INFLECTION.

§83. The Gothic declension, like that of the remaining Old-Germanic dialects, comprises three genders: themasculin,neuterandfeminin.

Note 1.The neuter of all declensions resembls in form very closely the masculin; a distinction occurs in the nom. and acc. sg. and pl. only.Note 2.A distinction of gender is wanting only with the personal prn. of the 1st and 2nd persons, with the reflexiv prn. (§ 150), and with the numeral adjectivs 4-19 (§ 141).

Note 1.The neuter of all declensions resembls in form very closely the masculin; a distinction occurs in the nom. and acc. sg. and pl. only.

Note 2.A distinction of gender is wanting only with the personal prn. of the 1st and 2nd persons, with the reflexiv prn. (§ 150), and with the numeral adjectivs 4-19 (§ 141).

§84. The Goth. declension hastwonumbers:singularandplural.

Note.Thedualwhich originally existed in all Indg. languages, is preservd in the Goth. decl. in the 1st and 2nd pers. of the personal prn. only (§ 150).

§85. The Goth. declension has four complete cases:nominativ,genitiv,dativ,accusativ. Thevocativis mostly identical with the nominativ, only in the singular of sum classes of declension the vocativ is different from the nominativ, but then it is always identical with the accusativ.

Note.The Goth. dativ represents several Indg. cases (dativ, locativ, ablativ, instrumental). Relics of the neuter instrumental ar stil present in the pronominal declension:þê(§ 153),ƕê(§ 159).

§86. The declension of substantivs in Gothic is divided into a vocalic and a consonantal declension, according as the stems of the substantivs end in a vowel or a consonant.

Note.The original form of the stem is in part unrecognizabl in the Gothic language, because the stem has blended with the endings, final vowels hav been lost, and the like, so that the division into a vocalic and a consonantal declension appears correct only in the light of the Comparativ Indo-Germanic Grammar, and but with reference to this it must be retaind. Such a division would never hav been made from an especially Gothic-Germanic standpoint.

§87. Of theconsonantalstems in Gothic then-stems (i. e. the stems in-an,-ôn,-ein), ar very numerous, while of other consonantal declensions but a few remains ar preservd (§ 114et seq.). Sinse the time of Jac. Grimm then-declension has also been calldWeak Declension.

§88. There ar four classes of thevocalicdeclension: stems ina,ô,i,u. Accordingly, we distinguish them asa-,ô-,i-, andu-declensions. The stem-characteristics ar stil clearly seen in all classes in the dat. and acc. pl.; e. g.,dagam,dagans; —gibôm,gibôs; —gastim,gastins; —sunum,sununs. Sinse the time of Jacob Grimm the vocalic declension has also been calldStrong Declension.

Note 1.Of the four vocalic declensions thea-andô-declensions ar closely connected, thea-declension containing only masculins and neuters (dags,waúrd), theô-declension the corresponding feminins. Both classes ar therefore uzually givn as one, thea-declension.Note 2.The Gothica-declension corresponds to the second or o-declension in Greek and Latin (Gr. m. -ος, n. -ον; Lt. -us, -um), the Goth.ô-declension corresponds to the first or ā-declension in Gr. and Lt. Now sinse Comparativ Grammar teaches us that the Græco-Lt. vowels ar the more original ones, and that onse also the Germanic stems of the corresponding masculine and neuters must hav ended in o and those of the feminins in â, we often meet in Germanic Grammar with the term o-declension for the masculins and neuters, and with the term â-declension for the feminins.

Note 2.The Gothica-declension corresponds to the second or o-declension in Greek and Latin (Gr. m. -ος, n. -ον; Lt. -us, -um), the Goth.ô-declension corresponds to the first or ā-declension in Gr. and Lt. Now sinse Comparativ Grammar teaches us that the Græco-Lt. vowels ar the more original ones, and that onse also the Germanic stems of the corresponding masculine and neuters must hav ended in o and those of the feminins in â, we often meet in Germanic Grammar with the term o-declension for the masculins and neuters, and with the term â-declension for the feminins.

§88a. Substantivs (and adjectivs) as the first parts of compounds end as a rule in a vowel, the connecting vowel of the components (or composition-vowel), which in the case of the vocalic stems is oftenest identical with the stem-vowel. Exampls:a-decl.:figgra-gulþ,hunsla-staþs,himina-kunds,fulla-tôjis; —i-decl.:gasti-gôþs,naudi-bandi; —u-decl.:fôtu-baúrd,hardu-haírtei,filu-waúrdei.

But the connecting vowel of theo-stems is always-a; as,aírþa-kunds,hleiþra-stakeins; the-jaofja-stems persists when the stem is a short syllabl, but it becumsiwhen the stem is long (cp.§ 44); as,wadja-bôkôs,alja-kuns;arbi-numja,aglaiti-waúrdei; in like mannerþûsundi-faþs, < stem in-jô-, nom.þûsundi(§ 145).

Then-stems hav simplainsted of the thematic ending-an,-ôn; as,guma-kunds,fruma-baúr,wilja-halþei,qina-kunds,auga-daúrô; butmari-saiws(cp. Beitr., 8, 410).

Note 1.The composition-vowel was often dropt in Gothic, especially that of thea-stems; e. g., ofa-stems:wein-drugkja(butweina-triu,weina-basi, etc.),gud-hûs,guþ-blôstreis(butguda-faúrhts,guda-laus,guþa-skaunei),laus-qiþrs,laus-handus(butlausa-waúrds),þiudan-gardi,háuh-þûhts,ain-falþs,þiu-magus(forþiwa-,§ 91, n. 3); —ofja-stems:niuklahs(butniuja-satiþs),frei-hals,aglait-gastalds(butaglaiti-waúrdei); —ofi-stems:brûþ-faþs,þut-haúrn(Beitr., 8, 411),twalib-wintrus(§ 141).Note 2.Sum words show evasions of the composition-vowel:þiuþi-qiss(forþiuþa-); I. Cor. X, 16 (in Cod. A);anda-laus(forandja-); I. Tim. I, 4 (in A, butandi-lausin B);hrainja-haírts(forhraini-); Mt. V, 8;garda-in cpds. seems to be the normal form beside the stemgardi-(s.§ 101):garda-waldands; Mt. X, 25. Lu. XIV, 21;miþgarda-waddjus; Eph. II, 14 (in B, butmidgardi-w.in A); Beitr., 8, 432. Cp. alsobrôþra-lubô; Rom. XII, 10 (in A, butbrôþru-lubô; I. Thess. IV, 9, in B).—The evasions occur mostly in Codex A and seem to be yunger East-Gothic forms; cp. the names in the Documents (e. g.,Gudi-lub, in Ar. Doc.;Sunjai-friþas, in Neap. Doc.), and Wrede, 'Ostg.', 184.Note 3.Beside the other consonantal stems there occur:brôþru-lubô(§ 114); cp. the preceding note;baúrgs-waddjus, a genitiv-composition (§ 116);nahta-mats(§ 116); besidemann-(§ 117) the stemmana-is found:mana-sêþs,mana-maúrþrja,unmana-riggws; and (probably according to note 1)man-leika.—sigis-launandþruts-fill, which belong to olds-stems (s.§ 94, n. 5.—Leo Meyer, Got. Spr., p. 174), may (by loss ofa, according to note 1) also refer toa-stems.Note 4.For more about the cpds. in Gothic, s. Beitr., 8, 371-460; Brgm., II, 73 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 183 et seq.

Note 2.Sum words show evasions of the composition-vowel:þiuþi-qiss(forþiuþa-); I. Cor. X, 16 (in Cod. A);anda-laus(forandja-); I. Tim. I, 4 (in A, butandi-lausin B);hrainja-haírts(forhraini-); Mt. V, 8;garda-in cpds. seems to be the normal form beside the stemgardi-(s.§ 101):garda-waldands; Mt. X, 25. Lu. XIV, 21;miþgarda-waddjus; Eph. II, 14 (in B, butmidgardi-w.in A); Beitr., 8, 432. Cp. alsobrôþra-lubô; Rom. XII, 10 (in A, butbrôþru-lubô; I. Thess. IV, 9, in B).—The evasions occur mostly in Codex A and seem to be yunger East-Gothic forms; cp. the names in the Documents (e. g.,Gudi-lub, in Ar. Doc.;Sunjai-friþas, in Neap. Doc.), and Wrede, 'Ostg.', 184.

Note 3.Beside the other consonantal stems there occur:brôþru-lubô(§ 114); cp. the preceding note;baúrgs-waddjus, a genitiv-composition (§ 116);nahta-mats(§ 116); besidemann-(§ 117) the stemmana-is found:mana-sêþs,mana-maúrþrja,unmana-riggws; and (probably according to note 1)man-leika.—sigis-launandþruts-fill, which belong to olds-stems (s.§ 94, n. 5.—Leo Meyer, Got. Spr., p. 174), may (by loss ofa, according to note 1) also refer toa-stems.

Note 4.For more about the cpds. in Gothic, s. Beitr., 8, 371-460; Brgm., II, 73 et seq.; Wrede, 'Ostg.', 183 et seq.

§89. The Gothica-declension contains only masculins and neuters. We distinguish between purea-stems andja-stems.

Note.Thewa-stems in Gothic differ but very litl from the purea-stems. Their number is very small (§ 91, n. 3;§ 93;§ 94, n. 1).

§90. Paradims of the masculins. (a) Purea-stems:dags,day(< an erlier *dagaz, proethnic Germanic *dago-z,§ 88, n. 2);hlaifs,(loaf of) bred(proethnic Germanic *hlaibo-z). (b)ja-stems:haírdeis,herdsman(proethnic Germanic *herdio-z);harjis,army(proethnic Germanic *hario-z).

Sing.N.dagshlaifshaírdeisharjisG.dagishlaibishaírdeisharjisD.dagahlaibahaírdjaharjaA.daghlaifhaírdihariV.daghlaifhaírdihariPlur.A.dagôshlaibôshaírdjôsharjôsG.dagêhlaibêhaírdjêharjêD.dagamhlaibamhaírdjamharjamA.daganshlaibanshaírdjansharjans

§91. Likedagsdecline many masculins; as,stains,stone;skalks,servant;tains,twig;himins,heven;fisks,fish;wigs,way;wulfs,wolf;fugls,bird (fowl);aiþs(gen.aiþis),oath.

hlaifsshows the hardening of the medial soft spirant when becuming final (cp.§§ 56.79). So doeslaufs(nom. pl.laubôs),leaf.

Note 1.The declension of these masculins is identical with that of the masculini-stems (100) in the hole sg. and in the gen. pl. Only the nom., acc., and dat. pl. can show to which declension they belong. Consequently, a number of masculins which ar not found in those pl. cases cannot with certainty be classified. The testimony of the other Germanic languages, however, wil in many cases enable us to decide. Thusakrs,field;mêgs,sun-in-law;maúrgins,morning;snaiws,snow;maiþms,present, etc., belong to thea-decl.Note 2.Words which ar not found in the nom. sg. nor in the nom. acc. pl., may be neuter. Thus the nom. to the isolated gen.akeitis(vinegar) may be bothakeitsandakeit, that to the dat.staþa(shore) bothstaþsandstaþ. Sum of such words ar undoutedly m., as is evident from the adjs. which modify them, or from the cognate dialects; e. g.,slêps,sleep;wôkrs,uzury;aúhns,oven;tweifls,dout;môþs,anger(gen.môdis,§ 74).Note 3.According to the rules for finalw(§ 42),þiusandþiuar givn, respectivly, as the nom. and voc. sg. to the nom. pl.þiwôs(servants), gen.þiwê—the only forms found. Cp.þiu-magus,servant,§ 88a, n. 1.Note 4.According to§ 78, n. 2, thesof the nom. sg. is dropt in*ans(dat.anza),beam;*hals(halsis),neck;freihals,liberty;*ams(acc. pl.amsans),shoulder:waír,man;*gabaúr(n. pl.gabaúrôs),festiv meal;kaisar,emperor, Cæsar;stiur,steer(Neh. 5, 18; cp. Zs. fda., 37, 319).Note 5.wêgs,wave(nom. pl.wêgôs, but dat. pl.wêgim);aiws,time(dat. pl.aiwam, acc. pl.aiwins), show a tendency to merge into thei-decl.

Note 2.Words which ar not found in the nom. sg. nor in the nom. acc. pl., may be neuter. Thus the nom. to the isolated gen.akeitis(vinegar) may be bothakeitsandakeit, that to the dat.staþa(shore) bothstaþsandstaþ. Sum of such words ar undoutedly m., as is evident from the adjs. which modify them, or from the cognate dialects; e. g.,slêps,sleep;wôkrs,uzury;aúhns,oven;tweifls,dout;môþs,anger(gen.môdis,§ 74).

Note 3.According to the rules for finalw(§ 42),þiusandþiuar givn, respectivly, as the nom. and voc. sg. to the nom. pl.þiwôs(servants), gen.þiwê—the only forms found. Cp.þiu-magus,servant,§ 88a, n. 1.

Note 4.According to§ 78, n. 2, thesof the nom. sg. is dropt in*ans(dat.anza),beam;*hals(halsis),neck;freihals,liberty;*ams(acc. pl.amsans),shoulder:waír,man;*gabaúr(n. pl.gabaúrôs),festiv meal;kaisar,emperor, Cæsar;stiur,steer(Neh. 5, 18; cp. Zs. fda., 37, 319).

Note 5.wêgs,wave(nom. pl.wêgôs, but dat. pl.wêgim);aiws,time(dat. pl.aiwam, acc. pl.aiwins), show a tendency to merge into thei-decl.

§92. Theja-stems ar subject to the rules concerning the contraction of thejiintoei(s.§ 44, c and n. 1), according to which there is a distinction between the words with long and those with short stem-syllabls. Further exampls: (a) long-stemd and trisyllabic (polysyllabic):asneis,hired man;andeis,end;ƕaiteis,wheat;sipôneis,disciple; the words in-areis(Kluge, Stammbildung,§§ 8.9; ahd. gr.,§ 200):laisareis,teacher;bôkareis,scribe, etc. (b) short stems:niþjis,cuzin;*andastaþjis,adversary.

Note 1.andeis,end, has in Rom. X, 18 the acc. pl. according to thei-decl.:andins.Note 2.Only in the pl. occurs:bêrusjôs,parents(§ 33).Note 3.The acc. pl.hlijans(Mk. IX, 5) suggests the nom. sg.*hleis(likefreis,§ 126, n. 2),tent. Cp. Zimmer, QF., 13, 308.Note 4.A nom. pl.silbawiljôs, adj. uzed as sb. (nom. sg.*silba-wiljis,willing of one's self; cp.gawiljis,§ 126), occurs in II. Cor. VIII, 3.

Note 1.andeis,end, has in Rom. X, 18 the acc. pl. according to thei-decl.:andins.

Note 2.Only in the pl. occurs:bêrusjôs,parents(§ 33).

Note 3.The acc. pl.hlijans(Mk. IX, 5) suggests the nom. sg.*hleis(likefreis,§ 126, n. 2),tent. Cp. Zimmer, QF., 13, 308.

Note 4.A nom. pl.silbawiljôs, adj. uzed as sb. (nom. sg.*silba-wiljis,willing of one's self; cp.gawiljis,§ 126), occurs in II. Cor. VIII, 3.

§93. Paradims. (a) purea-stems:waúrd,word;haubiþ,hed. (b)wa-stems:triu,tree. (c)ja-stems:kuni,kin.

Sing.N.waúrdhaubiþtriukuniG.waúrdishaubidistriwiskunjisD.waúrdahaubidatriwakunjaA.waúrdhaubiþtriukuniPlur.N.waúrdahaubidatriwakunjaG.waúrdêhaubidêtriwêkunjêD.waúrdamhaubidamtriwamkunjamA.waúrdahaubidatriwakunja

§94. Likewaúrdar declined a very great number of neuter nouns; e. g.,blôþ,blôþis,blud;gulþ,gold;juk,yoke;jêr,year;haúrn,horn;sauil,sun;silubr,silver;agis,fear;sáir,sorrow;maúrþr,murder;gras,grasis,grass.

Exampls of words, likehaubiþ, with a final hard sound for a medial soft spirant:dius,diuzis,animal;hatis,hatred;riqis,darkness(§ 78, n. 1);liuhaþ,liuhadis,light;witôþ,law.

Note 1.According to§ 42, the finalwofwa-stems becumsuafter a short vowel. There occur two words of this kind: the paradimtriu(weina-triu,vine) and*kniu,kniwis,knee. No change after a long vowel; as,lêw,opportunity;fraiw,seed.Note 2.According to§ 91, n. 2, it is doutful whether sum words ar m. or n. The reasons givn there permit us to class words likeþaúrp,field;maþl,market, with the neuters; doutful ar the formsdal,dale(cp. ON. dalr),lun,ransom(orlûns, cp.§ 15, n. 1).Note 3.The wordguþ, which is neuter in form, is uzed as m. when denoting the Christian God. But the n. pl.guda(heathen)gods(cp.§ 74, n. 4), is stil uzed. The inflection of the sg. is uncertain, because only abbreviated forms (§ 1, n. 4) occur:gþ,gþs,gþa. As ful forms ar givn: nom. acc.guþ, gen.guþs, dat.guþa, tho we should expect the gen.gudis, dat.guda. If the gen. formguþsis correct, the wordguþwould belong to the consonantal stems (§ 114et seq.).—In compositionguda-andguþa-; s.§ 88a, n. 1.Note 4.fadrein, 'paternity', in the sense of 'parents', may be uzed as an indeclinabl pl. with the art.:þai fadrein,þans fadrein. But also the regular neuter pl.fadreinaoccurs in the sense of 'parents'. The fem.fadreins,lineage, family, is a separate word (§ 103).—Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 14.Note 5.The gen. ofhatis,hatred, occurs onse (in cod. B) ashatis(a consonantal form); Eph. II, 3 (hatizêin A). For a different view, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 77.—Concerning the neuters in-is, s. v. Bahder, 'Verbalabstracta', 52 et seq.; Kluge, Stammbild.,§§ 84.145; Brgm., II, 419 et seq. Cp. also§ 78, n. 3.

Note 2.According to§ 91, n. 2, it is doutful whether sum words ar m. or n. The reasons givn there permit us to class words likeþaúrp,field;maþl,market, with the neuters; doutful ar the formsdal,dale(cp. ON. dalr),lun,ransom(orlûns, cp.§ 15, n. 1).

Note 3.The wordguþ, which is neuter in form, is uzed as m. when denoting the Christian God. But the n. pl.guda(heathen)gods(cp.§ 74, n. 4), is stil uzed. The inflection of the sg. is uncertain, because only abbreviated forms (§ 1, n. 4) occur:gþ,gþs,gþa. As ful forms ar givn: nom. acc.guþ, gen.guþs, dat.guþa, tho we should expect the gen.gudis, dat.guda. If the gen. formguþsis correct, the wordguþwould belong to the consonantal stems (§ 114et seq.).—In compositionguda-andguþa-; s.§ 88a, n. 1.

Note 4.fadrein, 'paternity', in the sense of 'parents', may be uzed as an indeclinabl pl. with the art.:þai fadrein,þans fadrein. But also the regular neuter pl.fadreinaoccurs in the sense of 'parents'. The fem.fadreins,lineage, family, is a separate word (§ 103).—Cp. J. Schmidt, 'Indog. Neutra', 14.

Note 5.The gen. ofhatis,hatred, occurs onse (in cod. B) ashatis(a consonantal form); Eph. II, 3 (hatizêin A). For a different view, s. Wrede, 'Ostg.', 77.—Concerning the neuters in-is, s. v. Bahder, 'Verbalabstracta', 52 et seq.; Kluge, Stammbild.,§§ 84.145; Brgm., II, 419 et seq. Cp. also§ 78, n. 3.

§95. Likekuniar declined both short and longja-stems; e. g.,badi,bed;nati,net;faírguni,mountain;gawi,gaujis,province(§ 42, n. 2);taui,tôjis,deed(§ 26);reiki,reikjis,kingdom;arbi,arbjis,inheritance;galigri,consummation of marriage;gawaúrki,business;garûni,counsel;andwaírþi,presence.

Note 1.Beside-jisa contracted gen. in-eis(cp.§ 44, c;§ 92) is found in but a few long and short stems; as,trausteis(nom.trausti,cuvenant); Eph. II, 12;andbahti,office, has the gen.andbahtjis(3 times) besideandbahteis(onse); Lu. I, 23;gawaírþi,peace, hasgawaírþjis(6 times),gawaírþeis(3 times);waldufni,power, haswaldufneis(Skeir., 49) besidewaldufnjis(twice).

§96. The Gothicô-declension contains onlyfemininswhich serv as a supplement to thea-decl. (§ 88, n. 1). Also here we distinguish between pureô-stems andjô-stems.

Paradims: (a)giba,gift(stemgibô-). (b) longjô-stems:bandi,bond(stembandjô-);mawi,girl(stemmaujô-).

Sing.N.gibabandimawiG.gibôsbandjôsmaujôsD.gibaibandjaimaujaiA.gibabandjamaujaPlur.N.gibôsbandjôsmaujôsG.gibôbandjômaujôD.gibômbandjômmaujômA.gibôsbandjôsmaujôs

§97. Likegibaar declined a great many words; as,bida,request;þiuda,peple;hansa,multitude;saiwala,soul;stibna,voice;aírþa,erth;ƕeila,hour;wamba,belly;mildiþa,mercy;aƕa,water.

Note 1.The declension of thewô-and shortjô-stems is identical with that ofgiba; e. g.,triggwa,cuvenant;bandwa,sign; —sunja,truth;halja,hel;sibja,relationship;wrakja,persecution;plapja,street.Note 2.The acc. sg. ofƕeilabefore the enclitic-hunis found asƕeilô-inƕeilôhun; s.§ 163, n. 1 (as regards the form, cp.ainôhun,§ 163, c;ƕarjôh,§ 165).

Note 1.The declension of thewô-and shortjô-stems is identical with that ofgiba; e. g.,triggwa,cuvenant;bandwa,sign; —sunja,truth;halja,hel;sibja,relationship;wrakja,persecution;plapja,street.

Note 2.The acc. sg. ofƕeilabefore the enclitic-hunis found asƕeilô-inƕeilôhun; s.§ 163, n. 1 (as regards the form, cp.ainôhun,§ 163, c;ƕarjôh,§ 165).

§98. Likebandigo the long and polysyllabicjô-stems. Their inflection is the same as that ofgiba, except in the nom. and voc. sg. which haviinsted ofja.—Further exampls:þiudangardi,kingdom;ƕôftuli,glory;*haiþi,field, heath;*wasti,garment;*frijôndi, f.,frend;*fraistubni,temptation.

Note 1.Likemawi(for the change ofwintou, s.§ 42), whose inflection corresponds to that ofbandi, inflects alsoþiwi,þiujôs,maid-servant.

§99. Thei-declension contains only masculins and feminins. Both genders properly ought to inflect precisely alike. But this is the case in the pl. only, while the sg. of the masculins has the gen. and dat. after the analogy of thea-declension.

§100. Paradim:balgs,wine-skin(proethnic Germanicbalgi-z).

Sing.N.balgsPlur.N.balgeisG.balgisG.balgêD.balgaD.balgimA.balgA.balginsV.balg

§101. The number of masculins inflecting likebalgsis not very great; e. g.,gasts,guest;gards,house;muns,thought;mats,meat, food;saggws,song;sauþs,saudis,sacrifice;brûþ-faþs(d),bridegroom;staþs(d),sted, place.

Note 1.Words not occurring in the nom., dat., acc. pl. can not with certainty be referd to this declension (cp.§ 91, n. 1). In many cases, however, we can infer from the remaining Germanic languages to what declension they belong. Accordingly, the wordsaiws,sea, lake, belongshere; and, particularly, a number of verbal abstracts likequms,arrival;drus,fall;wlits,face;runs(gen.runis),a running;grêts,weeping;krusts,gnashing.Note 2.Thesof the nom. is dropt according to§ 78, n. 2; e. g.,ur-runs,ur-runsis;drus,drusis;baúr,baúris(

Note 2.Thesof the nom. is dropt according to§ 78, n. 2; e. g.,ur-runs,ur-runsis;drus,drusis;baúr,baúris(

Note 3.naus,a ded person, is explaind according to the rules forw(§ 42); nom. pl.naweis, acc. pl.nawins; so, also, the acc. and voc. sg.nau.

Note 4.Forwêgsandaiws, s.§ 91, n. 5; for the acc. pl.andins, s.§ 92, n. 1.

§102. Paradim:ansts,favor(proethnic Germanicansti-z).

Sing.N.anstsPlur.N.ansteisG.anstaisG.anstêD.anstaiD.anstimA.anstA.anstinsV.anst

§103. A great number of feminins belong to this class. Exampls:qêns,woman, wife;dails,deal;wêns,hope;nauþs,nauþais,need;siuns,sight;sôkns,serch;taikns,token;fahêþs,fahêdais,joy;magaþs(þ),maid;fadreins,generation, family;arbaiþs(d),work;asans,harvest;ahaks,duv; those in-duþs,-duþais(perhaps-dûþs; cp.§ 15, n. 1):mikilduþs,greatness;managduþs,abundance;ajukduþs,eternity;gamainduþs,communion.

Very numerous ar the verbal abstracts which may be formd from every strong verb by means of the dental suffixt(þ,d); e. g.,gaskafts,creation;þaúrfts,need;ganists,salvation;fralusts,loss;gakusts,test;gabaúrþs,birth;gataúrþs,destruction;manasêþs(d),world;dêþs,deed;gahugds,thought.

Note 1.Here belong also the abstracts in-eins,-ôns,-ains, derived from the weak verbs of the I., II., and III. Weak Conjugations, respectivly; e. g.,naseins(

Sing.N.naiteinsG.naiteinaisD.naiteinaiA. V.naiteinPlur.N.naiteinôsG.naiteinôD.naiteinimA.naiteinins.

So in one exampl also the dat. pl.:unkaúreinôm; II. Cor. XI, 8.—The pl. of the abstracts in-ôns,-ainsis regular:mitôneis,mitônê, etc.

Note 2.Whether words ar f. or m. is doutful when they do not occur in a distinctiv case; as,lists,craftiness;fulleiþs(orfulleiþ, n.),fulness.

Note 3.Thesof the nom. is dropt according to§ 78, n. 2; e. g.,us-stass,us-stassais,resurrection;garuns,-runsais,street.

Note 4.haims,village, forms its pl. according to theô-declension:haimôs, etc.

§104. The masculins and feminins of theu-declension ar identical in form. Paradim:sunus,sun.

Sing.N.sunusPlur.N.sunjusG.sunáusG.suniwêD.sunáuD.sunumA.sunuA.sununsV.sunu

§105. Further exampls: (a) masculins; e. g.,áirus,messenger;asilus,ass;dauþus,deth;wulþus,glory;hûhrus,hunger;þaúrnus,thorn;haírus,sword;liþus,lim;lustus,lust;magus,boy;faírƕus,world;fôtus,foot;stubjus,dust;wrêþus,flock(§ 7, n. 3); in-assus(Kluge, Stammbildg.,§ 137et seq.):draúhtinassus,warfare;ibnassus,evenness;þiudinassus,kingdom; in-ôdus,-ôþus(Kluge, Stammbildg.,§ 134); e. g.,auhjôdus,tumult;gabaúrjôþus,plezure.

(b) The only feminins ar certainly onlyhandus,hand;kinnus,cheek;waddjus,wall(cp. Beitr., 16, 3181), and perhapsasilus(if ὄνου in Lu. XIX, 30. Joh. XII, 15, meansshe-ass).

The gender of sum is doutful; as,qaírnus,mil;flôdus,flud;luftus,air.

Note 1.Foren words likeaggilus,angel;sabbatus,sabbath, fluctuate in the pl. between theu-andi-decl.; s.§ 120, n. 1.Note 2.There is a notewurthy fluctuation betweenuandau(aú? cp.§ 24, n. 4) in the terminations of the sing. All cases of this kind hav been collected by Leo Meyer in his 'Got. Spr.', p. 574.auoccurs foru: nom.sunaus; Lu. IV, 3;faírƕaus; Gal. VI, 14 (in cod. B =faírƕusin cod. A);Bartimaiaus; Mt. X, 46; —acc.handau; Mk. VII, 32;þiudinassau; Lu. IX, 27;haírau; Rom. XIII, 4 (in A =haíruin Cod. Car.); —voc.sunau(often),magau; Lu. II, 48.Reversely we finduforau: gen.dauþus; Lu. I, 79;wulþus; Rom. IX, 23;apaustaulus; II. Cor. XII, 12 (in A =apaustaulausin B); dat.wulþu; Lu. IX, 26;Paítru; Gal. II, 7 (in A =Paítrauin B).From the great number of exampls, however, we infer that the abuv paradim is by all means the regular one; the deviations just mentiond ar merely owing to confusion on the part of later copyists. When a wordoccurs in two manuscripts, it generally has the correct form in one. Especially in Cod. Amb. A and in the gospel of Lu. theu-decl. is confused in this way. Cp. Beitr., 18, 2801.

Note 1.Foren words likeaggilus,angel;sabbatus,sabbath, fluctuate in the pl. between theu-andi-decl.; s.§ 120, n. 1.

Note 2.There is a notewurthy fluctuation betweenuandau(aú? cp.§ 24, n. 4) in the terminations of the sing. All cases of this kind hav been collected by Leo Meyer in his 'Got. Spr.', p. 574.auoccurs foru: nom.sunaus; Lu. IV, 3;faírƕaus; Gal. VI, 14 (in cod. B =faírƕusin cod. A);Bartimaiaus; Mt. X, 46; —acc.handau; Mk. VII, 32;þiudinassau; Lu. IX, 27;haírau; Rom. XIII, 4 (in A =haíruin Cod. Car.); —voc.sunau(often),magau; Lu. II, 48.

Reversely we finduforau: gen.dauþus; Lu. I, 79;wulþus; Rom. IX, 23;apaustaulus; II. Cor. XII, 12 (in A =apaustaulausin B); dat.wulþu; Lu. IX, 26;Paítru; Gal. II, 7 (in A =Paítrauin B).

From the great number of exampls, however, we infer that the abuv paradim is by all means the regular one; the deviations just mentiond ar merely owing to confusion on the part of later copyists. When a wordoccurs in two manuscripts, it generally has the correct form in one. Especially in Cod. Amb. A and in the gospel of Lu. theu-decl. is confused in this way. Cp. Beitr., 18, 2801.

§106. The wordfaíhu,muney(orig. 'catl', = OHG. fihu) is the only neuter sb. of this class which occurs in several cases in the singular. No n. pl. is found.

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