§3. The Gothicasignifies as a rule the short a-sound [as in G. mann].
Note 1.Foren words and names; as,Annas, Ἀννας;Akaja, Ἀχαΐα;barbarus, βάρβαρος;aggilus, ἄγγελος;karkara,carcer;lukarn,lucerna;Kafarnaum, Καπερναούμ.Note 2.Gothic names:Athanaricus,Ariaricus,Amalafrigda(Ammian.)
Note 1.Foren words and names; as,Annas, Ἀννας;Akaja, Ἀχαΐα;barbarus, βάρβαρος;aggilus, ἄγγελος;karkara,carcer;lukarn,lucerna;Kafarnaum, Καπερναούμ.
Note 2.Gothic names:Athanaricus,Ariaricus,Amalafrigda(Ammian.)
§4. Shortais very frequent both in stem-syllabls and in inflection. E. g.
(a) Stem-syllabls:agis,aw;aljis, 'alius';tagr,tear;aƕa, 'aqua';alan,to grow;hafjan,to heav;saltan,to salt;haldan,to hold;waldan,to rule;fadar,father;staþs,place.—ahtau, 'octo';gasts,guest;ƕaþar, 'uter';awistr,sheepfold(OHG. au, 'ovis'; ahd. gr.,§ 219, n. 3);bandi,band;barn,child;saggws,song; all preterits of the III.-V.ablaut-series:bar,I bore;hlaf,I stole;band,I bound;gaf,I gave, etc.
(b) Inflections:daga(dat. sg.,§ 90),waúrda(nom. acc. pl.,§ 93),giba(nom. acc. sg.,§ 96),guma(nom. sg.,§ 107),haírtôna(nom. acc. pl.,§ 109); —blindamma,blindana,blinda,blindata(str. adj.,§ 123); —imma,ina,ita,ija,meina(prn.;§ 150et seq.); —nima(1st pers. sg. prs. ind.);nimaima,nimaiwa,nimaina(1st pers. pl. du. and 3d pers. pl. opt.,§ 170);haitada(medio-passiv,§ 170);sôkida(weak prt.,§ 184); —adverbs:-ba(as,glaggwuba),nêƕa,inna,ana,waíla, etc.
Note 1.Apocope of an unaccentedabefore enclitics:þat-ist,þat-ei,þan-uh,þamm-uh,þan-ei,þamm-ei,kar-ist.—Alsofrêtandfrêtum(prt. offra-itan,to devour,§ 176, n. 3).Note 2.Forain the difthongsai,au, s.§§ 21.25.
Note 1.Apocope of an unaccentedabefore enclitics:þat-ist,þat-ei,þan-uh,þamm-uh,þan-ei,þamm-ei,kar-ist.—Alsofrêtandfrêtum(prt. offra-itan,to devour,§ 176, n. 3).
Note 2.Forain the difthongsai,au, s.§§ 21.25.
§5. In a few casesais long [as in E. father]. (Comp. Holtzmann, Altd. Gr., I, 3 et seq.).
(a) In foren words:Silbânus(Silvanus),aurâli(orale),spaíkulâtur(speculator),Peilâtus, etc.;
(b) In the following Gothic words:fâhan(OHG. fâhan),to cach;hâhan(OHG. hâhan),to hang;þâhta(prt. ofþagkjan,to think);brâhta(prt. ofbriggan,to bring);gafâhs,a haul;faúrhâh,curtain;gahâhjô,in order;-gâhts,a going; alsoþâhô(OHG. dâha),clay;unwâhs,blameless(OE. wôh,wrong).
Note.In the words mentiond under (b)âharose fromanh(§ 50, n. 1). Cp. also Litbl. 1886, p. 485.
Note.In the words mentiond under (b)âharose fromanh(§ 50, n. 1). Cp. also Litbl. 1886, p. 485.
§6.eis always a long, close vowel (ê) approaching very much the sound ofi[as in E. they].
Note 1.In Greek words η is regularly represented byê; e. g.,Gabriêl,Kêfas,aíkklêsjô,Krêta; —sumtimes also ι:Naên, Ναίν;Tykêkus, Τυχικός;aíloê, ἐλωί; likewise e:Jarêd, Ἰαρέδ.Note 2.In Gothic names Latin writers employefor Gothicê:Sigismêres,Gelimêr,Reccarêd; besides, as erly as the 6th century, quite regularly alsoi; as,Theodemir,Valamir. Cp. Beitr., 11, 7 et seq.; Wrede, Wand., 92 et seq.
Note 1.In Greek words η is regularly represented byê; e. g.,Gabriêl,Kêfas,aíkklêsjô,Krêta; —sumtimes also ι:Naên, Ναίν;Tykêkus, Τυχικός;aíloê, ἐλωί; likewise e:Jarêd, Ἰαρέδ.
Note 2.In Gothic names Latin writers employefor Gothicê:Sigismêres,Gelimêr,Reccarêd; besides, as erly as the 6th century, quite regularly alsoi; as,Theodemir,Valamir. Cp. Beitr., 11, 7 et seq.; Wrede, Wand., 92 et seq.
§7. Goth.ê(which regularly corresponds to OHG. and OS. â; ahd. gr.,§ 34) is found:
(a) in reduplicating verbs, in part with the ablautô(§§ 179.181):grêtan,lêtan,slêpan; (b) in the prt. pl. ofthe IV. and V. ablaut-series:sêtum(inf.sitan,to sit),nêmun(inf.niman,to take),têmum(inf.timan,to befit),êtum(inf.itan), and in the prt. sg.frêt; Luc. XV, 30 (§ 176, n. 3); (c) in derivativs from the verbal stems givn under (b); as,andanêms,agreeabl;andanêm,a receiving;gatêmiba,becumingly;uzêta,manger; (d) in other words; as,jêr,year;qêns,wife;mêna,moon;lêkeis,fysician;mêrjan,to preach;manasêþs('man-seed'),world, etc.; (e) in formativ syllabls:fahêþs,joy;awêþi,flock of sheep(cp. however§ 17, n. 1);azêts,easy; 2nd pers. sg. prt. of wvs.,-dês(nasidês,§ 184); (f) final: in the ending of the gen. pl.; as,dagê; in monosyllabic instrumentals:þê,ƕê(§§ 153.159); in particls and advs.; as,swê,untê,hidrê,bisunjanê; lastly, in the dativsƕammêh,ƕarjammêh,ainummê-hun(cp.§§ 163-166).
Note 1.êbefore vowels appears asai; s.§ 22.Note 2.eioccurs quite often forê, especially in the Gospel of St. Luke; as,qeins(=qêns),faheid(=fahêd),fraleitais(=fralêtais); Lu. II, 5. 10. 29;afleitan; Mt. IX, 6, etc.Note 3.Sporadically alsoiforê; so, frequently, in the Gospel of St. Lu.; as,birusjôs; Lu. II, 41;qiþeina; VIII, 56. IX, 21;tawidideina; VI, 11;duatsniwun; Mk. VI, 53. Onlyiis found inwriþus,herd; Lu. VIII, 33 (forwrêþus; cp. Bezzenb. Beitr. 3, 114).Note 4.Reversely, alsoeoccurs foriandei(§ 10, n. 5;§ 17, n. 1).—These deviations (in ns. 2-4) seem due to East Gothic writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 161.
Note 1.êbefore vowels appears asai; s.§ 22.
Note 2.eioccurs quite often forê, especially in the Gospel of St. Luke; as,qeins(=qêns),faheid(=fahêd),fraleitais(=fralêtais); Lu. II, 5. 10. 29;afleitan; Mt. IX, 6, etc.
Note 3.Sporadically alsoiforê; so, frequently, in the Gospel of St. Lu.; as,birusjôs; Lu. II, 41;qiþeina; VIII, 56. IX, 21;tawidideina; VI, 11;duatsniwun; Mk. VI, 53. Onlyiis found inwriþus,herd; Lu. VIII, 33 (forwrêþus; cp. Bezzenb. Beitr. 3, 114).
Note 4.Reversely, alsoeoccurs foriandei(§ 10, n. 5;§ 17, n. 1).—These deviations (in ns. 2-4) seem due to East Gothic writers; cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 161.
§8. From the precedingêmust be separated theêof sum Gothic words in which it corresponds to OHG. ea, ia (not â):hêr,here;Krêks,Greek;fêra,side,region;mês,table. Cp. ahd. gr.,§§ 35.36; Beitr., 18, 409 et seq.
§9. Gothici, as a rule, denotes the short voweli[as in E. it], while its corresponding long sound is represented byei[= ie in E. believ]; s.§ 16.
Note 1.Theiin Greek words stands for short ι, only exceptionally for η which is generally represented byê; e. g.,Aúnisimus, Ὀνήσιμος;Biþania, Βηθανία.Note 2.iin Gothic words is long, when it is incorrectly employd forê(cp.§ 7, n. 3).
Note 1.Theiin Greek words stands for short ι, only exceptionally for η which is generally represented byê; e. g.,Aúnisimus, Ὀνήσιμος;Biþania, Βηθανία.
Note 2.iin Gothic words is long, when it is incorrectly employd forê(cp.§ 7, n. 3).
§10. The Gothici, from an historical point of view, is of two kinds: It represents two originally distinct soundswhich, from a purely Gothic standpoint, can not be separated.
(a) Goth.i= proethnic Germanic e (OHG. ë or i; cp. ahd. gr.,§§ 28-30), as in the prs. tense of verbs of the III.-V. ablaut-series (§§ 32-34):niman, OHG. nëman;giban, OHG. gëban;giba, OHG. gëba;bindan, OHG. bintan;itan,to eat;midjis, 'medius';hlifan,to steal;swistar, OHG. swëster;fidwôr,four;gifts,gift;-qiss,speech; the pps. of the V. ablaut-series:gibans,itans,lisans,wigans,qiþans.
(b) Goth.i= proethnic Germanic i (OHG. i; ahd. gr.,§ 31); e. g.,lists,stratagem;fisks,fish;is,he;wissa,I knew;skritnan,to rend(intr.); prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30):bitun,bitans(inf.beitan);stigun,stigans(inf.steigan);liþun,liþans(inf.leiþan).
Note 1.Finalioccurs inni,bi,si,hiri; in the nominativs of feminin and neuterj-stems:bandi(§ 96),kuni(§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculinj-stems:hari(§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.:nêmi. This finaliappears asj, when it becums medial (§ 45).Note 2.Finalibefore a followingiof an enclitic word is elided innist(=ni-ist),sei(=si-ei),niba(=ni-iba).Note 3.Everyibeforehandris broken toaí; cp.§ 20.Note 4.ijis found inija, 'eam';þrija, 'tria';fijan,to hate;frijôn,to luv;sijum,we ar;kijans,germinated, etc.iforijis rare:fian,sium, etc., butfriaþwa(besidefrijaþwa),luv, occurs very often.Note 5.Occasionallyetakes the place ofi; as,usdrebi; Mk. V, 10;seneigana; I. Tim. V, 1.Note 6.Foriin the difthongiu, s.§§ 18.19.Note 7.For a separation of the twois (= OHG. ë and i) in East Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.
Note 1.Finalioccurs inni,bi,si,hiri; in the nominativs of feminin and neuterj-stems:bandi(§ 96),kuni(§ 93); in the acc. and voc. sg. of the masculinj-stems:hari(§ 90); 3d pers. sg. prt. opt.:nêmi. This finaliappears asj, when it becums medial (§ 45).
Note 2.Finalibefore a followingiof an enclitic word is elided innist(=ni-ist),sei(=si-ei),niba(=ni-iba).
Note 3.Everyibeforehandris broken toaí; cp.§ 20.
Note 4.ijis found inija, 'eam';þrija, 'tria';fijan,to hate;frijôn,to luv;sijum,we ar;kijans,germinated, etc.iforijis rare:fian,sium, etc., butfriaþwa(besidefrijaþwa),luv, occurs very often.
Note 5.Occasionallyetakes the place ofi; as,usdrebi; Mk. V, 10;seneigana; I. Tim. V, 1.
Note 6.Foriin the difthongiu, s.§§ 18.19.
Note 7.For a separation of the twois (= OHG. ë and i) in East Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 162.
§11. The Gothic characteroalways denotes a long closeoapproaching sumwhat the sound ofû(= o in E. home).
Note 1.In Greek wordso, as a rule, corresponds to ω, rarely to ο; e. g.,Makidonja, Μακεδονία; it also stands for ου:Iodas, Ἰούδας; Lu. III, 26.Note 2.oin Gothic words often stands for (short)u(§ 14, n. 3).
Note 1.In Greek wordso, as a rule, corresponds to ω, rarely to ο; e. g.,Makidonja, Μακεδονία; it also stands for ου:Iodas, Ἰούδας; Lu. III, 26.
Note 2.oin Gothic words often stands for (short)u(§ 14, n. 3).
§12.ô(= OHG. uo; s. ahd. gr.,§ 38et seq.) is frequent in Gothic words. E. g.,brôþar,brother;bôka,beech;frôþs,wise;flôdus,flud;fôtus,foot.
In the prt. of the VI. series (§ 35) and of theê—ô-series (§ 36):ôl,hôf,ôg, pl.ôlum,hôfum,ôgum;laílôt,laílôtum,aísô. In endings, as in nom. pl.gibôs,dagôs; wvs. II.:salbôn; final, in gen. pl. f.gibô,tuggônô; nom. sg.tuggô,haírtô. Prns.:ƕô,þô,sô,ƕanô-h,ainnô-hun,ƕarjanô-h. Verbsalbô. Advs. in-ô(§ 211).
Note 1.Forôwe sumtimes findu:gakrôtûda(inf.krôtôn),he is crusht; Lu. XX, 18;ûhtêdun(prs.ôg),they feard; Mk. XI, 32.—In East Gothic namesuoften takes the place ofô; s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.Note 2.In a few wordsôbefore vowels becumsau; s.§ 26.Note 3.ôanduinterchange in the inflection offôn, gen.funins(§ 118). Concerning this and other relations betweenôandu, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et seq.
Note 1.Forôwe sumtimes findu:gakrôtûda(inf.krôtôn),he is crusht; Lu. XX, 18;ûhtêdun(prs.ôg),they feard; Mk. XI, 32.—In East Gothic namesuoften takes the place ofô; s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 164.
Note 2.In a few wordsôbefore vowels becumsau; s.§ 26.
Note 3.ôanduinterchange in the inflection offôn, gen.funins(§ 118). Concerning this and other relations betweenôandu, cp. Beitr. 6, 377 et seq.; 564; also Kuhns Zs., 26, 16 et seq.
§13. The letteruin Gothic denotes both a short and a long vowel; the shortu, however, occurs oftener than longû.
Note 1.uin foren words regularly represents Gr. ου. In unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ο:diabulus, διάβολος (besidediabaúlus),apaústulus(besideapaústaúlus),paíntêkustê, πεντηκοστή.Note 2.uforôseldom (§ 12, n. 1),uforáu(§ 25, n. 3).
Note 1.uin foren words regularly represents Gr. ου. In unaccented syllabls, however, it stands for Gr. ο:diabulus, διάβολος (besidediabaúlus),apaústulus(besideapaústaúlus),paíntêkustê, πεντηκοστή.
Note 2.uforôseldom (§ 12, n. 1),uforáu(§ 25, n. 3).
§14. Shortuis very frequent in Gothic. E. g.
(a)juk,yoke;sunus,sun;drus,fall;us-drusts,a falling;fra-lusts,lost;lusnan,to perish; —in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the II. series (§ 31); e. g.,gutum,gutans;lusum,lusans; —in endings of the sbs. of theu-decl.:handus,handu; —final, as inþu, prn.,thou;nu,now;-u(interr. particl).
(b)wulfs,wolf;wulla,wool;gaqumþs,council;gulþ,gold;swumfsl,pond;hund,100;sibun,7;taíhun,10;fulls,ful;un-(privativ prefix); in the prt. pl. and pp. of the verbs of the III. series (§ 32):bundum,bundans; in the pp. of the verbs of the IV. series (§ 33):numans,stulans.
brukans,broken;us-bruknan,to break off(intr.);trudan,to tred, pp.trudans;snutrs,wise.
Note 1.As a rule, the finaluof stems is dropt before derivativj-suffixes; e. g.,-hardjan,to harden( Note 1.As a rule, the finaluof stems is dropt before derivativj-suffixes; e. g.,-hardjan,to harden( Note 2.Everyubeforehandris broken toaú; cp.§ 24. Note 3.uis eight times (mostly in Lu.) represented byo; e. g.,laúhmoni,lightning: Lu. XVII, 24;sunjos,suns; Lu. XVI, 8;ushôfon;
Lu. XVII, 13;ainomêhun; Lu. VIII, 43;faího,muney; Mk. X, 23. Note 4.In the endings of theu-declensionuis occasionally represented
byau; as,sunaus(nom. sg.); Lu. IV, 3; cp.§ 105, n. 2. §15. Longûcertainly appears in: (a)ût,out(ûta,
etc.);dûbô,duv;rûna,mystery;rûms,room, roomy;*mûl(infaúrmûljan,to muzl);brûþs,bride;hûs,house;skûra,shower;hlûtrs,pure;fûls,foul;*mûks(inmûkamôdei),meek;þûsundi,1000;brûkjan,to uze(prt.brûhta; adj.brûks);lûkan,to lock(§ 173, n. 2);hrûkjan,to crow(s. Beitr., 6, 379);hnûþô,sting(Icel. hnúþa; s. Noreen,
Nord. revy, April 1883). (b) for nasalizedu, the primitiv nasal being lost (cp.§ 5, b;§ 50, n. 1):þûhta(prt. ofþugkjan,to think),þûhtus,thought(adj.þûhts);hûhrus,hunger;jûhiza(compar. tojuggs),yunger;ûhtwô,daybreak;ûhteigs,ûhtiugs,seasonabl;bi-ûhts,accustomd(s. Brgm., I, 181). Note 1.uis perhaps long in:þrûtsfill,leprosy(cp. ON.þrútinn,swoln; OE.þrûstfell; Beitr., 9, 254);anabûsns,commandment(Beitr., 9,
152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287);lûns,ransom(Brgm., II, 285);sûts,sweet(OS. swôti, OE. swête; cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff.-dûþs(§ 103; cp. Beitr. 6, 380);jûs,ye(§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398).
Sum write alsofidûr-and-ûh(cp.§ 24, n. 2).Note 2.InRûma,Rome,Rûmôneis,a Roman,ûstands for the Lt. o.Note 3.oforûoccurs only inôhteigô; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in codex B,
forûhteigôin A).Note 4.Forûbecumingaubefore vowels, s.§ 26, b. Note 1.uis perhaps long in:þrûtsfill,leprosy(cp. ON.þrútinn,swoln; OE.þrûstfell; Beitr., 9, 254);anabûsns,commandment(Beitr., 9,
152 and 10, 497; Brgm., II, 287);lûns,ransom(Brgm., II, 285);sûts,sweet(OS. swôti, OE. swête; cp. however Kuhn's Zs., 26, 380); the suff.-dûþs(§ 103; cp. Beitr. 6, 380);jûs,ye(§ 150; Brgm., III, 374. 398).
Sum write alsofidûr-and-ûh(cp.§ 24, n. 2). Note 2.InRûma,Rome,Rûmôneis,a Roman,ûstands for the Lt. o. Note 3.oforûoccurs only inôhteigô; II. Tim. IV, 2 (in codex B,
forûhteigôin A). Note 4.Forûbecumingaubefore vowels, s.§ 26, b. §16. Like Greek ει at the time of Wulfila, and in imitation
of it, Gothiceidenotes longî. Note 1.In Greek wordseiuzually stands for ι, but also forei, and
sumtimes for η.Note 2.Concerningeifor Goth.ê, s.§ 7, n. 2.Note 3.The difthongal pronunciation ofeisuggested by J. Grimm
is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Vocalismus',
I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57. Note 1.In Greek wordseiuzually stands for ι, but also forei, and
sumtimes for η. Note 2.Concerningeifor Goth.ê, s.§ 7, n. 2. Note 3.The difthongal pronunciation ofeisuggested by J. Grimm
is refuted also for linguistic reasons. Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Idg. Vocalismus',
I, 485; Litbl. 1886, 485; Brgm., I, 57. §17.eiin stem syllabls of Gothic words occurs especially
in the prs. tense of the I. series (§ 30):beitan,to
bite;steigan,to mount;þeihan,to thrive; in the inflection
of these verbs it interchanges withaiandi. Other exampls:ƕeila,time;eisarn,iron;leiþu,cider;þreis,3;leihts,light;weihs,holy;skeirs,clear; pronouns:weis,we;meins,þeins,seins; —very often in formativ and
inflectional syllabls; as, adjs. in-eigs(mahteigs,mighty);
in-eins(aiweins,eternal); nomina actionis in-eins(laiseins,doctrin); nom. and gen. sg. of the m.ja-stems:haírdeis,herd;laisareis,teacher; nom. pl. of thei-decl.:gasteis; opt.
prt.:nêmeis; final, in feminins in-ei:managei(§ 113);
imperativs:sôkei, etc. (§ 186); the rel. particlei(§ 157),
alone and in composition. Note 1.eiis quite often represented byê; asakêtis; Mt. XXVII, 48;wêhsa; Mk. VIII, 26. 27;akê; Gal. II, 14;izê; Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII,
13. 15, etc.—Here perhaps belongs alsoawêþi(§ 7, e), which, however,
occurs three times withê: Jo. XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32;
18, 286.Note 2.Onse (inseiteina; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurseibesidein(insinteins,daily;sinteinô,always).Note 3.Besidegabeigs,rich(gabei,riches), which occurs 5 times in
Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find more frequently (11
times)gabigs(>gabigjan,to enrich;gabignan,to grow rich); cp. Brgm.,
II, 261. 271. Note 1.eiis quite often represented byê; asakêtis; Mt. XXVII, 48;wêhsa; Mk. VIII, 26. 27;akê; Gal. II, 14;izê; Mk. IX, 1. Lu. VIII,
13. 15, etc.—Here perhaps belongs alsoawêþi(§ 7, e), which, however,
occurs three times withê: Jo. XVI, 16. I. Cor. IX, 7; cp. Beitr., 11, 32;
18, 286. Note 2.Onse (inseiteina; II. Cor. XI, 28) occurseibesidein(insinteins,daily;sinteinô,always). Note 3.Besidegabeigs,rich(gabei,riches), which occurs 5 times in
Luke, also II. Cor. VIII, 9. Eph. II, 4 (in B), we find more frequently (11
times)gabigs(>gabigjan,to enrich;gabignan,to grow rich); cp. Brgm.,
II, 261. 271. §18. In the pronunciation ofiuthe stress is on thei,
anduis a consonant. Note 1.In Gothic words Latin writers renderiuby eu, eo:Theudes,Theudicodo;Theodoricus. As to this, cp. Wrede, 'Wand', 100 et seq.;
'Ostg.', 167.Note 2.Insium(§ 10, n. 4),niu(interr. particl =ni-u,§ 216)iuis
dissyllabic, i. e.í-ú. Note 1.In Gothic words Latin writers renderiuby eu, eo:Theudes,Theudicodo;Theodoricus. As to this, cp. Wrede, 'Wand', 100 et seq.;
'Ostg.', 167. Note 2.Insium(§ 10, n. 4),niu(interr. particl =ni-u,§ 216)iuis
dissyllabic, i. e.í-ú. §19.iuis a normal vowel of the present tense of the
II. series (§ 31), and here it interchanges with the ablautsau,u:biugan,to bend;biudan,to offer.—In other words;
as,þiuda,peple;dius,animal;liuhaþ,light;diups,deep;siuks,sick;niujis,new;niun,9;iup,upward.—In formativ
and inflectional syllablsiudoes not occur, except in
the isolatedûhtiugs(I. Cor. XVI, 12. Cp. Beitr., 12, 202). Note.Intriu,tree;qiujan,to quicken, etc.,iuinterchanges withiwbefore an inflectional vowel: gen.triwis; prt.qiwida; cp.§ 42. Note.Intriu,tree;qiujan,to quicken, etc.,iuinterchanges withiwbefore an inflectional vowel: gen.triwis; prt.qiwida; cp.§ 42. aiin Gothic words denotes two etymologically, and
certainly also fonetically, different sounds. §20. I.The short vowelaí[= a in E. fat].aiis
uzed in Gothic to denote a short, open e[1]-sound. In this
case, according to Grimm's exampl, grammarians put an
accute accent over thei(aí) in order to distinguish it fromái(§ 21). Gothicaicorresponds to e or i in OHG. and in
the other Germanic languages. The shorte-sound represented
byaíoccurs: (1) beforeh(ƕ) andr, which sounds hav caused breaking
ofeverypreceding shortitoe(aí;§ 10, n. 3); e. g.,aírþa,erth;waírpan,to throw;baírhts,bright;faíhu,catl;maíhstus,dung;raíhts,right;taíhun,10;saíƕan,to see;þaíhum(prt. pl. ofþeihan,to grow). (2) in reduplicated
syllabls (§ 178et seq.):haíhald,aíaik,laílôt,saísô, etc.
Cp. Osthoff, 'Zur Geschichte des Perfects', p. 276 et seq.
Brugmann, IV, 15. (3) in the conj.aíþþau,or(= OHG.
ëddo, ahd. gr.§ 167, n. 11; cp. Beitr. 12, 211); probably,
also, inwaíla,wel(= OHG. wëla, ahd. gr.,§ 29, n. 4), but
cp. Beitr. 11, 553. Note 1.The law for the transition ofitoaibeforehandr(so-calld
breaking or refraction) is almost without exception, and equally concerns
the Germanic i in general and the Gothicis (§ 10) in particular. Theibeforeh,r, is retaind only in the following words:nih, 'neque' (=ni uh),hiri,(cum) here!; du.hirjats, pl.hirjiþ(219); and in the isolated forms:sihu,victory(cp.§ 106, n. 1),þarihis(a probably corrupt form in Mt.
IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg.,not fuld(said of cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq.Note 2.Not everyaibeforeh,risaí, but may also be the old difthong;
e. g.,þáih(prt. ofþeihan, likeráis, prt. ofreisan, but pl.þaíhum,
likerisum,§ 30),áih,I hav;áihts,property;háihs,one-eyd;fáih,deceit(Beitr., 12, 397);áir,erly(OHG. êr);sáir(OHG. sêr),sorrow;áirus,messenger. Whetheraihas the value ofáioraícan in most cases only
be inferd from the remaining Germanic languages.Note 3.In Latin orthografyaíis exprest by e; e. g., Ermanaricus
= Goth.*Aírmanareiks, Ermenberga = Goth.*Aírminbaírga. Cp. Wrede,
'Ostg.', 162.Note 4.aiis to be regarded as a difthong (ái) inbaitrs,bitter;jains,yon, that(and its derivations), while formerly, according to OHG. bittar,
jenêr, it was thought to be short (aí). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11
et seq.; Brgm., I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.—Scherer (Zur Gesch. d.
dtsch. Sprache) presumed shortaíalso in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt. (likenimai) and in several forms of the strong inflection of adjs. (nom. pl. m.blindai, gen. sg. f.blindaizôs, gen. pl.blindaizê,blindaizô). Hirt (Beitr.,
18, 284 et seq.) goes stil farther in this direction.—Cp. also§ 22, n. 3. Note 1.The law for the transition ofitoaibeforehandr(so-calld
breaking or refraction) is almost without exception, and equally concerns
the Germanic i in general and the Gothicis (§ 10) in particular. Theibeforeh,r, is retaind only in the following words:nih, 'neque' (=ni uh),hiri,(cum) here!; du.hirjats, pl.hirjiþ(219); and in the isolated forms:sihu,victory(cp.§ 106, n. 1),þarihis(a probably corrupt form in Mt.
IX, 16), adj. in gen. sg.,not fuld(said of cloth). Cp. IF. 4, 334 et seq. Note 2.Not everyaibeforeh,risaí, but may also be the old difthong;
e. g.,þáih(prt. ofþeihan, likeráis, prt. ofreisan, but pl.þaíhum,
likerisum,§ 30),áih,I hav;áihts,property;háihs,one-eyd;fáih,deceit(Beitr., 12, 397);áir,erly(OHG. êr);sáir(OHG. sêr),sorrow;áirus,messenger. Whetheraihas the value ofáioraícan in most cases only
be inferd from the remaining Germanic languages. Note 3.In Latin orthografyaíis exprest by e; e. g., Ermanaricus
= Goth.*Aírmanareiks, Ermenberga = Goth.*Aírminbaírga. Cp. Wrede,
'Ostg.', 162. Note 4.aiis to be regarded as a difthong (ái) inbaitrs,bitter;jains,yon, that(and its derivations), while formerly, according to OHG. bittar,
jenêr, it was thought to be short (aí). Cp. Holtzmann, 'Altd. Gr.', p. 11
et seq.; Brgm., I, 392; Bezzenb. Beitr., 16, 156.—Scherer (Zur Gesch. d.
dtsch. Sprache) presumed shortaíalso in the 3d pers. sg. prs. opt. (likenimai) and in several forms of the strong inflection of adjs. (nom. pl. m.blindai, gen. sg. f.blindaizôs, gen. pl.blindaizê,blindaizô). Hirt (Beitr.,
18, 284 et seq.) goes stil farther in this direction.—Cp. also§ 22, n. 3. §21. II.The old Difthongai. By far the greater
number of the Gothicais express a difthongal sound which
is equivalent to OHG. ei or ê (ahd. gr.,§§ 43.44), OS. ê,
ON. ei. The Goths of Wulfila's time indeed seem to hav
stil pronounced thisaiasa+i.—For the difthongaiwe
employ Grimm's signáiwhenever it is likely to be confused
withaí. Exampls of difthongalai(beforeh,r, cp.§ 20,
n. 2): The prts. sg. of the I. ablaut-series (§ 30),—bait,I bit(inf.beitan);staig,I mounted(inf.steigan); etc.;wait(§ 197);ains,one;hlaifs, (loaf of)bred;staiga,path;laisjan,to teach; —haitan,to be calld;maitan,to cut;skaidan,to separate;aiws,time; —hails,hale,sound;dails,deal. aiappears also in inflectional syllabls of the III. Weak
Conjugation (§ 191):habais,habaida, etc.; in the prs. opt.:nimais, etc.;anstais, gen. sg. of thei-decl.; in the str. adjs.:blindaizôs, etc. (§ 123); —final:gibai,anstai, dat. sg.:nimai, 3 prs. sg. opt.;blindai, dat. sg. f. and nom. pl. m.
of the str. adj.; —monosyllabls:þai, nom. pl.,these;twai,2;bai,both;jai,yes;sai,behold!;wai,woe! Note 1.Latin writers express the Gothicaipredominantly by ai, ei:Dagalaiphus,Gaina,Radagaisus,Gisaleicus(cp. Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'),eilsin a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379). On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp.§ 221,
n. 3) standshailag(Paul's 'Grundriss', I, 411).—Concerning the difthongal
pronunciation of the Gothicai, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.;
about monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165.Note 2.aiandajinterchange inwai,woe!;wai-dêdja,evil-doer, andwaja-mêrjan,to blasfeme; inaiws,time, andajukdûþs,eternity. Note 1.Latin writers express the Gothicaipredominantly by ai, ei:Dagalaiphus,Gaina,Radagaisus,Gisaleicus(cp. Dietrich, 'Ausspr.'),eilsin a Lt. epigram (Zs. fda., 1, 379). On the Bukarest rune-ring (cp.§ 221,
n. 3) standshailag(Paul's 'Grundriss', I, 411).—Concerning the difthongal
pronunciation of the Gothicai, cp. especially Wrede, 'Wand.', 95 et seq.;
about monofthongization in East Goth., s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 165. Note 2.aiandajinterchange inwai,woe!;wai-dêdja,evil-doer, andwaja-mêrjan,to blasfeme; inaiws,time, andajukdûþs,eternity. §22. Many scholars hold that also theaiin the reduplicating
ablaut vs. (§ 182)saianandwaianis difthongal.
Thisai, however, stands etymologically for Gothicê, and
its OHG. equivalent is â (not ei): OHG. sâen, wâen (cp.
ahd. gr., § 359, n. 3.) The difthongaibefore a vowel would
becumaj; hense,*sajan,*wajan. Hereaiperhaps has the
sound of long æ, i. e. open e representing close e (ê) when
followd by a vowel; thus,saian,waian, forsêan,wêan. Note 1.Before theiof the 3d pers. sg. prs. ajis often found:saijiþ(Mk. IV, 14),saijiþ(II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, forsaiiþin B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in
A, forsaiiþin B). Beforeathejoccurs but onse:saijands(Mk. IV, 14).
Cp. Beitr. 11, 75 et seq.Note 2.Here belongs also the isolatedfaian(Rom. IX, 19, in prs.faianda); but the prs. to the prt.laílôunislauanrather thanlaian. Cp.
Beitr. 11, 56.Note 3.Also theaiinarmaiô,alms(Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210; Beitr.
11, 74), is likely to belong here.—Concerning the fonetic values of theais
discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51 et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127;
Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long
sound for theseais; Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq. Note 1.Before theiof the 3d pers. sg. prs. ajis often found:saijiþ(Mk. IV, 14),saijiþ(II. Cor. IX, 6 in A, forsaiiþin B; Gal. VI, 7. 8. in
A, forsaiiþin B). Beforeathejoccurs but onse:saijands(Mk. IV, 14).
Cp. Beitr. 11, 75 et seq. Note 2.Here belongs also the isolatedfaian(Rom. IX, 19, in prs.faianda); but the prs. to the prt.laílôunislauanrather thanlaian. Cp.
Beitr. 11, 56. Note 3.Also theaiinarmaiô,alms(Bezzenb. Beitr. 7, 210; Beitr.
11, 74), is likely to belong here.—Concerning the fonetic values of theais
discust here, cp. especially Beitr. 11, 51 et seq.; Brgm., I, pp. 126. 127;
Wrede, 'Wand.' 99, who, beside Holtzmann, is inclined to assume a long
sound for theseais; Noreen, 'Urg. Lautlehre', p. 35 et seq. §23. That the Goth.aimay be both short and long
(like a in E. at, fare) is evident from its regular occurrence in
Greek words. As a rule,ai= ε inaikklêsjô, ἐκκλησία;Aileisabaiþ,
Ἐλισάβεθ;Baiailzaibul, Βεελζεβούλ;Gainnêsaraiþ, Γεννησαρέτ,
etc.; likewise = αι (i. e. long æ):Idumaia, Ἰδουμαία;Haíbraius,
Ἑβραῖος;hairaísis, αἵρεσις, etc.
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