Chapter 11

Note.ƕandhwar not identical in Gothic. This is proved by the fact that in composition the finalhand the following initialwar not exprest byƕ, but byhw:þaírhwakandans,keeping wach (thruout); Lu. II, 8;ubuhwôpida(=uf-uh-wôpida;ufwôpida

§64. Exampls ofƕ:initially:ƕas,who;ƕaírnei, f.,skul;ƕaírban,to walk about;ƕeila,time;ƕôpan,to boast;ƕeits,white;ƕaiteis,wheat; —medially:aƕa,water;saíƕan,to see;leiƕan,to lend;þeiƕô,thunder;nêƕa,near;aíƕa-tundi, f.,brambl-bush; —alsofinally:saƕ,saƕt(prt. ofsaíƕan),nêƕ,near.

Note.ianduar broken beforeƕas wel as beforeh; cp.§ 62, n. 1.

§65.gcorresponds to Greek γ, also as a guttural nasal; as,synagôgê, συναγωγή;aggilus, ἄγγελος.—The pronunciation of the Gothic initialgwas quite certainly that of a soft (voiced) stop; final and medialgwas possibly a spirant.

Note 1.Latin authors rendergin Gothic names by g, but also by c; as,CainabesideGaina(Jornandes),Commundus(=Gummundus); medially, especially beforei, it is often dropt; as,EilabesideAgila,Egila,Aiulf(=Aigulf),Athanaildus(=Athanagildus); cp. Dietrich, p. 73 et seq.Note 2.For the pronunciation of medialgas a spirant the Latin representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.', 173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that finalgdoes not becumh(cp.b-f,d-þ). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276 et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the pronunciation of medial and finalg; then the value of a stop seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).

Note 2.For the pronunciation of medialgas a spirant the Latin representations may be adduced (cp. especially Wrede, 'Ostg.', 173 et seq.); but this is contradicted by the fact that finalgdoes not becumh(cp.b-f,d-þ). Jellinek (Beitr., 15, 276 et seq.; Zs. fda., 36, 85) infers a 'media affricata' for the pronunciation of medial and finalg; then the value of a stop seems more probabl (cp. Wilmanns, D. Gramm., I, 16).

§66.goccurs frequently in Goth. words, both initially and medially. E. g. (a)gasts,guest;guma,man;gulþ,gold;gôþs,good;giutan,to pour;greipan,to gripe, seiz;graban,to dig. (b)agis,aw;wigs,way;gawigan,to move;steigan,to mount;ligan,to lie;þragjan,to run; —augô,ey;tagr,tear;tigus,ten;aigan,to hav; suffixalg:mahteigs,mighty;môdags,angry.

Also finalgremains unchanged:ôg,I fear;mag,I can;wig(acc. ofwigs,way), etc.

Note.gbecumshbefore a suffixaltattacht to it (§ 81); e. g.,mahts,mahta(prs.mag),ôhta(prs.ôg),baúhta(inf.bugjan),brâhta(inf.briggan). But there seems to be no change of consonants before thetof the 2nd pers. prt. Onlymagt(1stmag) is found (201).—Also elsewhere in word-formation an interchange betweenhandgtakes place in words belonging to the same root:taíhun,10; andtigus,decad;filhan,to conceal, andfulgins, adj.,hidn;faginôn,to rejoice, andfahêþsf.,joy;huggrjan,to hunger, andhûhrus,hunger;juggs,yung; compar.jûhiza; concerning the interchange betweenáigandáih, s.§ 203, n. 1. Cp.§ 79, n. 2.

§67.gdenotes also a guttural nasal (s.§ 50); e. g., (n+g):laggs,long;briggan,to bring;tuggô,tung;figgrs,finger;gaggan,to go; —(n+k,q):drigkan,to drink;þagkjan,to think;þugkjan,to seem;igqis,(to) yu both;sigqan,to sink;stigqan,to thrust.

Note 1.Beside the singl letterguzed to express the guttural nasal,ggis sumtimes found (so regularly in codex B):siggqan,driggkan,iggqis;gis not dubld beforeg; the only case,atgagggand(Mt. IX, 15) is corrected by the editors. The reverse error occurs three times:faúragagja(forfaúragaggja,steward); Lu. VIII, 3. XVI, 1;hugridai(forhuggridai); I. Cor. IV, 11. Cp. Vulfila by Bernhardt, p. LI.Note 2.The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few times in Lu.; as,þank; XVII, 9;bringiþ; XV, 22.

Note 2.The Latin sign (n) for the guttural nasal occurs but a few times in Lu.; as,þank; XVII, 9;bringiþ; XV, 22.

§68. The combinationggwdeservs special notice. (1) It is a guttural nasal +gw, as is proved by the ng of the remaining Germanic languages (also of the ON.):aggwus,narrow(OHG. engi, ON. ǫngr);siggwan,to sing(OHG. singan, ON. syngva);saggws,song. Here perhaps belongs alsounmanariggws,unrestraind, wild(cognate with OHG. ringi? Dtsch. Litteraturzeitg. 1888, p. 770).

(2) Anotherggwcorresponds to West-Germanic uw (OHG. uu or uuu; cp. ahd. gr.,§§ 112.113), to ON. gg(v); thisggcertainly denotes a stop:triggws,faithful(OHG. triuwi, ON. tryggr);bliggwan,to beat(OHG. bliuwan);*glaggwus,exact(OHG. glauwêr, ON. glǫggr);skuggwa,mirror(ON. skyggja; cp. Goth.skawjan).

Note.Concerning theggwof the words givn under (2) and the analogousddj(§ 73, n. 1), cp. Beitr., IX, 545; Göttinger Nachrichten, 1885, No. 6; Brgm., I, 157; Scherer, 'Kleinere Schriften', I, p. XII et seq.—Concerning the East-Gothic namesTriggua,Trigguilla, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 78 et seq.

§69. Gothictcorresponds to Greek τ, and stands frequently both initially and medially. E. g. (a)initially:tunþus,tooth;triu,tree;tuggô,tung;tagr,tear;taíhun,ten;twai,two;tamjan,to tame;trauan,to trust.st:steigan,to mount. (b)medially:watô,water;haírtô,hart;baitrs,bitter;itan,to eat;giutan,to pour;sitan,to sit;witan,to know.

Finaltremains unchanged; as,wait,I know;at,at;wit,we two.

Note 1.tis dubld inatta,father;skatts,muney.Note 2.tbeforetin derivativ and inflected words becumss(§ 81); as,ushaista,very poor(cp.haitan);blôstreis,wurshipper(cp.blôtan,to wurship); 2nd pers. sg. prt.waist(1stwait),haíhaist(inf.haitan,to be calld); weak prt.gamôsta(1st pers.gamôt);kaupasta(inf.kaupatjan,to cuf);wissa(

Note 1.tis dubld inatta,father;skatts,muney.

Note 2.tbeforetin derivativ and inflected words becumss(§ 81); as,ushaista,very poor(cp.haitan);blôstreis,wurshipper(cp.blôtan,to wurship); 2nd pers. sg. prt.waist(1stwait),haíhaist(inf.haitan,to be calld); weak prt.gamôsta(1st pers.gamôt);kaupasta(inf.kaupatjan,to cuf);wissa(

§70. Gothicþcorresponds to Gr. θ (as,Þômas, Θωμᾶς;Naþan, Ναθάν); its sound-value was that of a voiceless dental spirant = the NE. surd th in thin. Also the Greek θ denoted at that time, as it stil does in New Greek, a similar sound.

Note 1.Greek authors represent the Goth.þby θ; as, Θευδέριχος. Latin writers express Goth.þmostly by th; as,Theodoricus,Theodomirus, but also often by t. Cp. Wrede, 'Wand.', 104; 'Ostg.', 170 et seq.—In like manner sum later prints havthforþ(s.§ 1, n. 3).Note 2.Latin authors often uze d beside th for medialþin proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.Note 3.Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth.þ, cp. IF. 4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth.þand Gr. θ, s. Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.

Note 2.Latin authors often uze d beside th for medialþin proper nouns, from which a later softening may be inferd. Cp. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171.

Note 3.Concerning the sound-value of Germanic-Goth.þ, cp. IF. 4, 341 et seq.; for the relation between Goth.þand Gr. θ, s. Wimmer, 'Die Runenschrift', 268.

§71.þin Gothic words is very frequent. E. g. (a)initially:þulan,to suffer;þanjan,to strech;ga-þaírsan,to wither;þaúrsus,witherd;þaúrstei,thirst;þata(prn.),that;þu,thou;þreis,three;þliuhan,flee;ga-þláihan,to cumfort, console;þwahan,to wash. (b)medially:brôþar,brother;tunþus,tooth;wiþrus,lam;fraþi, n.,understanding;fraþjan,to understand;anþar,other;ƕaþar, 'uter';waírþan,to becum;qiþan,to say. (c) Alsofinalþremains unchanged; as,þiuþ, n.,good(gen.þiuþis);qaþ, prt. ofqiþan;aiþs, acc.aiþ,oath.

Note 1.þþoccurs inaiþþau,or(§ 20), and, by assimilation, forh-þ:niþþan, etc.; s.§ 62, n. 3.Note 2.þfinally and before thesof the nom. very often stands ford, and must be kept apart from theþmentiond under (c) which remainþmediallyalso; s.§ 74.Note 3.þbecumssbeforet(§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt.qast(inf.qiþan),warst(inf.waírþan),snaist(inf.sneiþan,to cut).Note 4.dstands for medialþinweitwôdida,testimony; Jo. III, 32.

Note 1.þþoccurs inaiþþau,or(§ 20), and, by assimilation, forh-þ:niþþan, etc.; s.§ 62, n. 3.

Note 2.þfinally and before thesof the nom. very often stands ford, and must be kept apart from theþmentiond under (c) which remainþmediallyalso; s.§ 74.

Note 3.þbecumssbeforet(§ 81); e. g., 2nd pers. sg. prt.qast(inf.qiþan),warst(inf.waírþan),snaist(inf.sneiþan,to cut).

Note 4.dstands for medialþinweitwôdida,testimony; Jo. III, 32.

§72. Goth.dcorresponds to Greek δ. The New Greek pronunciation of δ is that of a soft (voiced) dental spirant (ð = NE. th in thou). Gothicd, at least medially after a vowel, likewise had the sound-value of this spirant. But d initially and medially after n, r, l, z, has the value of a soft (voiced) stop.

§73. Examples ofd: (a)initially:daúr, n.,door, gate;daúhtar,daughter;dal,dale, valley;dauns,odor;daddjan,to suckl;ga-daúrsan,to dare;driusan,to fall;dwals,foolish. (b)medially:sidus,custom;wadi, n.,wager;midjis, 'medius';widuwô,widow;biudan,to offer;bindan,to bind;haírda,herd;waldan,to rule;mizdô,reward;fadar,father;frôdei,understanding(cp.frôþs,frôdis,intelligent);fidwôr,four;þridja, 'tertius';þiuda,peple;-ida, as inauþida,desert;gahugds,mind;gards,house(yard);hardus,hard;hund,hundred;and,on, in;alds,age(cp.alþeis,old),kalds,cold;gazds,sting.

Note.In Gothic wordsddis found only inwaddjus,wall(ON. veggr);daddjan,to suckl;twaddjê(gen. oftwai,2; ON. tweggja);iddja,I went; hense always in the combinationddj.—Cp.§ 68, n. 1; and Brgm., I, 127.

§74. Finally and before thesof the nominativdremains only after a consonant; e. g.,hund,nimand(3d pers. pl. prs.),gards,alds,gazds,gahugds. But postvocalicdbecuming final (and before thesof the nominativ) is changed intoþ, becauseþdenotes the hard sound corresponding tod. Such eufonicþs from medialds constitute the greater number of the Gothic finalþs, the smaller number ar original (also medial)þs. (§ 71, n. 2). E. g.

staþs,stadis,place(but*staþs,staþis,shore);haubiþ,haubidis,hed;liuhaþ,liuhadis,light;frôþs,frôdis,wise;gôþs,gôdis,good;báuþ, prt. ofbiudan;bidjan,to pray, prt.baþ; —all pps. of wvs.; as,nasiþs,nasidis;salbôþs,salbôdis; furthermore all finalþs in verbal inflection (3d pers. sg., 2nd pl.); as,nimiþ,nêmuþ,nêmeiþ,—but with enclitic-uh:nimiduh,nêmuduh,nêmeiduh; —advs. likeƕaþ,whither(cp.§ 213); prep.miþ,with.

Note 1.The change of finaldintoþdoes not occur in all cases in our manuscripts. This exception does not concern the original text of Wulfila, but is only a deviation from the normal state of orthografy, which is proved by the fact that finaldoccurs exceedingly often only in Lu., especially in the first ten chapters, not quite rarely also in Jo., more rarely in the other books. Exampls from the sixth chapter of Lu. ar:samalaud(34),gôds(35. 43),gôd(43),mitads(38), ptc.gamanwids(40),gasulid, and especially frequently verbal forms:taujid(2),ussuggwud(3),faginôd,laikid(23),habaid(24),usbaírid(45), etc.—Sinse yunger forms of speech ar a characteristic feature of the gospel of Lu. (§ 221, 1), they might be regarded as representativs of a later development of the Goth. language, introduced into our text by sum writers (for similar cases in East-Gothic names, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 171). Others explain the forms with finaldas being due to their original position before words beginning with a vowel according to which the formsnimiþandnimidwould be 'dublets' ('satzdubletten').—Cp. also Kock, Zs. fda., 26, 226 et seq., who showsthat theseds forþs ar most frequent after unaccented vowels (as inmitads), but after an accented vowel only when the latter is long or a difthong, rarely after a short accented vowel (as inmid; Lu. VII, 11.)Note 2.Sinse the finalþhas by all means to be regarded as the regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms with medialdoccur:biuþs,biudis,table;rauþs,red;usdauþs,zelous;gamaiþs,maimd;môþs,anger;knôþs,stock, race. Hense alsogaraiþs,redy;unlêds,poor, which, beside the forms with medialb, hav onse each the final formsgaraidandunlêds, respectivly. But both forms occur in Lu.With finaldonlyar repeatedly found:weitwôds,witness, acc.weitwôd; twicegariuds(gariud),honorabl; onlyonefinal form withd(but none withþ) occurs inbraids,broad;dêds,deed;wôds,mad, possest;grids,step, grade;skaískaid(prt. ofskaidan). The normal forms would bedêþs,wôþs, etc., for the forms withdinsted ofþar hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.Note 3.The occurrence of this finalþfor thematicdmust not be confounded with that ofþin words that hav also medialþbesidedin other words from the same root; as,frôd-(nom.frôþs),prudent;frôdei,prudence; butfraþi,understanding,fraþjan,to understand;sad-(nom.saþs),satisfied, butga-sôþjan,to satisfy;sinþs,a going, way, butsandjan,to send;alds,age, butalþeis,old. Cp.§ 79, n. 2.Note 4.þis seldom found where medialdis expected; as,guþa(forguda); Gal. IV, 8;unfrôþans; Gal. III, 3.

Note 2.Sinse the finalþhas by all means to be regarded as the regular one, it must also be employd in words of which only forms with medialdoccur:biuþs,biudis,table;rauþs,red;usdauþs,zelous;gamaiþs,maimd;môþs,anger;knôþs,stock, race. Hense alsogaraiþs,redy;unlêds,poor, which, beside the forms with medialb, hav onse each the final formsgaraidandunlêds, respectivly. But both forms occur in Lu.

With finaldonlyar repeatedly found:weitwôds,witness, acc.weitwôd; twicegariuds(gariud),honorabl; onlyonefinal form withd(but none withþ) occurs inbraids,broad;dêds,deed;wôds,mad, possest;grids,step, grade;skaískaid(prt. ofskaidan). The normal forms would bedêþs,wôþs, etc., for the forms withdinsted ofþar hardly due to anything else but unfavorabl transmission.

Note 3.The occurrence of this finalþfor thematicdmust not be confounded with that ofþin words that hav also medialþbesidedin other words from the same root; as,frôd-(nom.frôþs),prudent;frôdei,prudence; butfraþi,understanding,fraþjan,to understand;sad-(nom.saþs),satisfied, butga-sôþjan,to satisfy;sinþs,a going, way, butsandjan,to send;alds,age, butalþeis,old. Cp.§ 79, n. 2.

Note 4.þis seldom found where medialdis expected; as,guþa(forguda); Gal. IV, 8;unfrôþans; Gal. III, 3.

§75. Thedof the weak preterit, which stands mostly after vowels (nasida,habaida), remains intact afterlandn(skulda,munda), while afters,h,fit becumst:kaupasta,môsta,daúrsta,þâhta,brâhta,þûhta,brûhta,waúrhta,baúhta,ôhta,mahta,áihta,þaúrfta; it is changed intoþinkunþa;ssis assimilated fromstinwissa.

Conform to this rule ar the respectiv ptcs.nasiþs,habaiþs,skulds,munds, butwaúrhts,baúhts,mahts,binaúhts,þaúrfts,kunþs. Cp.§ 187, n. 1;§ 197et seq.;§§ 208.209.

Note.dbecumssbefore thetof the 2nd pers. prt. (§ 81):baust(1stbauþ, inf.biudan); so, also, before consonants in derivativ words; as,gilstr,tax, tribute(

§76.sis a hard (voiceless) dental spirant and corresponds to Gr. σ.soccurs very often in Gothic words, especially initially. E. g.

(a)initially:sunus,sun;sitan,to sit;skadus,shade;speiwan,to spit;standan,to stand;straujan,to strew;slêpan,to sleep;smals,small;snutrs,wise;swaíhra,father-in-law.

(b)medially:kiusan,to choose;wisan,to be;wasjan,to clothe;þûsundi,thousand;gasts,guest;fisks,fish;asneis,hired man;hansa,host;aúhsa,ox;þaúrsus,witherd.

Note 1.ssoccurs frequently; e. g.,ƕassei,sharpness;qiss,speech;wissa(prt. ofwitan); suff.-assus(þiudinassus,kingdom, etc.).Note 2.Finalsstands in most cases for medialz, especially the final inflectionals. Cp.§ 78; dropping of thesof the nominativ in§ 78, n. 2.Note 3.Forsfromt,þ,d, before consonants (t), s.§ 69, n. 2;§ 71, n. 3;§ 75, n. 1.Note 4.Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirantssandþ, cp. IF., 342.

Note 1.ssoccurs frequently; e. g.,ƕassei,sharpness;qiss,speech;wissa(prt. ofwitan); suff.-assus(þiudinassus,kingdom, etc.).

Note 2.Finalsstands in most cases for medialz, especially the final inflectionals. Cp.§ 78; dropping of thesof the nominativ in§ 78, n. 2.

Note 3.Forsfromt,þ,d, before consonants (t), s.§ 69, n. 2;§ 71, n. 3;§ 75, n. 1.

Note 4.Concerning the fonetic distinction between the spirantssandþ, cp. IF., 342.

§77. The signzcorresponds in Greek words to ζ; as,Zaíbaídaius, Ζεβεδαῖος;azymus, ἄζυμος. Its sound, like that of the Gr. ζ both at Wulfila's time and in New Greek, was the corresponding soft sound ofs, hense a voiced dental spirant (E. z).

§78. (a) In Goth. wordszoccurs neverinitially.

(b)Medialzis frequent. But finalzbecumss, the corresponding hard sound (cp.§ 79). E. g.

azêts,easy;hazjan,to praise;hazeins,praise;dius, gen.diuzis,animal;hatis, gen.hatizis,hatred;hatizôn,to be angry;huzd,trezure;gazds,sting;mizdô,reward;azgô,ashes;marzjan,to offend;talzjan,to teach; —comparativs:maiza, 'major';frôdôza,alþiza, etc.; —pronominal forms; as,izwara,þizôs,þizê,blindaizôs; 2nd pers. sing. midl:haitaza.

(c) Most of the Gothic finalss representz, especially the inflectionals; this reappears aszwhen it becums medial by an enclitic addition, for exampl, thesof the nom.ƕas,who?, butƕazuh;is,he, butizei,who;us,out, butuzuh,uzu;dis-(as indizuhþansat; Mk. XVI, 8);þôs, nom. pl. f., butþôzuh;weis,we;weizuh;wileis, 2nd pers. sg., butwileizu; advs.:mais(compar.maiza),more;áiris,erlier(compar.áiriza), etc.

Note 1.zis but rarely employd for finals:minz,less; II. Cor. XII, 15 (Codex B), forminselsewhere;riqiz(4 times),darkness, besideriqis, gen.riqizis;aiz,brass, muney(only Mk. VI, 8);mimz,flesh; I. Cor. VIII, 13.—For a different view of finalsforz, s. Wilmanns, Dtsch. Gramm., I, p. 86.Note 2.Thes(z) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) afters(ss,z):drus, m., gen.drusis,fall;swês, gen.swêsis, adj.,one's own;laus,lausis,loose;us-stass, f., gen.usstassais,resurrection; (2) afterrimmediately preceded by a short vowel:waír,waíris,man;baúr,sun;kaisar,Cæsar;anþar,other;unsar,our; butsremains unchanged after a long syllabl:akrs,field;hôrs,whoremonger;skeirs,clear;swêrs,honord;gáurs,sorrowful. An exception is the onse occurring nom.stiur,steer, calf. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et seq.—At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic, the loss of the nominativ-soccurs more extensivly. So alredy in the Documents (Neap. Doc.:Gudilub,Ufitahari); cp. Wrede, loc. cit.Note 3.zandsinterchange in the prt. ofslêpan;saíslêp; Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14;saízlêp; Jo. XI, 11. I. Cor. XV, 6; —in the neuters in-is(gen.agisisand gen.hatizis); s. 94, n. 5.Note 4.Thez(s. c, abuv) of the prep.usis in compounds assimilated to a followingr(cp.§ 24, n. 2); e. g.,urruns,a running out;urreisan,to (a)rise;urrûmnan(besideusrûmnan, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11),to expand; onseurfor the prep.us:ur riqiza; II. Cor. IV, 6.—usremains unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as,usagjan,to frighten;usbeidan,to abide, expect(cp.§ 56, n. 2).zforsbefore a vowel appears only inuzôn(prt. of*usanan,to expire); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and inuzêtin(dat. of*usêta,manger); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.Note 5.Whenusis affixt to a word beginning withst, only onesis sumtimes writn:ustaig(prt. ofus-steigan); Mk. III, 13;ustôþ; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25;ustandiþ(prt. and prs. ofus-standan); Mk. X, 34;ustassai(nom.usstass); Lu. XIV, 14.—Cp.twistandans(in B =twis-standansin A); II. Cor. II, 13;diskritnan(fordis-skritnan); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no analogon forsp.

Note 2.Thes(z) of the nom. sg. is dropt (1) afters(ss,z):drus, m., gen.drusis,fall;swês, gen.swêsis, adj.,one's own;laus,lausis,loose;us-stass, f., gen.usstassais,resurrection; (2) afterrimmediately preceded by a short vowel:waír,waíris,man;baúr,sun;kaisar,Cæsar;anþar,other;unsar,our; butsremains unchanged after a long syllabl:akrs,field;hôrs,whoremonger;skeirs,clear;swêrs,honord;gáurs,sorrowful. An exception is the onse occurring nom.stiur,steer, calf. Cp. Brgm., I, 516; II, 531; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 177 et seq.—At a later stage of development, especially in East-Gothic, the loss of the nominativ-soccurs more extensivly. So alredy in the Documents (Neap. Doc.:Gudilub,Ufitahari); cp. Wrede, loc. cit.

Note 3.zandsinterchange in the prt. ofslêpan;saíslêp; Mt. VIII, 24. Lu. VIII, 23. I. Thess. IV, 14;saízlêp; Jo. XI, 11. I. Cor. XV, 6; —in the neuters in-is(gen.agisisand gen.hatizis); s. 94, n. 5.

Note 4.Thez(s. c, abuv) of the prep.usis in compounds assimilated to a followingr(cp.§ 24, n. 2); e. g.,urruns,a running out;urreisan,to (a)rise;urrûmnan(besideusrûmnan, in Codex B, II. Cor. VI, 11),to expand; onseurfor the prep.us:ur riqiza; II. Cor. IV, 6.—usremains unchanged before other sounds in cpds.; as,usagjan,to frighten;usbeidan,to abide, expect(cp.§ 56, n. 2).zforsbefore a vowel appears only inuzôn(prt. of*usanan,to expire); Mk. XV, 37. 39; and inuzêtin(dat. of*usêta,manger); Lu. II, 7. 12. 16.

Note 5.Whenusis affixt to a word beginning withst, only onesis sumtimes writn:ustaig(prt. ofus-steigan); Mk. III, 13;ustôþ; Lu. VIII, 55. X, 25;ustandiþ(prt. and prs. ofus-standan); Mk. X, 34;ustassai(nom.usstass); Lu. XIV, 14.—Cp.twistandans(in B =twis-standansin A); II. Cor. II, 13;diskritnan(fordis-skritnan); Mt. XXVII, 51; there is no analogon forsp.

§79. The Gothic soft spirants,b,d,z, finally and before thesof the nom. (cp.§§ 56.74. 78) ar changed into the corresponding hard sounds,f,þ,s, while the fourth soft spirant, medialg, remains unchanged when final (§ 66;§ 65, n. 2).

Note 1.Also the finalb,d,zhav sumtimes remaind unchanged, i. e.zrarely (§ 78, n. 1), butbanddespecially often in certain parts where also other forms show a later stage of development. Cp.§ 56, n. 1;§ 74, n. 1, and Zs. fda., 25, 226 et seq.Note 2.Interchange betweenfandb,þandd,handg,sandz, which had taken place in proethnic Germanic according to definit laws and is better preservd in other Germanic languages ('Grammatical Change'; s. ahd. gr.,§ 100et seq.), occurs in Gothic only in derivativ words; cp.g-h,§ 66, n. 1;d-þ,§ 74, n. 3; (z—s,§ 78, n. 3); and traces of it ar seen in the inflection of the verbsþarf(§ 56, n. 3),áih(§ 203, n. 1).

Note 2.Interchange betweenfandb,þandd,handg,sandz, which had taken place in proethnic Germanic according to definit laws and is better preservd in other Germanic languages ('Grammatical Change'; s. ahd. gr.,§ 100et seq.), occurs in Gothic only in derivativ words; cp.g-h,§ 66, n. 1;d-þ,§ 74, n. 3; (z—s,§ 78, n. 3); and traces of it ar seen in the inflection of the verbsþarf(§ 56, n. 3),áih(§ 203, n. 1).

§80. Gemination of the Gothic liquids and nasals,l,m,n,r, is frequent; alsossand a few instances ofkk(§ 58, n. 1),tt(§ 69, n. 1),þþ(§ 71, n. 1),dd(§ 73, n. 1); —the more frequent exampls ofgg(§§ 67.68) ar in part of another kind.

The geminated consonants remain unchanged when final and before thesof the nominativ:skatts,full,kann,rann,wamm,gawiss; likewise beforej(as infulljan,skattja,kannjan, etc.), but ar as a rule simplified before other consonants:kant,kunþa(cp.kann);rant, 2nd pers. sg. prt.,ur-runs, m.,a running out(cp.rinnan);swumfsl,pond(cp.*swimman); —but uzuallyfullnan, only a few timesfulnan.

Note.Sum instances of gemination as wel as of simplified gemination in the MSS. ar merely orthografic errors; as,allhforalh; Lu. II, 46;wisêdun(sforss);inbranjada(njfornnj); Jo. XV, 6;swamforswamm; Mk. XV, 36.—Such errors ar mostly corrected by the editors. Cp. Bernhardt, 'Vulfila', p. LVII.

§81. The changes of consonants before dentals may, as far as the Gothic is concernd, be embraced in the following rule:

Before the dentals,d,þ,t, all labial stops and spirants ar changed intof, all gutturals intoh, all dentals intos, the second dental appearing always ast. E. g.

skapjan,gaskafts(§ 51, n. 2);þaúrban(*þaúrbda),þaúrfta;giban,gifts(§ 56, n. 4); —siuks,saúhts;þagkjan,þâhta(§ 58, n. 2);magan,mahta(§ 66, n. 1); —wait,waist(§ 69, n. 2);waírþan,warst(§ 71, n. 3);biudan,baust(§ 75, n. 1).

Note 1.Exceptions armagt(2nd pers. sg.; 1stmag,§ 201) andgahugds,mind.Note 2.stoften becumsssby assimilation; as,wissa, prt. ofwitan(§ 76, n. 1). Cp. Beitr., 7, 171 et seq.; 9, 150 et seq.; IF., 4, 341 et seq.Note 3.The rule givn abuv from a practical standpoint of the Gothic grammar must be formulated differently from a comparativ-historical standpoint, because the discust sound-shiftings hav not originated in the Gothic language, but ar reflections of proethnic Germanic and Indo-Germanic relations of sounds. S. Brgm., I, 381 et seq.; 403 et seq.

Note 1.Exceptions armagt(2nd pers. sg.; 1stmag,§ 201) andgahugds,mind.

Note 2.stoften becumsssby assimilation; as,wissa, prt. ofwitan(§ 76, n. 1). Cp. Beitr., 7, 171 et seq.; 9, 150 et seq.; IF., 4, 341 et seq.

Note 3.The rule givn abuv from a practical standpoint of the Gothic grammar must be formulated differently from a comparativ-historical standpoint, because the discust sound-shiftings hav not originated in the Gothic language, but ar reflections of proethnic Germanic and Indo-Germanic relations of sounds. S. Brgm., I, 381 et seq.; 403 et seq.

§82. Assimilations occur only in combination withh(s.§ 62, n. 3) andus(§ 78, n. 4).

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