CHAP. IV. THE CONSONANTS.

§37. The consonant-signs to be discust here both in regard to value and occurrence in the Gothic language hav alredy been enumerated in§ 2. We divide the consonantal sounds insonorousconsonants andnoizd sounds. Cp. Sievers, Grundzüge der Phonetik4, p. 70 et seq. Accordingly, the Gothic consonant-signsw,j,l,m,n,r, represent thesonorous sounds, the rest the noizd sounds.

§38. Germanic w and j ar the vowels u and i uzed as consonants; hense in Gothic the interchange betweeniandj,uandw, according to their position which determins their fonetic values as vowels or consonants. The consonantal i and u, which in other languages ar denoted by the same signs as the vocalic i and u, hav special signs in Gothic,jandw. These sounds ar also calld 'semivowels'.

§39. The sign of the Gothic alfabet which we represent byw, is, according to its form and alfabetic position, the Gr. υ. For this it also stands in Greek foren words, for exampl,Pawlus, Παῦλος;Daweid, Δαυίδ;aíwaggêljô, εὐαγγέλιον;paraskaíwê, παρασκευή. But the Gothicwstands not only for the Gr. υ of the combinations αυ, ευ, in which it had perhaps at that time assumed the value of a spirant, but also for simpl Greek υ, namely vocalic υ; as,Swmaíôn, Συμεών;swnagôgê, συναγωγή;martwr, μάρτυρ. But in our transcriptions of the Gothic texts the Greek vocalic υ is exprest byyinstead ofw(Symaíôn,synagôgê,martyr); so, also, for practical reasons, in this book.

Note 1.A noteworthy Gothic transcription iskawtsjô(= Lt. cautio) in the document at Naples (§ 221, n. 3). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 166; Zs. fda., 36, 273.Note 2.The Gothic sign is in most of the later editions represented byv. But because of its correspondence in the other Germanic languages the letterwshould be uzed (as, Goth.wilja, MHG. NHG. wille, OE. willa, NE. wil). Cp. Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

Note 1.A noteworthy Gothic transcription iskawtsjô(= Lt. cautio) in the document at Naples (§ 221, n. 3). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 166; Zs. fda., 36, 273.

Note 2.The Gothic sign is in most of the later editions represented byv. But because of its correspondence in the other Germanic languages the letterwshould be uzed (as, Goth.wilja, MHG. NHG. wille, OE. willa, NE. wil). Cp. Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

§40. In Gothic words theworiginally had the fonetic value of the consonantalu(= E. w). But at Wulfila's time theu-sound seems to hav alredy containd sumwhat of a spirant. Cp. Zs. fda., 36, 266 et seq. (37, 121 et seq.).

Note.Latin writers uzually express thewin proper nouns by uu.Vvilia,Uualamir; but also often by Ub:Ubadala(=Wadila),Ubadamirus(=Wadamêrs), etc. Greek authors mostly put οὐ for the Goth.w(as in Οὐάνδαλοι), but also β (as in Βάνδαλοι). Cp. Dietrich, pp. 77-80. Wrede, 'Wand.', 102; 'Ostg.', 167 et seq.

§41. Initial Gothicwoccurs frequently; e. g.,wasjan,to clothe;witan,to know;wiljan,to wil;waír,man;warmjan,to warm.

So also beforelandr; as,wlits,countenance;wrikan,to persecute;wrôhjan,to accuse.

After the consonants:t,d,þ,s; e. g.,twai,two;dwals,foolish;þwahan,to wash;swistar,sister.

Medialwbefore vowels; e. g.,awistr,sheepfold;saiwala,soul;hneiwan,to bow;siggwan,to sing;ûhtwô,dawn;taíhswô,right hand;nidwa,rust.

Note.The signsq(kw) andƕ(hw) ar also uzually explaind as combinations ofwwithkandh. There ar reasons, however, to assume thatqandƕar simpl labialized gutturals (§§ 59.63). But on the other handqandƕin High German ar treated precisely like Goth.tw,gw, etc. (= t, g, etc., medial w being dropt); for exampl, Goth.ûhtwô,siggwan= OHG. ûhta, singan; and Goth.sigqan,saíƕan= OHG. sinkan, sehan. Altho this proves nothing as to the values of theGothicsigns, it certainly shows that inproethnic Germanicthe tw, gw, etc., must hav denoted sounds analogous to those of kw and hw.

§42. (1)wremains unchanged afterlongvowels,difthongs, andconsonants, (a) finally, (b) before thesof the nominativ, (c) beforej; e. g., (a)lêw, n.,opportunity;hlaiw, n.,grave;,waúrstw, n.,work; (b)snaiws,snow;triggws,tru, faithful; (c)lêwjan,to betray;hnaiwjan,to abase;skadwjan,to cast a shade(

(2) in all three positions, however,wbecumsuafter ashortvowel; e. g., (a)snau(prt. tosniwan,§ 176, n. 2);triu,tree(gen.triwis);*kniu,knee(gen.kniwis,§ 94, n. 1); (b)naus, m.,a ded person(gen.nawis);*þius,servant(gen.þiwis,§ 91, n. 3); (c)mawi, gen.maujôs,girl;gawi, gen.gaujis,district;þiwi, gen.þiujôs,maid-servant;tawida, pres.taujan,to do;*straujan,to strew, prt.strawida;iujan,to quicken, prt.qiwida.—Cp. Grundr., I, 414; Zs. fda., 36, 277.

Note 1.Hense a word does not end inaw,iw;aws,iws, except the isolatedlasiws,weak(II. Cor. X, 10).Note 2.awforauoccurs beforejinusskawjan,to awake; II. Tim. II, 26 (in B); I. Cor. XV, 34 (ussk..jiþin MS.); and in the nom. pl.usskawai(unskawaiin MS.),wakeful; I. Thess. V, 8; cp.§ 124, n. 3.Note 3.No exampl occurs for the position of medialwbefore consonants other thanjands; beforenafter a short voweluis found inqiunan(

Note 1.Hense a word does not end inaw,iw;aws,iws, except the isolatedlasiws,weak(II. Cor. X, 10).

Note 2.awforauoccurs beforejinusskawjan,to awake; II. Tim. II, 26 (in B); I. Cor. XV, 34 (ussk..jiþin MS.); and in the nom. pl.usskawai(unskawaiin MS.),wakeful; I. Thess. V, 8; cp.§ 124, n. 3.

Note 3.No exampl occurs for the position of medialwbefore consonants other thanjands; beforenafter a short voweluis found inqiunan(

§43. The signjstands, as a rule, for the Greek antevocalic ι, inAkaja, Αχαία;Marja, Μαρία;Judas, Ἰούδας;Iskarjôtês, Ἰσκαριώτης, etc. But Gr. antevocalic ι is also often represented by Goth.i; as,Iskariôtês,Zakarias,Gabriêl,Iûdas.—The signjin Gothic pronunciation probably has the value of a consonantali, not that of the spirant j in German.

§44. (a)Initialjin Gothic words:juk,yoke;jêr,year;ju,alredy;jus,yu. (b)Medialjoccurs after vowels and after consonants, but alwaysbeforevowels, never before consonants; e. g.,midjis, 'medius';lagjan,to lay;niujis,new;frauja,lord;þrija, 'tria';bajôþs,both. (c)jiis contracted intoeiafter a consonant belonging to the same syllabl, but is retaind when the syllabl begins withj(cp. Beitr. 16, 282). The latter is the case when it is preceded by a short high-toned vowel with a singl consonant or by a long stem-vowel without a consonant. Exampls—concerning particularly the masculins (and neuters) of theja-stems (§§ 92.127)—ar:har-jis,tô-jis(doer), buthaír-deis, dat.haírd-ja; —also the I. Weak Conjugation (§ 185):sô-kja,sô-keis,sô-keiþ;san-dja,san-deiþ;miki-lja,miki-leiþ; butnas-ja,nas-jis,nas-jiþ;stô-ja,stô-jis,stô-jiþ.

Note 1.The rule under (c) may, practically, also be worded in the following manner:jibecumseiafter a long stem-syllabl and after secondary syllabls, but remainsjiafter a short stem-syllabl and immediately after a long stem-vowel.—For exceptions, s.§ 95;§ 108, n. 2;§ 132, n. 1.Note 2.Onlyiis often employd for medialijbefore vowels; s.§ 10, n. 4; forjoccurring sporadically in the inflection ofsaian, s.§ 22, n. 1.

Note 2.Onlyiis often employd for medialijbefore vowels; s.§ 10, n. 4; forjoccurring sporadically in the inflection ofsaian, s.§ 22, n. 1.

§45.jis neverfinal; in this position it always becumsi; e. g.,harjis, acc.hari;mawi, gen.maujôs(s.§ 42, 2, c);taui,deed, gen.tôjis.

Note 1.For the change ofajandai, s.§ 21, n. 2.

§46. Gothicloccurs often,—initially, medially, and finally; as,laggs,long;galaubjan,to believ;liuhaþ,light;laúhmuni,lightning;wiljan,to wil;aljis, 'alius';blôma,flower; —dubll, as infill,hide;fulls,ful;wulla,wool.

Note 1.lis syllabic (§ 27), for exampl, infugls,bird(fowl);tuggl,constellation, star;tagl,hair;swumfsl,pond;sigljan,to seal.Note 2.Goth.lalways corresponds to Gr. λ. It is interpolated inalabalstraún, ἀλάβαστρον.

Note 1.lis syllabic (§ 27), for exampl, infugls,bird(fowl);tuggl,constellation, star;tagl,hair;swumfsl,pond;sigljan,to seal.

Note 2.Goth.lalways corresponds to Gr. λ. It is interpolated inalabalstraún, ἀλάβαστρον.

§47.ris equivalent to Gr. ρ and occurs frequently in Gothic words; e. g.,raíhts,right;raubôn,to rob;baíran,to bear;fidwôr,four.—Dublris rare:qaírrus,meek;andstaúrran,to threten;faírra,far.

Note 1.Syllabicr(§ 27) occurs, for exampl, inakrs,field;brôþr, dat. sg. ofbrôþar(§ 114),brother;figgrs,finger;tagr,tear;hlûtrs,pure;fagrs,suitabl;maúrþr,murder;huggrjan,to hunger.Note 2.Everyibeforerbecumsaí, and everyuin the same positionaú; s.§§ 20.24.Note 3.Concerningrfromz, s.§ 78, n. 4;§ 24, n. 2.

Note 1.Syllabicr(§ 27) occurs, for exampl, inakrs,field;brôþr, dat. sg. ofbrôþar(§ 114),brother;figgrs,finger;tagr,tear;hlûtrs,pure;fagrs,suitabl;maúrþr,murder;huggrjan,to hunger.

Note 2.Everyibeforerbecumsaí, and everyuin the same positionaú; s.§§ 20.24.

Note 3.Concerningrfromz, s.§ 78, n. 4;§ 24, n. 2.

§48.moccurs in all positions of a word; as,mizdô, f.,reward;mêna, m.,moon;ams, m.,shoulder;guma, m.,man; finally:nam,I took; in the terminations of the dat. pl.,—dagam, etc.; 1st pers. pl.,—nimam,nêmum, etc.—Dubl (mm) inswamms(cp.§ 80, n. 1),spunge;wamm, n.,spot; in the pronominal dat. sg.,—imma,blindamma.

Note.Syllabicm(§ 27) inmaiþms,present;bagms,tree.

§49. Initialninnahts,night;niujis,new;ni(negation), etc.; medial:kuni, n.,kin;ains,one, etc.; final:laun, n.,reward;niun,nine; often in inflection; as, dat. sg.hanin, inf.niman,nêmun(3d pers. pl. prt.), etc.

Dubln(nn) occurs frequently; e. g.,brinnan,to burn;spinnan,to spin;rinnan,to run;kann,I know;kannjan,to make known;manna,man;brunna,wel, spring. Dublnremains finally and beforej, but is simplified before otherconsonants (s.§ 80):kant,kunþa(inf.kunnan),rant(2nd pers. sg. prt.; inf.rinnan),brunsts(inf.brinnan),ur-runs(

Note.Syllabicn(§ 27) inusbeisns, f.,expectation;taikns, f.,token;ibns,even;laugnjan,to deny;swêgnjan,to triumf, rejoice.

§50. Before guttural consonantsnbecums a guttural nasal which (in imitation of the Gr.) is denoted byg(gg; s.§ 67).

Note.The (guttural) nasal disappears beforeh, and the preceding short vowel is lengthend. S.§ 5, b;§ 15, b (Brgm., I, 182 et seq.).

§51. The letterp, which does not occur very often in Gothic, corresponds to Gr. π.

(a)Initially,pmay be regarded as being altogether wanting in purely Gothic words; the exampls which do occur ar either obviously foren words or at least etymologically obscure, if not loanwords too:plinsjan,to dance;plats,pach;anapraggan,to harass;paida,coat;puggs,purse;peikabagms,date-palm;pund,pound;plapja,street('platea');pistikeins, πιστικός,paúrpura,purpl.

(b)poccurs in purely Gothic wordsmediallyandfinally; e. g.,slêpan,to sleep;greipan,to gripe;ƕôpan,to boast;skapjan,to shape, make;hlaupan,to run;diups,deep;waírpan,to throw;hilpan,to help;skip,ship;iup,upwards.—Initialspinspeiwan,to spit;sparwa,sparrow;spillôn,to narrate;spinnôn,to spin.

Note 1.ppdoes not occur.Note 2.pbeforetbecumsfingaskafts, f.,creature(cp.skapjan);ƕôftuli, f.,glory(cp.ƕôpan). Cp.§ 81.

Note 1.ppdoes not occur.

Note 2.pbeforetbecumsfingaskafts, f.,creature(cp.skapjan);ƕôftuli, f.,glory(cp.ƕôpan). Cp.§ 81.

§52. Gothicfin foren words corresponds to Gr. φ; e. g.,Filippus, Φίλιππος;Kajafa, Καϊάφας. Latin writers render Goth.fmostly byph(Dietrich, p. 75); as,Dagalaiphus,Phaeba. Hense Goth.fwas probably abilabial, not a labiodental spirant, as is also evident from Goth.fimf,hamfs.

Note.fis regarded as labiodental by Jellinek; Zs. fda., 36, 275 et seq.

§53. (a)Initialfoccurs often in Gothic words; e. g.,fôtus,foot;fadar,father;flôdus,flud;faíhu(catl),muney;fûls,foul;frôþs,wise, judicious;frius,cold;fidwôr,4.

(b)Mediallyandfinallyfoccurs in but a small number of Gothic words; as,hlifan,to steal;hafjan,to heav;hiufan,to lament;lôfa, m.,palm of the hand;ufar,over;afar,after. Before consonants:luftus,air;hamfs,maimd;tweifls,dout;wulfs,wolf; —(final)fimf,five;hôf(prt. ofhafjan);þarf,I need(inf.þaúrban).

Note 1.Finally and before thesof the nom.,foccurs very often for medialb; s.§ 56.Note 2.Medialfbeforet(n) stands forb(§ 56, n. 4), beforetalso forp(§ 51, n. 2).Note 3.ffis not found.

Note 1.Finally and before thesof the nom.,foccurs very often for medialb; s.§ 56.

Note 2.Medialfbeforet(n) stands forb(§ 56, n. 4), beforetalso forp(§ 51, n. 2).

Note 3.ffis not found.

§54.bcorresponds to Gr. β, for which it stands in foren words; e. g.,barbarus, βάρβαρος;Iakôb, Ἰακώβ. The pronunciation of the Gr. β was that of a labial soft spirant [nearly = E. v]. In like manner Goth.bhas the value of a soft (voiced) labiolabial spirantmediallyafter vowels, whileinitiallyand medially after consonants it denotes a soft stop (= E. b).

Note 1.Gothicbbetween vowels in Latin foren words stands for Lt. v, but aftermfor b:Silbanus,Silvanus;Naúbaímbaír,November;(ana)kumbjan,cumbere.Note 2.In Gothic names Latin writers employ Lt. b for Gothicbinitially and after a consonant (as,Amala-berga,Hildi-bald,Albila), but medially between vowels Lt. v is uzed (as,Liuva,Erelieva); cp. Dietrich, p. 71; Beitr., 1, 148 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 169; Zs. fda., 36, 275.

Note 1.Gothicbbetween vowels in Latin foren words stands for Lt. v, but aftermfor b:Silbanus,Silvanus;Naúbaímbaír,November;(ana)kumbjan,cumbere.

Note 2.In Gothic names Latin writers employ Lt. b for Gothicbinitially and after a consonant (as,Amala-berga,Hildi-bald,Albila), but medially between vowels Lt. v is uzed (as,Liuva,Erelieva); cp. Dietrich, p. 71; Beitr., 1, 148 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 169; Zs. fda., 36, 275.

§55. Exampls ofb:

(a)initially:baíran,to bear;beitan,to bite;brikan,to break;brûkjan,to uze;blêsan,to blow;biudan,to offer;blôma,flower;brôþar,brother;bôka,letter;bnauan,to rub.

(b)medially:liuba(w. m. adj.),dear;galaubjan,to believ;graban,to dig;sibja,relationship;arbi,inheritance;kalbô,hefer; —haubiþ,hed;hlaibis(gen. ofhlaifs),bred;sibun,seven;haban,to hav;skaban,to shave;(bi-)leiban,to remain;liban,to liv;biraubôn,to rob;salbôn,to salv, anoint.

Note.bboccurs in foren words only; as,sabbatus.

§56.bafter consonants (l,m,r) remains finally, before thesof the nom., and before thetof the 2nd pers. sg. prt.; postvocalicbbecumsf. This means that postvocalicbwas a soft spirant (§ 54) which, finally, changed into the corresponding hard spirant, while postconsonantalb, medially and finally, had the value of a stop. Hensegiban,to giv, 1st and 3d pers. sg. prt.:gaf, 2nd. pers.gaft, 2nd sg. imper.:gif;hlaifs,bred, acc.hlaif, nom. pl.hlaibôs; —butlamb,lam;dumbs,dum;swaírban,to wipe, prt.swarb.

Note 1.Our texts contain a few exceptions to the rule of finalffor medialbafter vowels, but the preponderant number of exampls prove the validity of the rule which is fonetically founded and has a striking analogon in the OS. geƀan—gaf; lioƀo—liof (but lamb). The exceptional cases with finalb(21 in all) occur only in definit parts of the texts (7 in Lu., 5 in the epistls to the Thess., 4 in Jo., 3 in Skeir., in all the other texts only onse each in Mk. and Eph.). Therefore the anomalousbs may be referd to the writers of the respectiv parts, who either from purely orthografic considerations put the medialbs also finally, or in order to express a later pronunciation as it existed at their time, according to which voiced sounds occurd also finally. The latter supposition is founded on the fact that in the Arezzo document (of the 6th century) the spellingGudiluboccurs.—Cp. also the remarks on the interchange ofdandþin§ 74, n. 1.The exceptions in the verb ar rare, onlygrôb(Lu. VI, 48) andgadôb(Skeir. 42); —the forms withfoccur ingaf,gaft,gif(very often); onse each:grôf(inf.graban),swaif(inf.sweiban),bilaif(inf.bileiban),skauf(inf.skiuban). Accordingly, we may safely writedraif(prt. ofdreiban,to drive).Of nouns onlyhlaifsis often found: nom.hlaifs(12 times, onsehlaibs), acc.hlaif(19 times,hlaibseven times); —twalif,twelv(12 times,twalib3 times); accordingly, also*ainlif(dat.ainlibim).Furthermore the following nominativs must be regarded as normal forms:*stafs,element(onlystabimoccurs);*laufs,leaf(onlygalaubamma3 times,filugalaubis,galubaim),*gadôfs,becuming(onsegadôf, 4 timesgadôb),*liufs,dear(only forms with more than one syllabl occur:liubai,liuba,liubana, etc.). Lastly, also*þiufs(= OS. thiof),thief, tho the nom. accidentally occurs (4 times) asþiubs, besideþiubôs(twice),þiubê.Note 2.Subject to the abuv rule ar also the preps.ofanduf, thefof which becums medial by enclisis and is changed intobbefore the following vowel;ab-u,ub-uh. In composition, however,fremains:af-êtja,voracious eater;uf-aiþeis,under oath. (Cp.usin§ 78, n. 4).Note 3.An apparent exception isþarf,I want(forþarb), pl.þaúrbum; butþarfhas realf(§ 53) and must be kept apart from the pl. withb(s. ahd. gr.,§ 101).bstands correctly in the adj.gaþaúrbs. Cp.§ 79, n. 2.Note 4.fbeforetin derivativ words stands forbelsewhere (§ 81):gifts, f.,gift(

The exceptions in the verb ar rare, onlygrôb(Lu. VI, 48) andgadôb(Skeir. 42); —the forms withfoccur ingaf,gaft,gif(very often); onse each:grôf(inf.graban),swaif(inf.sweiban),bilaif(inf.bileiban),skauf(inf.skiuban). Accordingly, we may safely writedraif(prt. ofdreiban,to drive).

Of nouns onlyhlaifsis often found: nom.hlaifs(12 times, onsehlaibs), acc.hlaif(19 times,hlaibseven times); —twalif,twelv(12 times,twalib3 times); accordingly, also*ainlif(dat.ainlibim).

Furthermore the following nominativs must be regarded as normal forms:*stafs,element(onlystabimoccurs);*laufs,leaf(onlygalaubamma3 times,filugalaubis,galubaim),*gadôfs,becuming(onsegadôf, 4 timesgadôb),*liufs,dear(only forms with more than one syllabl occur:liubai,liuba,liubana, etc.). Lastly, also*þiufs(= OS. thiof),thief, tho the nom. accidentally occurs (4 times) asþiubs, besideþiubôs(twice),þiubê.

Note 2.Subject to the abuv rule ar also the preps.ofanduf, thefof which becums medial by enclisis and is changed intobbefore the following vowel;ab-u,ub-uh. In composition, however,fremains:af-êtja,voracious eater;uf-aiþeis,under oath. (Cp.usin§ 78, n. 4).

Note 3.An apparent exception isþarf,I want(forþarb), pl.þaúrbum; butþarfhas realf(§ 53) and must be kept apart from the pl. withb(s. ahd. gr.,§ 101).bstands correctly in the adj.gaþaúrbs. Cp.§ 79, n. 2.

Note 4.fbeforetin derivativ words stands forbelsewhere (§ 81):gifts, f.,gift(

§57. Goth.kcorresponds to Greek κ, Lt. c; e. g.,Kêfas, Κηφᾶς;aíkklêsjô, ἐκκλησία;laíktjô,lectio. Goth.kin Greek words represents also χ; as,kaúrazein, Χοραζίν;ark-aggilus, ἀρχάγγελος. The Gr. sign χ is but rarely retaind, always inχristus(s.§ 2). Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 54.

Note.The labializedk(kw) has a special sign (q§ 59) in Gothic.

§58. Exampls ofk: (a)initially:kniu,knee;kaúrn,corn;kuni,kin;kalds,cold;kiusan,to choose;kalbô, f.,calf; —sk:skeinan,to shine;skaidan,to separate. (b)medially:brikan,to break;aukan,to increase;akrs,field;reiks,mighty;mikils,great;waúrkjan,to work;laikan,to leap;rakjan,to strech;finally:ik,I;mik,me;juk,yoke.

Note 1.kkoccurs insmakka,fig;sakkus,sack.Note 2.In derivativ wordshtakes the place ofkbeforet(§ 81); as,saúhts,sickness(cp.siuks);wahtwô,wach(cp.wakan);brûhta(prt. ofbrûkjan);þâhta(prt. ofþagkjan).—Sinse there occur no exampls of the 2nd pers. prt. of verbs ink(as,wakan,aukan,têkan), it is uncertain whether thekbeforetremaindkor was changed intoh(wôktorwôht?).

Note 1.kkoccurs insmakka,fig;sakkus,sack.

Note 2.In derivativ wordshtakes the place ofkbeforet(§ 81); as,saúhts,sickness(cp.siuks);wahtwô,wach(cp.wakan);brûhta(prt. ofbrûkjan);þâhta(prt. ofþagkjan).—Sinse there occur no exampls of the 2nd pers. prt. of verbs ink(as,wakan,aukan,têkan), it is uncertain whether thekbeforetremaindkor was changed intoh(wôktorwôht?).

§59. The Gothic signqdoes not occur in the Greek alfabet, the corresponding sign being borrowd from the Latin (Q). In Lt. words it corresponds to Lt. qu (qartus; Rom. XVI, 23) to which it most likely corresponds also fonetically. The Lt. qu denoted a labialized k-sound which was a simpl consonant not forming position. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.

Note.The dubl signkw(kv) which is uzed besideqfor the Gothic character is due to the perception that in the cognate languages Gothicqis represented by a combination of consonants which appears as k with a w-sound closely attacht to it, and is therefore exprest by two signs: in OE. by cw, in ON. by kv, in OHG. MHG. NHG. by qu. Hense Goth.qiþan,to say, = OE. cweþan, ON. kveþa, OHG. quedan. But from thisnothing certain can be inferd about the fonetic value of Goth.q, altho it ispossiblthat its pronunciation was precisely the same as that of NHG. NE. qu.—Cp. also§ 41, n. 1.

§60. Exampls ofq:qinô,woman;*qius, pl.qiwai,alive;qaírnus,mil;qiman,to cum;qrammiþa,moisture;naqaþs,naked;aqizi,ax;riqis,darkness;sigqan,to sink, prt.sagq.

§61. Gothichin Greek words stands for the ruf breathing (as,Haíbraius, Ἑβραῖος;Hêrôdês, Ἡρώδης), but the ruf breathing is often disregarded (as,ôsanna, ὡσαννά). Accordingly, Goth. initialhhad the value of a mere breathing. Medially and finally it may stil hav had the value of a fricativ sound (HG. ch). Cp. the assimilations (§ 62, n. 3) and breaking (§ 62, n. 1). Also initially before consonants, (hl,hn,hr(ƕ)), thehhad probably retaind a stronger sound.

Note 1.Latin writers render Gothichby their h (as,Hildibald,Hildericus); but they also omit it; as,Ariamirus,eils=hailsin the epigram (s.§ 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379; cp. Dietrich, p. 77.Note 2.Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic:ƕ(§§ 63.64).Note 3.In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between vowels; as,Iôhannês, Ιωάννης;Abraham, Ἀβραάμ. Cp. Es. Tegnér, Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.

Note 1.Latin writers render Gothichby their h (as,Hildibald,Hildericus); but they also omit it; as,Ariamirus,eils=hailsin the epigram (s.§ 21, n. 1), Zs. fda. 1, 379; cp. Dietrich, p. 77.

Note 2.Labialized h (hw) has a special sign in Gothic:ƕ(§§ 63.64).

Note 3.In foren names h is sumtimes interposed medially between vowels; as,Iôhannês, Ιωάννης;Abraham, Ἀβραάμ. Cp. Es. Tegnér, Tidskr. for filol. N. R. 7, 304 et seq.

§62. Exampls forh: (a)initially:haúrn,horn;hana,cock;haírtô,hart;hails,hole, sound;hund,hundred;hafjan,to heav; —initial combinations:hlaifs,bred;hliuma, m.,hearing;hlifan,to steal;hlûtrs,pure;hlahjan,to laf;hnaiws,low;hrains,clean;hrôpjan,to call;hrôt, n.,roof.—(b)medially:faíhu,muney;taíhun,ten;teihan,to show;tiuhan,to pul;saíhs,six;nahts,night;liuhtjan,to light;filhan,to conceal;swaíhra, 'socer'.—(c)finally:jah,and;-uh,and(cp.§ 24, n. 2);falh(prt. offilhan);taúh(prt. oftiuhan), etc.

Note 1.Beforeh(as beforer)iis broken toaí,utoaú; cp.§§ 20.24.Note 2.Dropping ofnbeforeh, which made the preceding vowel long:fâhan(

Note 1.Beforeh(as beforer)iis broken toaí,utoaú; cp.§§ 20.24.

Note 2.Dropping ofnbeforeh, which made the preceding vowel long:fâhan(

Note 3.Finalhin-uh(or-h;§ 24, n. 2),jah,nih, may be assimilated to the initial sound of a following word. But rarely in the gospels (cod. argent.) and in codex B, and only before particls or prns. beginning withþ; frequently, however, also before other consonants, in codex A and Skeir; as,wasuþþan(=wasuh-þan,but it was); Mk. I, 6;sumaiþþan(=sumaih-þan,but sum); Mt. XXVI, 67;sijaiþþan(=sijaih-þan,but itshall be); Mt. V, 37;jaþþê(=jah-þê,and if);niþþan(=nih-þan,and not); —beforeotherconsonants in A:jalliban(=jah liban,and liv); II. Cor. I, 8;jaggatraua(=jah gatraua,and I trust); Rom. XIV, 14;jaddu(=jah du,and to); II. Cor. II, 16;jabbrusts(=jah brusts); II. Cor. VII, 15;nukkant(=nuh kant,knowest thou now?); I. Cor. VII, 16; exceptionally also in the codex argent., but only in Lu.:janni(=jah ni); Lu. VII, 32;nissijai(=nih sijai); Lu. XX, 16.

Note 4.Finalhis sumtimes dropt (in consequence of having lost its sharp sound? But cp. Beitr., XV, 277):ƕarjô(forƕarjôh); Mk. XV, 6;ƕammê(forƕammêh); Gal. V, 3;ƕarjanô(forƕarjanôh); Skeir. 43; oftenerinu(in A) forinuh,without; thehof consonant-combinations is dropt inhiuma; Lu. VI, 17. VIII, 4 (elsewherehiuhma,multitude);drausnôs; Skeir. 50 (besidedrauhsna,crum);als(foralhs); Mk. XV, 38, etc. All these cases ar probably due to the copyists, and most of them hav therefore been amended by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, Vulfila, LIII et seq.—Also superfluoushoccurs:snauh(forsnau); I. Thess. II, 16; here, however, it is perhaps the enclitic-h(=-uh,§ 24, n. 2).

Note 5.In derivativ wordshoccurs in certain cases besidek(s.§ 58, n. 2) andg(§ 66, n. 1).

§63. The sound ofƕis peculiar to the Gothic, and has no equivalent in Gr. The Gothic sign (whose alfabetic position is that of the Greek ψ) is uzually exprest byhv(hw), because all the corresponding words of the remaining Germanic languages (at least initially) hav hw (hu, hv); as, Goth.ƕeits= OHG. hwîz, OS. OE. hwît, ON. hvîtr,white. But there ar reasons which justify the assumption that the Goth.ƕwas a simpl consonant. Fonetically, it may be regarded as a labializedh(or a voicelessw= NE. wh? Grundr., I, 411). It is therefore recommendabl to represent the simpl Gothic sign by the unitary ligatureƕ. Cp. Zs. fdph., 12, 481 et seq.; Beitr., 12, 218 et seq.

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