SELECTIONS FROM FINNISH LITERATURE

N.B. When aruleis cited by a number, this refers to the numbered phonetic rules frompage 6 to page 18.

1. Alussa[1]oli[2]Sana[3]ja[4]se[5]Sana[3]oli[2]Jumalan[6]tykönä[7]ja[4]Jumala[6]oli[2]se[5]Sana[3].

2. Tämä[8]oli[2]alussa[1]Jumalan[6]tykönä[7].

3. Kaikki[9]ovat[10]sen[11]kautta[12]tehdyt[13]ja[4]ilman[14]sitä[15]ei[16]ole[16]mitään[17]tehty[16]joka[18]tehty[13]on[19].

4. Hänessä[20]oli[2]elämä[21]ja[4]elämä[21]oli[2]ihmisten[22]valkeus[23].

5. Ja[4]se[5]valkeus[23]pimeydessä[24]paistaa[25]jota[26]ei[27]pimeys[24]käsittänyt[27].

6. Yksi[28]mies[29]oli[30]lähetetty[30]Jumalalta[31]jonka[32]nimi[33]oli[2]Johannes[34].

7. Se[35]tuli[36]siitä[37]valkeudesta[38]todistamaan[39]että[40]kaikki[9]uskoisivat[41]hänen[42]kauttansa[43].

8. Ei[44]hän[45]ollut[44]se[5]valkeus[23]mutta[46]hän[45]oli[30]lähetetty[30]valkeudesta[38]todistamaan[39].

9. Se[35]oli[2]totinen[47]valkeus[23]joka[18]valistaa[48]kaikki[9]ihmiset[49]jotka[50]maailmaan[51]tulevat[52].

10. Se[35]oli[2]maailmassa[53]ja[4]maailma[54]on[19]hänen[42]kauttansa[43]tehty[13]jä[4]ei[55]maailma[54]häntä[56]tuntenut[55].

11. Hän[45]tuli[36]omillensa[57]ja[4]ei[58]hänen[42]omansa[60]häntä[56]ottaneet[58]vastaan[59].

12. Mutta[46]niille[61]jotka[50]hänen[42]ottivat[62]vastaan[59], antoi[63]hän[45]voiman[64]Jumalan[6]lapsiksi[65]tulla[66]jotka[50]uskovat[67]hänen[42]nimensä[68]päälle[69];

13. Jotka[50]ei[70]verestä[71]eikä[70]lihan[72]tahdosta[73]ei[70]myös[74]miehen[75]tahdosta[73]mutta[46]Jumalalta[76]syntyneet[77]ovat[77].

14. Ja[4]sana[3]tuli[78]lihaksi[79]ja[4]asui[80]meidän[81]seassamme[82](ja[4]me[83]näimme[84]hänen[42]kunniansa[85]niinkuin[86]ainoan[87]Pojan[88]kunnian[89]Isästä[90]) täynnä[91]armoa[92]ja[4]totuutta[93].

1. In-the-beginning was the-Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

2. That was in-the-beginning with God.

3. All were made through Him, and without Him was not anything made which was made.

4. In-Him was life, and the-life was the-light of-men.

5. And that light shineth in-the-darkness, which the-darkness comprehended not.

6. A man was sent from-God whose name was John.

7. He came to-bear-witness of-that light, that all might-believe through Him.

8. He was not that light, but He was sent to-bear-witness of-the-light.

9. That was the-true light which lighteth all men who come into-the-world.

10. He was in-the-world, and the-world was made by Him, and the-world knew Him not.

11. He came to-His-own, and His own received Him not.

12. But to-them who received Him, He gave power to-become the-children of-God, who believe on His name,

13. Who were not born of-blood, not of-the-will of-the-flesh, also not of-the-will of-men, but of God.

14. And the-word became flesh, and dwelt in-our-midst (and we saw his glory, as the-glory of-the-only Son of-the Father) full of-grace and of-truth.

[1]Inessive sing. ofalku, formed with suffixu(p.45); verbalkaa,to begin;alkussabecomesalussaby rule27.[2]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofolla,to be(p.72).[3]Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verbsanoa,to speak.[4]Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish,and.[5]Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p.59) used almost like article (p.166).[6]Jumala, gen.Jumalan,God.[7]Essive sing. oftykö; postposition governingJumalan(p.215).[8]Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p.58).[9]Nominative plur. without term. (pp.61and170).[10]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofolla(p.72).[11]Gen. sing. of demonstr.se(p.59).[12]Kautta, postposition governing gen.sen(p.204).[13]tehty, past part. pass. of rootteke(rule41); nominative plur.tehdyt(rule32). Here the participle is used in combination withovatto form perf. passive (p.74).[14]Preposition governing the partitivesitä(p.203).[15]Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron.se.[16]ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of rootteke(p.74).[17]Partitive sing. ofmikäwith suffixan(pp.61and219). For explanation of use of partitive herev.p.183.[18]Nom. sing, of rel. pron.[19]3rd pers. sing. pres. ofolla.[20]Iness. sing. of personal pron.hän.[21]Nom. sing. formed from rooteläwith suffixmä(p.45).[22]Gen. plur. ofihminendeclined liketoinen(p.35).[23]Stemvalkeute(nominative-us, p.36) formed by adding affixuteto rootvalke(cf.valkea,whiteorfire, andvaljeta).[24]Stempimeyte, nominativepimeys; substantive formed frompimeä,dark, analogous tovalkeus, but with soft termination;pimeydessäis inessive sing.[25]3rd pers. sing. pres. of rootpaista.[26]Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p.127).[27]3rd sing. negative imperf. (p.70) of verbal rootkäsitä,to grasporunderstand(exact equivalent of comprehendere).[28]Yksi,one, here used as the indefinite article, p.51.[29]Nominative sing. of stemmiehe,man.[30]Plupf. passive oflähettää,to send; pres. passivelähetetään, past part.-etty(p.67).[31]Ablative sing. ofJumala,God.[32]Genitive sing. of relative pron.joka.[33]Nominative sing. of stemnime.[34]Nominative sing. of stemJohannekse(p.36).[35]Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p.166).[36]3rd sing. imperf. of roottule, p.95.[37]Elative sing. of pron.se.[38]Elative sing. of nominativevalkeus, for use of case,v.p.144.[39]Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stemtodista, 1st infin.todistaa, for constr.v.p.194.[40]Particle used here with conditional,v.for constr. p.179.[41]3rd pers. plur. conditional ofuskoa,to believe.[42]hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon[43]the postpositionkauttawith the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix,v.p.164.[44]3rd sing. impf. negative ofolla.[45]Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.[46]conjunctionbut.[47]Nom. sing. of stemtotise(p.35) formed with adjectival endingisefrom stemtote, nom.tosi.[48]3rd sing. pres. of rootvalista(1st inf.-taa),to light.[49]Acc. plur. of stemihmise, nom. sing.ihminen,man.[50]Nom. plur. of rel. pron.joka.[51]maailmaan, illative sing. ofmaailma,universe(maa,ilma), denoting motion into aftertulevat.[52]3rd plur. pres. of roottule(1st inf.tulla)to come(p.95).[53]Inessive sing.[54]Nom. sing.[55]3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative oftuntea.[56]Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p.127).[57]Allative plur. ofoma,own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers.om-i-lle-nsa.[58]Negative imperf. ofottaa,to take.[59]Illative sing. ofvasta, meaning literally,what is opposite. The combinationottaa vastaan, is used to meanreceive.[60]Nom. plur. ofomawith suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p.57). Asomansais subject to the verb, the latter should strictly beeivät ottaneet, butv.page123.[61]Allative plur. of demons. pron.se, nom. plur.ne.[62]3rd pers. plur. imperf. ofottaa,to take.[63]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofantaa,to give, pres.annan. For difference of form inotti,antoiv.page85.[64]Acc. sing. ofvoima,power, formed with suffixmafrom rootvoi(1st inf.voida),to be able.[65]Transl. plur. oflapse,a child,v.p.158.[66]1st inf. from roottule,to come, here used as auxiliary meaningto becomeorenter on a state, and taking the translative case.[67]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofuskoa,to believe.[68]Genitive sing. ofnimi(stemnime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.[69]Allative sing. ofpää,a head, governing the genitivenimensä. The local cases ofpääare used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.[70]Eikäis the negative verb with the adverbial suffixkä,and; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.;syntyneetmust be understood with the negative.[71]Elative sing. ofveri(stemvere),blood, for usev.p.143.[72]Genitive sing. ofliha,flesh, depending ontahdosta.[73]Elative sing. oftahto,will, used as a nominal and verbal stem (tahtoa,to wish).[74]Particle,also, connected withmyötäandmyöten.[75]Genitive sing. ofmies(stemmiehe),man, depending ontahdosta.[76]Elative sing. ofJumala,God.[77]3rd pers. plur. of the perf. ofsyntyä,to be born, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitivesyntynyt,v.p.73.[78]For formv.No.36. Here used as auxiliarybecameand followed by translative,v.Nos.65and66above.[79]Translat. sing. ofliha,flesh.[80]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofasua,to dwell.[81]Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postpositionseassamme.[82]Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur.,v.p.214.[83]Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.[84]1st pers. plur. imperf. of rootnäke(inf.nähdä,v.p.108),näke-i-mmebecomesnäimmeby rules14and28.[85]Acc. sing. ofkunnia,glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.[86]So as, compound adverb formed ofniin, instr. plur. ofseandkuin, instr. plur. of rootku(nom.kuka).[87]Genitive sing. ofainoa,only, agreeing withPojan.[88]Genitive sing. ofPoika,son, for formv.rule28.[89]Accus. sing. ofkunnia,glory, governing the genitiveainoan Pojan.[90]Elative sing. ofIsä,Father. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming together.[91]Essive sing. of stemtäyte, in apposition tosana(v.p.157. iii). Modern Finnish makestäytenä, but here theeis dropped andtäytnäbecomestäynnä, cf.ynnäforyhtenäfromyksi. In nom.täyteformstäysiby rule37.[92]Part. sing, of stemarmo,graceormercy; for use of part. aftertäynnäv.p.136.[93]Part. sing. of stemtotuute(p.36), which rejectsebeforetaof part.; for formation from roottote,v.p.47. iii.

[1]Inessive sing. ofalku, formed with suffixu(p.45); verbalkaa,to begin;alkussabecomesalussaby rule27.

[1]Inessive sing. ofalku, formed with suffixu(p.45); verbalkaa,to begin;alkussabecomesalussaby rule27.

[2]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofolla,to be(p.72).

[2]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofolla,to be(p.72).

[3]Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verbsanoa,to speak.

[3]Nom. sing. identical with stem; cf. verbsanoa,to speak.

[4]Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish,and.

[4]Conjunction borrowed from the Swedish,and.

[5]Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p.59) used almost like article (p.166).

[5]Nominative of demonstr. pron. (p.59) used almost like article (p.166).

[6]Jumala, gen.Jumalan,God.

[6]Jumala, gen.Jumalan,God.

[7]Essive sing. oftykö; postposition governingJumalan(p.215).

[7]Essive sing. oftykö; postposition governingJumalan(p.215).

[8]Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p.58).

[8]Nominative sing. of demonstr. pron. (p.58).

[9]Nominative plur. without term. (pp.61and170).

[9]Nominative plur. without term. (pp.61and170).

[10]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofolla(p.72).

[10]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofolla(p.72).

[11]Gen. sing. of demonstr.se(p.59).

[11]Gen. sing. of demonstr.se(p.59).

[12]Kautta, postposition governing gen.sen(p.204).

[12]Kautta, postposition governing gen.sen(p.204).

[13]tehty, past part. pass. of rootteke(rule41); nominative plur.tehdyt(rule32). Here the participle is used in combination withovatto form perf. passive (p.74).

[13]tehty, past part. pass. of rootteke(rule41); nominative plur.tehdyt(rule32). Here the participle is used in combination withovatto form perf. passive (p.74).

[14]Preposition governing the partitivesitä(p.203).

[14]Preposition governing the partitivesitä(p.203).

[15]Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron.se.

[15]Partitive sing. of demonstr. pron.se.

[16]ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of rootteke(p.74).

[16]ei ole tehty, negative perf. passive of rootteke(p.74).

[17]Partitive sing. ofmikäwith suffixan(pp.61and219). For explanation of use of partitive herev.p.183.

[17]Partitive sing. ofmikäwith suffixan(pp.61and219). For explanation of use of partitive herev.p.183.

[18]Nom. sing, of rel. pron.

[18]Nom. sing, of rel. pron.

[19]3rd pers. sing. pres. ofolla.

[19]3rd pers. sing. pres. ofolla.

[20]Iness. sing. of personal pron.hän.

[20]Iness. sing. of personal pron.hän.

[21]Nom. sing. formed from rooteläwith suffixmä(p.45).

[21]Nom. sing. formed from rooteläwith suffixmä(p.45).

[22]Gen. plur. ofihminendeclined liketoinen(p.35).

[22]Gen. plur. ofihminendeclined liketoinen(p.35).

[23]Stemvalkeute(nominative-us, p.36) formed by adding affixuteto rootvalke(cf.valkea,whiteorfire, andvaljeta).

[23]Stemvalkeute(nominative-us, p.36) formed by adding affixuteto rootvalke(cf.valkea,whiteorfire, andvaljeta).

[24]Stempimeyte, nominativepimeys; substantive formed frompimeä,dark, analogous tovalkeus, but with soft termination;pimeydessäis inessive sing.

[24]Stempimeyte, nominativepimeys; substantive formed frompimeä,dark, analogous tovalkeus, but with soft termination;pimeydessäis inessive sing.

[25]3rd pers. sing. pres. of rootpaista.

[25]3rd pers. sing. pres. of rootpaista.

[26]Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p.127).

[26]Jota, part. sing. of relative pron. object of negative verb (p.127).

[27]3rd sing. negative imperf. (p.70) of verbal rootkäsitä,to grasporunderstand(exact equivalent of comprehendere).

[27]3rd sing. negative imperf. (p.70) of verbal rootkäsitä,to grasporunderstand(exact equivalent of comprehendere).

[28]Yksi,one, here used as the indefinite article, p.51.

[28]Yksi,one, here used as the indefinite article, p.51.

[29]Nominative sing. of stemmiehe,man.

[29]Nominative sing. of stemmiehe,man.

[30]Plupf. passive oflähettää,to send; pres. passivelähetetään, past part.-etty(p.67).

[30]Plupf. passive oflähettää,to send; pres. passivelähetetään, past part.-etty(p.67).

[31]Ablative sing. ofJumala,God.

[31]Ablative sing. ofJumala,God.

[32]Genitive sing. of relative pron.joka.

[32]Genitive sing. of relative pron.joka.

[33]Nominative sing. of stemnime.

[33]Nominative sing. of stemnime.

[34]Nominative sing. of stemJohannekse(p.36).

[34]Nominative sing. of stemJohannekse(p.36).

[35]Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p.166).

[35]Dem. pron. used as pers. pron. (p.166).

[36]3rd sing. imperf. of roottule, p.95.

[36]3rd sing. imperf. of roottule, p.95.

[37]Elative sing. of pron.se.

[37]Elative sing. of pron.se.

[38]Elative sing. of nominativevalkeus, for use of case,v.p.144.

[38]Elative sing. of nominativevalkeus, for use of case,v.p.144.

[39]Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stemtodista, 1st infin.todistaa, for constr.v.p.194.

[39]Illative of 3rd infin. of verbal stemtodista, 1st infin.todistaa, for constr.v.p.194.

[40]Particle used here with conditional,v.for constr. p.179.

[40]Particle used here with conditional,v.for constr. p.179.

[41]3rd pers. plur. conditional ofuskoa,to believe.

[41]3rd pers. plur. conditional ofuskoa,to believe.

[42]hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon

[42]hänen, gen. sing. of 3rd pers. pron. depending upon

[43]the postpositionkauttawith the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix,v.p.164.

[43]the postpositionkauttawith the affix of the 3rd person. Notice that throughout this extract (vv. 10, 12, 14) the genitive of the pers. pron. is used as well as the suffix,v.p.164.

[44]3rd sing. impf. negative ofolla.

[44]3rd sing. impf. negative ofolla.

[45]Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.

[45]Nominative sing. 3rd pers. pron.

[46]conjunctionbut.

[46]conjunctionbut.

[47]Nom. sing. of stemtotise(p.35) formed with adjectival endingisefrom stemtote, nom.tosi.

[47]Nom. sing. of stemtotise(p.35) formed with adjectival endingisefrom stemtote, nom.tosi.

[48]3rd sing. pres. of rootvalista(1st inf.-taa),to light.

[48]3rd sing. pres. of rootvalista(1st inf.-taa),to light.

[49]Acc. plur. of stemihmise, nom. sing.ihminen,man.

[49]Acc. plur. of stemihmise, nom. sing.ihminen,man.

[50]Nom. plur. of rel. pron.joka.

[50]Nom. plur. of rel. pron.joka.

[51]maailmaan, illative sing. ofmaailma,universe(maa,ilma), denoting motion into aftertulevat.

[51]maailmaan, illative sing. ofmaailma,universe(maa,ilma), denoting motion into aftertulevat.

[52]3rd plur. pres. of roottule(1st inf.tulla)to come(p.95).

[52]3rd plur. pres. of roottule(1st inf.tulla)to come(p.95).

[53]Inessive sing.

[53]Inessive sing.

[54]Nom. sing.

[54]Nom. sing.

[55]3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative oftuntea.

[55]3rd pers. sing. imperf. negative oftuntea.

[56]Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p.127).

[56]Partitive sing. of 3rd pers. pron. after negative verb (p.127).

[57]Allative plur. ofoma,own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers.om-i-lle-nsa.

[57]Allative plur. ofoma,own, with the suffix of the 3rd pers.om-i-lle-nsa.

[58]Negative imperf. ofottaa,to take.

[58]Negative imperf. ofottaa,to take.

[59]Illative sing. ofvasta, meaning literally,what is opposite. The combinationottaa vastaan, is used to meanreceive.

[59]Illative sing. ofvasta, meaning literally,what is opposite. The combinationottaa vastaan, is used to meanreceive.

[60]Nom. plur. ofomawith suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p.57). Asomansais subject to the verb, the latter should strictly beeivät ottaneet, butv.page123.

[60]Nom. plur. ofomawith suff. of 3rd pers. pron. (p.57). Asomansais subject to the verb, the latter should strictly beeivät ottaneet, butv.page123.

[61]Allative plur. of demons. pron.se, nom. plur.ne.

[61]Allative plur. of demons. pron.se, nom. plur.ne.

[62]3rd pers. plur. imperf. ofottaa,to take.

[62]3rd pers. plur. imperf. ofottaa,to take.

[63]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofantaa,to give, pres.annan. For difference of form inotti,antoiv.page85.

[63]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofantaa,to give, pres.annan. For difference of form inotti,antoiv.page85.

[64]Acc. sing. ofvoima,power, formed with suffixmafrom rootvoi(1st inf.voida),to be able.

[64]Acc. sing. ofvoima,power, formed with suffixmafrom rootvoi(1st inf.voida),to be able.

[65]Transl. plur. oflapse,a child,v.p.158.

[65]Transl. plur. oflapse,a child,v.p.158.

[66]1st inf. from roottule,to come, here used as auxiliary meaningto becomeorenter on a state, and taking the translative case.

[66]1st inf. from roottule,to come, here used as auxiliary meaningto becomeorenter on a state, and taking the translative case.

[67]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofuskoa,to believe.

[67]3rd pers. plur. pres. ofuskoa,to believe.

[68]Genitive sing. ofnimi(stemnime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.

[68]Genitive sing. ofnimi(stemnime) with pronom. affix of 3rd pers.

[69]Allative sing. ofpää,a head, governing the genitivenimensä. The local cases ofpääare used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.

[69]Allative sing. ofpää,a head, governing the genitivenimensä. The local cases ofpääare used in a variety of metaphorical expressions.

[70]Eikäis the negative verb with the adverbial suffixkä,and; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.;syntyneetmust be understood with the negative.

[70]Eikäis the negative verb with the adverbial suffixkä,and; as in verse 11, the singular of the negative verb is used for the plur.;syntyneetmust be understood with the negative.

[71]Elative sing. ofveri(stemvere),blood, for usev.p.143.

[71]Elative sing. ofveri(stemvere),blood, for usev.p.143.

[72]Genitive sing. ofliha,flesh, depending ontahdosta.

[72]Genitive sing. ofliha,flesh, depending ontahdosta.

[73]Elative sing. oftahto,will, used as a nominal and verbal stem (tahtoa,to wish).

[73]Elative sing. oftahto,will, used as a nominal and verbal stem (tahtoa,to wish).

[74]Particle,also, connected withmyötäandmyöten.

[74]Particle,also, connected withmyötäandmyöten.

[75]Genitive sing. ofmies(stemmiehe),man, depending ontahdosta.

[75]Genitive sing. ofmies(stemmiehe),man, depending ontahdosta.

[76]Elative sing. ofJumala,God.

[76]Elative sing. ofJumala,God.

[77]3rd pers. plur. of the perf. ofsyntyä,to be born, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitivesyntynyt,v.p.73.

[77]3rd pers. plur. of the perf. ofsyntyä,to be born, composed of auxiliary and nom. plur. of partitivesyntynyt,v.p.73.

[78]For formv.No.36. Here used as auxiliarybecameand followed by translative,v.Nos.65and66above.

[78]For formv.No.36. Here used as auxiliarybecameand followed by translative,v.Nos.65and66above.

[79]Translat. sing. ofliha,flesh.

[79]Translat. sing. ofliha,flesh.

[80]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofasua,to dwell.

[80]3rd pers. sing. imperf. ofasua,to dwell.

[81]Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postpositionseassamme.

[81]Genitive plur. of 1st pers. pron. depending on postpositionseassamme.

[82]Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur.,v.p.214.

[82]Postposition in inessive following genitive and taking possessive affix of 1st pers. plur.,v.p.214.

[83]Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.

[83]Nom. plur. of 1st pers. pron.

[84]1st pers. plur. imperf. of rootnäke(inf.nähdä,v.p.108),näke-i-mmebecomesnäimmeby rules14and28.

[84]1st pers. plur. imperf. of rootnäke(inf.nähdä,v.p.108),näke-i-mmebecomesnäimmeby rules14and28.

[85]Acc. sing. ofkunnia,glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.

[85]Acc. sing. ofkunnia,glory, with the pron. affix of 3rd pers.

[86]So as, compound adverb formed ofniin, instr. plur. ofseandkuin, instr. plur. of rootku(nom.kuka).

[86]So as, compound adverb formed ofniin, instr. plur. ofseandkuin, instr. plur. of rootku(nom.kuka).

[87]Genitive sing. ofainoa,only, agreeing withPojan.

[87]Genitive sing. ofainoa,only, agreeing withPojan.

[88]Genitive sing. ofPoika,son, for formv.rule28.

[88]Genitive sing. ofPoika,son, for formv.rule28.

[89]Accus. sing. ofkunnia,glory, governing the genitiveainoan Pojan.

[89]Accus. sing. ofkunnia,glory, governing the genitiveainoan Pojan.

[90]Elative sing. ofIsä,Father. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming together.

[90]Elative sing. ofIsä,Father. The elative is no doubt used to prevent the confusion arising from too many genitives and accusatives coming together.

[91]Essive sing. of stemtäyte, in apposition tosana(v.p.157. iii). Modern Finnish makestäytenä, but here theeis dropped andtäytnäbecomestäynnä, cf.ynnäforyhtenäfromyksi. In nom.täyteformstäysiby rule37.

[91]Essive sing. of stemtäyte, in apposition tosana(v.p.157. iii). Modern Finnish makestäytenä, but here theeis dropped andtäytnäbecomestäynnä, cf.ynnäforyhtenäfromyksi. In nom.täyteformstäysiby rule37.

[92]Part. sing, of stemarmo,graceormercy; for use of part. aftertäynnäv.p.136.

[92]Part. sing, of stemarmo,graceormercy; for use of part. aftertäynnäv.p.136.

[93]Part. sing. of stemtotuute(p.36), which rejectsebeforetaof part.; for formation from roottote,v.p.47. iii.

[93]Part. sing. of stemtotuute(p.36), which rejectsebeforetaof part.; for formation from roottote,v.p.47. iii.


Back to IndexNext