8d.per meter cubic feet.48 millions in the year.6 hours.Dry lime.4, and 2 in the town, and large new gas station.·453721,9291·22·821⁄2Birmingham and Staffordshire.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts as above.From West Bromwich pits, 1837, 9s.3d.6,50024 bush. but larger measure than Birmingham.2s.10d.per sack of 8 bushels.Slack and Tar.5 cwt. of slack, at 4s.25 per cent.1,500Batswings.averageDitto.234 nights, or 3042 hours.Ditto.131⁄2180Receives net about 5s.6d.per meter cubic feet.85 millions in the year.Ditto.Ditto.6, and 6 in the town 7 miles off.·455721,9291·22·821⁄21180Macclesfield.10s.per meter cub. feet.DiscountsA-bove50l.andnotex-ceed-ing75l.5percent.75l.100l.71⁄2100l.125l.10125l.150l.121⁄2150l.175l.15175l.200l.171⁄2200l.& upwards20.Common, 8s.average 18316,72012 cwt.10s.per ton.Coke.No account kept.220Ditto.2100Company.8 months, omitting 5 nights for moons.4 feet per hour.30120Could not say.80,000. Total for year about 15 millions.8 hours.Ditto.3 gas holders.Not taken.70204Not taken.·823⁄4Stockport.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts same as Macclesfield. Macclesfield discounts taken from Stockport card.Coal 10s.6d.cannel 19s.6d.about half and half used. Average 15s.1834.7,8007 cwt.6s.8d.per ton.Coal, coke, and tar.Ditto.230Ditto.2100Comrs. provide lamps and posts. Company's service light, repair, clean, and extinguish.8 months. 4 nights omitted for moons. 237 nights—2800 hours.Ditto.26126Ditto.65,000. Total for year about 12 millions.Ditto.Ditto.4 gas holders.·539642,441·85·5525⁄81834.2001837.Manchester.10s.per m. cub. ft. 1834.9s.and 8s.cu—ft.1837.Discounts50l.andun-der100l.21⁄2percent.100l.150l.5150l.200l.71⁄2200l.225l.10225l.250l.121⁄2250l.300l.15300l.400l.171⁄2400l.and upwards2015s.2d.average.Oldham-cannel.WatergateWiganMixed, 1834.9,50014 cwt.Ditto.Coke.4, 2-3ds cwt.2,375Single-jets and flat flames, about half and half.122000Commissioners of police.3390 hours.1 foot, 2 feet, per hour.6566nothing.About 15 to 171⁄2per cent. receive about 7s.4d.per meter cubic feet, public and private. Nearly all by meter.500,000. Total for year 100 millions.6 hours.Wet lime.10 gas holders, and 2 in the town.·534662,295·825·47521⁄4Liverpool Old Company, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet.Discounts10l.& under50l.21⁄2perct.50l.to100l.5100l.to200l.71⁄2300l.& upwards107s.3d.per ton of 112 lbs. per cwt. Ormskirk or Wigan slack.8,200113⁄4cwt.8s.4d.per ton of 112 lb. per cwt.Slack 7s.3d.per ton.61⁄2cwt.1,70030Batswings,1 jet,2 —3 —4 —4222310513213000911Company light, clean, put out, and repair.3600 hours.5 feet per hour.44120Could not learn in the absence of the manager.360,000. Total for year 72 millions.8 hours, large, retorts holding 6 cwt. each.Wet and dry lime, principally dry.8 gas holders in all, 4 in the town, 1000 yards off the works.·462751,7771·1·7525⁄8Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts same as Liverpool Old Company.18s.all cannel Wigan.9,50013 cwt.7s.6d.per ton.Coke and slack.51⁄2cwt.Only a few.Argands.400Commissioners.3000 hours.31⁄2feet per hour.56nothingNearly all by meter.Not sufficiently long at work.4 hours.Wet lime.2 large gas holders.·580553,306·9·452Bradford, 1834.9s.per meter cubic feet to large consumers.Discounts20l.to30l.5percent.30l.to40l.71⁄240l.to60l.1060l.to80l.121⁄280l.to100l.15100l.& upwards20Small consumers, 10s.per meter cub. feet, and 5 per cent. off from 10l.to 20l.8s.6d.per ton. 3 sorts used average. Slack 5s.6d.Low moor 8s.10d.Catherine slack 8s.8,00013 cwt.12s.per ton.Coke.81⁄2cwt.220Batswings.2126Company light, repair, &c.8 months, omitting 7 nights, 2600 hours to 4 o’clock in the morning.5 feet per hour.31126Receive 8s.per meter cubic feet, less 51⁄2per cent.42,500. Total for year 8,619,000.8 hours.Dry lime.4 gas holders.·420781,643·12·93Leeds, 1834.8s.per meter cubic feet.Discounts21⁄2-per cent.on half-yearlypayments-15l.530l.71⁄250l.10100l.8s.per ton average. 2-3ds common 7s.1-3d cannel, 10s.6,50012 cwt.7s.6d.per ton.Ditto.51⁄4cwt.517Ditto.2126Commissioners, except extinguishing, for which Company pay 3s.10d.per lamp.2330 hours.4 feet per hour.52310Receive for public and private 6s.8d.per meter cubic feet. Public 5s., private 7s.; meters used to 5 to 1 for private rental.176,000. Total for year 31 millions.6 hours.Ditto.5 gas holders.·530672,228·855·5121⁄4Sheffield, 1835.8s.per meter cubic feet. Discounts same as Leeds.7s.9d.per ton average. 3 sorts used 1, 2-10ths. cannel, at 16s.8, 2-10ths. deep pit, 7s.1-10th silk stone, 10s.8,00010 cwt. of saleable coke.10s.per ton.Ditto.31⁄2cwt.600Ditto.2100Company provide lamps, clean, repair, put out, &c.2200 hours.Ditto.321⁄2180Receive for public and private lts. 5s.per meter cubic feet. Public 3s.21⁄2d., private 5s.91⁄2d.Few meters used.220,000. Total for year 40 millions.Ditto.Ditto.4 gas holders, and 2 more erecting.·466741,8261·04·73523⁄4Leicester, 1837.7s.6d.per meter cub. ft.Discounts on half-yearly rental notexceeding 10l., 5 per cent.A-bove10l.andnotex-ceed-ing20l.71⁄2percent.20l.30l.1030l.40l.121⁄240l.50l.1550l.60l.2060l.& upwards2513s.6d.average. Derbyshire soft coal.7,5004 quarters.10s.8d.or 2s.8d.per qr.Coke, tar, &c.About 1-3d of coke.414Ditto.2186Company light, put out, and clean.From August 14th to September 1st, omitting 3 nights for moons, 3000 hours.5 feet per hour.343⁄470Not sufficiently long, at 7s.6d.Total for year 18 millions.Ditto.Ditto.3 gas holders, and 1 erecting.·528741,8261·1·7523⁄4Derby, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet.Same coal used as at Leicester.7,000Ditto.Ditto.Coke.Ditto.219Ditto.220Commissioners light, put out, &c.2173 hours, from August to May.Ditto.40—Lose about 171⁄2per cent.Ditto.Ditto.Wet lime.4 gas holders.·448831,4531·2·9253Discounts 5 to 35 per cent.270nearly.Nottingham, 1834.9s.per meter cubic feet. Discounts as above.Ditto.7,000Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.300Ditto.330Commissioners light, clean, repair, &c.All the year, 4327 hours.Ditto.30—Could not learn.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.—·424901,2341·31·1753nearly.London, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet. No discounts.17s.average. Newcastle.8,50036 bush.12s.per chaldron.Ditto.13 bush.26,280Ditto.400Company light, clean, put out, but not repair.4327 hours, all the year.4 feet per hour.40120Receive for public and private lights 7s.public, 4s.private, 8s.few meters used.Total for year 1000 millions. Longest night 4,910,000.Ditto.Ditto.130 gas holders.·412801,5621·13·8423⁄4Ditto, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.8,500Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.30,400Ditto.400Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.40120Ditto.Total for year 1460 millions. Longest night 7,120,000.Ditto.Ditto.176 gas holders.·412801,5621·13·8423⁄4Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.Price of Gas per Meter, and Discounts allowed.Price of Coal, and Description; delivered per Ton.Average Quantity of Gas made per Ton of Coals.Coke made from a Ton of Coal.Cu. ft.Birmingham Gas Company.10s.per meter cub. feet.Discounts10l.to30l.peran.21⁄2percent.30l.to50l.550l.to75l.71⁄275l.to100l.10100l.& upwards15Lump coal from West Bromwich pits risen much of late. 1837, 11s.10d.6,50032 bushels.Birmingham and Staffordshire.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts as above.From West Bromwich pits, 1837, 9s.3d.6,50024 bush. but larger measure than Birmingham.Macclesfield.10s.per meter cub. feet.DiscountsA-bove50l.andnotex-ceed-ing75l.5percent.75l.100l.71⁄2100l.125l.10125l.150l.121⁄2150l.175l.15175l.200l.171⁄2200l.& upwards20.Common, 8s.average 18316,72012 cwt.Stockport.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts same as Macclesfield. Macclesfield discounts taken from Stockport card.Coal 10s.6d.cannel 19s.6d.about half and half used. Average 15s.1834.7,8007 cwt.Manchester.10s.per m. cub. ft. 1834.9s.and 8s.cu—ft.1837.Discounts50l.andun-der100l.21⁄2percent.100l.150l.5150l.200l.71⁄2200l.225l.10225l.250l.121⁄2250l.300l.15300l.400l.171⁄2400l.and upwards2015s.2d.average.Oldham-cannel.WatergateWiganMixed, 1834.9,50014 cwt.Liverpool Old Company, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet.Discounts10l.& under50l.21⁄2perct.50l.to100l.5100l.to200l.71⁄2300l.& upwards107s.3d.per ton of 112 lbs. per cwt. Ormskirk or Wigan slack.8,200113⁄4cwt.Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.10s.per meter cub. feet. Discounts same as Liverpool Old Company.18s.all cannel Wigan.9,50013 cwt.Bradford, 1834.9s.per meter cubic feet to large consumers.Discounts20l.to30l.5percent.30l.to40l.71⁄240l.to60l.1060l.to80l.121⁄280l.to100l.15100l.& upwards20Small consumers, 10s.per meter cub. feet, and 5 per cent. off from 10l.to 20l.8s.6d.per ton. 3 sorts used average. Slack 5s.6d.Low moor 8s.10d.Catherine slack 8s.8,00013 cwt.Leeds, 1834.8s.per meter cubic feet.Discounts21⁄2-per cent.on half-yearlypayments-15l.530l.71⁄250l.10100l.8s.per ton average. 2-3ds common 7s.1-3d cannel, 10s.6,50012 cwt.Sheffield, 1835.8s.per meter cubic feet. Discounts same as Leeds.7s.9d.per ton average. 3 sorts used 1, 2-10ths. cannel, at 16s.8, 2-10ths. deep pit, 7s.1-10th silk stone, 10s.8,00010 cwt. of saleable coke.Leicester, 1837.7s.6d.per meter cub. ft.Discounts on half-yearly rental notexceeding 10l., 5 per cent.A-bove10l.andnotex-ceed-ing20l.71⁄2percent.20l.30l.1030l.40l.121⁄240l.50l.1550l.60l.2060l.& upwards2513s.6d.average. Derbyshire soft coal.7,5004 quarters.Derby, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet.Same coal used as at Leicester.7,000Ditto.Discounts 5 to 35 per cent.Nottingham, 1834.9s.per meter cubic feet. Discounts as above.Ditto.7,000Ditto.London, 1834.10s.per meter cub. feet. No discounts.17s.average. Newcastle.8,50036 bush.Ditto, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.8,500Ditto.Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.Selling Price of Coke.Material used to heat Retorts.Quantity used per Ton of Coal.No. of Public or Street Lamps supplied.Description.—Size or Sort.Price paid per Annum for Ditto.Who lights, cleans, puts out, and repairs.L.s.d.Birmingham Gas Company.2s.1d.per quarter delivered, or about 3d.per bushel.Slack.About 5 cwt. of slack, at 6s.per ton, 25 per cent.490Batswings, 460 301210000Company, and provides posts, services, &c.Birmingham and Staffordshire.2s.10d.per sack of 8 bushels.Slack and Tar.5 cwt. of slack, at 4s.25 per cent.1,500Batswings.averageDitto.1180Macclesfield.10s.per ton.Coke.No account kept.220Ditto.2100Company.Stockport.6s.8d.per ton.Coal, coke, and tar.Ditto.230Ditto.2100Comrs. provide lamps and posts. Company's service light, repair, clean, and extinguish.1834.2001837.Manchester.Ditto.Coke.4, 2-3ds cwt.2,375Single-jets and flat flames, about half and half.122000Commissioners of police.Liverpool Old Company, 1834.8s.4d.per ton of 112 lb. per cwt.Slack 7s.3d.per ton.61⁄2cwt.1,70030Batswings,1 jet,2 —3 —4 —4222310513213000911Company light, clean, put out, and repair.Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.7s.6d.per ton.Coke and slack.51⁄2cwt.Only a few.Argands.400Commissioners.Bradford, 1834.12s.per ton.Coke.81⁄2cwt.220Batswings.2126Company light, repair, &c.Leeds, 1834.7s.6d.per ton.Ditto.51⁄4cwt.517Ditto.2126Commissioners, except extinguishing, for which Company pay 3s.10d.per lamp.Sheffield, 1835.10s.per ton.Ditto.31⁄2cwt.600Ditto.2100Company provide lamps, clean, repair, put out, &c.Leicester, 1837.10s.8d.or 2s.8d.per qr.Coke, tar, &c.About 1-3d of coke.414Ditto.2186Company light, put out, and clean.Derby, 1834.Ditto.Coke.Ditto.219Ditto.220Commissioners light, put out, &c.270Nottingham, 1834.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.300Ditto.330Commissioners light, clean, repair, &c.London, 1834.12s.per chaldron.Ditto.13 bush.26,280Ditto.400Company light, clean, put out, but not repair.Ditto, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.Ditto.30,400Ditto.400Ditto.Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.No. of Hours, or Time burnt in the Year.Gas consumed in each Lamp per Hour.Rate per Meter Cubic Feet received for Ditto.Amount deducted for cleaning, lighting, extinguishing, providing Lamp Posts; &c.Per Centage of Loss of Gas made.Greatest Quantity of Gas delivered in One Night.s.d.s.d.Cubic Feet.Birmingham Gas Company.226 nights, or 2938 hours, 9 months, omitting 5 nights for moons.5 feet per hour.30401018180Receives net about 6s.8d.per meter cubic feet.48 millions in the year.Birmingham and Staffordshire.234 nights, or 3042 hours.Ditto.131⁄2180Receives net about 5s.6d.per meter cubic feet.85 millions in the year.Macclesfield.8 months, omitting 5 nights for moons.4 feet per hour.30120Could not say.80,000. Total for year about 15 millions.Stockport.8 months. 4 nights omitted for moons. 237 nights—2800 hours.Ditto.26126Ditto.65,000. Total for year about 12 millions.Manchester.3390 hours.1 foot, 2 feet, per hour.6566nothing.About 15 to 171⁄2per cent. receive about 7s.4d.per meter cubic feet, public and private. Nearly all by meter.500,000. Total for year 100 millions.Liverpool Old Company, 1834.3600 hours.5 feet per hour.44120Could not learn in the absence of the manager.360,000. Total for year 72 millions.Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.3000 hours.31⁄2feet per hour.56nothingNearly all by meter.Not sufficiently long at work.Bradford, 1834.8 months, omitting 7 nights, 2600 hours to 4 o’clock in the morning.5 feet per hour.31126Receive 8s.per meter cubic feet, less 51⁄2per cent.42,500. Total for year 8,619,000.Leeds, 1834.2330 hours.4 feet per hour.52310Receive for public and private 6s.8d.per meter cubic feet. Public 5s., private 7s.; meters used to 5 to 1 for private rental.176,000. Total for year 31 millions.Sheffield, 1835.2200 hours.Ditto.321⁄2180Receive for public and private lts. 5s.per meter cubic feet. Public 3s.21⁄2d., private 5s.91⁄2d.Few meters used.220,000. Total for year 40 millions.Leicester, 1837.From August 14th to September 1st, omitting 3 nights for moons, 3000 hours.5 feet per hour.343⁄470Not sufficiently long, at 7s.6d.Total for year 18 millions.Derby, 1834.2173 hours, from August to May.Ditto.40—Lose about 171⁄2per cent.Ditto.nearly.Nottingham, 1834.All the year, 4327 hours.Ditto.30—Could not learn.Ditto.nearly.London, 1834.4327 hours, all the year.4 feet per hour.40120Receive for public and private lights 7s.public, 4s.private, 8s.few meters used.Total for year 1000 millions. Longest night 4,910,000.Ditto, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.40120Ditto.Total for year 1460 millions. Longest night 7,120,000.Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.Duration of Charges.Method of Purification.Number of Gas Holders.Specific Gravity of the Gas.Distance of Candle from Shadow.Inch.Birmingham Gas Company.6 hours.Dry lime.4, and 2 in the town, and large new gas station.·45372Birmingham and Staffordshire.Ditto.Ditto.6, and 6 in the town 7 miles off.·45572Macclesfield.8 hours.Ditto.3 gas holders.Not taken.70Stockport.Ditto.Ditto.4 gas holders.·53964Manchester.6 hours.Wet lime.10 gas holders, and 2 in the town.·53466Liverpool Old Company, 1834.8 hours, large, retorts holding 6 cwt. each.Wet and dry lime, principally dry.8 gas holders in all, 4 in the town, 1000 yards off the works.·46275Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.4 hours.Wet lime.2 large gas holders.·58055Bradford, 1834.8 hours.Dry lime.4 gas holders.·42078Leeds, 1834.6 hours.Ditto.5 gas holders.·53067Sheffield, 1835.Ditto.Ditto.4 gas holders, and 2 more erecting.·46674Leicester, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.3 gas holders, and 1 erecting.·52874Derby, 1834.Ditto.Wet lime.4 gas holders.·44883Nottingham, 1834.Ditto.Ditto.—·42490London, 1834.Ditto.Ditto.130 gas holders.·41280Ditto, 1837.Ditto.Ditto.176 gas holders.·41280Name of the Place where Gas Works are situated.Gas equal to Candles. Gas burnt in a single Jet Four Inches high.Gas consumed per Hour with a Four-Inch Flame.Gas Flame reduced to Candle burnt per Hour.Height of Gas Flame equal to Light from Candle.CandlesCu. ft.Cu. ft.Inch.Birmingham Gas Company.1,9291·22·821⁄2Birmingham and Staffordshire.1,9291·22·821⁄2Macclesfield.204Not taken.·823⁄4Stockport.2,441·85·5525⁄8Manchester.2,295·825·47521⁄4Liverpool Old Company, 1834.1,7771·1·7525⁄8Ditto ditto.In 1835 this Company resorted to the use of cannel coal similar to the Liverpool New Gas and Coal Company, producing nearly similar results, which see.Liverpool New Gas and Coke, 1835.3,306·9·452Bradford, 1834.1,643·12·93Leeds, 1834.2,228·855·5121⁄4Sheffield, 1835.1,8261·04·73523⁄4Leicester, 1837.1,8261·1·7523⁄4Derby, 1834.1,4531·2·9253Nottingham, 1834.1,2341·31·1753London, 1834.1,5621·13·8423⁄4Ditto, 1837.1,5621·13·8423⁄4
Copy of Experiments made at the Alliance Gas Company’s Works in Dublin, during the past year 1837. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.
Results of experiments on the qualities of various coals for the production of gas; its value in illuminating power; produce of coke, and quality; and other particulars important in gas-making:—
1st Experiment, Saturday, May 27th, 1837.—Deane coal, (Cumberland). 2 cwt. of 112 lbs. each (or 224 lbs.) produced 970 cubic feet of gas; 4 bushels of coke of middling quality; specific gravity of the gas, 475. Consumed in a single-jet burner, flame 4 inches high, 14⁄10ths cubic feet per hour; distance from shadow 76 inches or 2·3 mould candles. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·33 cubic feet per lb., or 9,700 cubic feet per ton of 20 cwt. Increase of coke over coal in measure, not quite 30 per cent. Loss in weight between coal, coke and breize 56 lbs., converted into gas, tar, ammonia, &c.
2nd Experiment, May 28th.—Carlisle coal, (Blenkinsopp). 224 lbs. produced 1010 cubic feet of gas, 4 bushels of coke of good quality though small; increase of coke over coal in measure not quite 30 per cent. Loss in weight, same as foregoing experiment. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·5 cubic feet per lb. or 10,080 per ton.
Illuminating power of the Gas.
3rd Experiment, May 29th.—Carlisle coal (Blenkinsopp). 112 lbs. produced 556 cubic feet of gas. Other products, loss of weight, &c., same proportion as foregoing experiment. Average quantity of gas made from the charge (6 hours) 4·96 cubic feet per lb., or 11,120 per ton.
In this experiment the quantity of gas generated every hour was ascertained; the illuminating power, the specific gravity, and the quantity of gas consumed by the single jet with a flame 4 inches high, was tried at the end of each hour, with the respective gases generated at each hour; and the following is a table of results.
RESULTS.
Production of gas in 6 hours 556 feet, or at the rate of 11,120 cubic feet per ton.ProducDittof gasin 4 hours 460 feet, or at the rate of19,200cubicditto.
The relative value of these productions of gas is as follows, viz.:
11,120 at 16-10ths per hour nearly, (or 1·5916 accurately) and equal to 203 candles; the 11,120 feet would be equal to and last as long as 1597 candles, or 2661⁄6lbs. of candles.
9200 at 121⁄3-10ths. per hour, (or 1·2375 accurately,) and equal to 236 candles; the 9200 feet would be equal to 1949 candles, or 3245⁄6lbs. candles.
Now 2661⁄6lbs. of mould candles, at 7s.6d.per dozen lbs. will cost18l.6s.41⁄2d., whilstNow3245⁄6lbs. ofmdo.d cado.es,at 7s.6d.perdozedo.bs. wdo.ost10l.3s.
Shewing the value of 4-hour charges, over 6-hour charges; and of 9,200 cubic feet over 11,120 cubic feet.
Note.—9500 cubic feet of Wigan cannel coal gas are equal in illuminating power to 859 1-6th lbs. of candles, which at 7s.6d.per dozen lbs. will cost 25l.10s.51⁄2d.It is also found that any burner with superior gas, will consume only about half the quantity it would do with common gas.
Note.—9500 cubic feet of Wigan cannel coal gas are equal in illuminating power to 859 1-6th lbs. of candles, which at 7s.6d.per dozen lbs. will cost 25l.10s.51⁄2d.It is also found that any burner with superior gas, will consume only about half the quantity it would do with common gas.
4th Experiment, May 30th.—Cannel and Cardiff coal mixed1⁄2and1⁄2, together 112 lbs., produced 460 feet of gas; 2 bushels of coke of good quality; increase of coke over coal in measure about 30 per cent.; loss in weight, 41 lbs.; coke weighed 71 lbs., no breize. Average quantity of gas made from the charge, (4 hours) 4·1 cubic feet, per lb., or 9·200, per ton.
Illuminating power.—At end of first hour.
Specific gravity 3·44; 5 feet per hour, with a 20-hole argand burner, equal to 14·66 candles.
5th Experiment, May 31st.—Carlisle coal, 112 lbs. produced 410 feet of gas; other products, same as in former experiments with this coal, but heat very low.
Illuminating power and produce of gas.
It is possible, from the superior quality of this gas, that a little of the cannel gas made for a particular purpose, may have have got intermixed with it in the experimental gasholder and apparatus.
A variety of other experiments were tried on different qualities of coal, and mixtures of ditto, too tedious to insert here, though extremely valuable, and all tending to shew the superior value of gas produced at short over long charges; and also showing the importance and value of coal producing gas of the highest illuminating power; among which the cannel coal procured in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and some other counties of England and Wales, and the Parrot or splent coal of Scotland, stand pre-eminent.
Note.—In all the foregoing experiments the same single-jet burner was used; its flame in all instances exactly 4 inches high.The coal when drawn from the retort was slaked with water, and after allowing some short time for drying, was weighed.
Note.—In all the foregoing experiments the same single-jet burner was used; its flame in all instances exactly 4 inches high.
The coal when drawn from the retort was slaked with water, and after allowing some short time for drying, was weighed.
ATableof the number of hours Gas is burnt in each month, quarter and year.
Copy of a Paper submitted to a Committee of the House of Commons in the Session of 1837, being a Synopsis of the proceedings of the undermentioned principal Gas-Light Establishments of England; and procured by actual Survey and Experiments between the Years 1834 and 1837. By Joseph Hedley, Esq.