marriage and the state,251n. 2.California: marriage celebration in, ii, 464, 465;witnesses, 466;contract marriage, 467, 468;requisites for a legal marriage, 469;definition, 471;age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;forbidden degrees, 473-75;void and voidable marriages, 475-78;miscegenation forbidden, 478;license, 487, 488;return, 489 and n. 8, 490, 491;marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;state registration, 495;divorce, iii,136-39;remarriage,149-51;estate of Wood,151;residence,156;notice,158;soliciting divorce business forbidden,160;rejects common-law marriage,181;age of consent to carnal knowledge,202.California Indians: marriage customs of, i, 192 and n. 1;courtship among, 213 n. 5;divorce, 239.Calvin, John: on divorce, ii, 62.Campbell, Douglas: on influence of Holland on English and American institutions, ii, 130 n. 1.Campbell, James: abducts Mrs. Wharton, i, 442 n. 2.Canada: divorce rate of, iii,211, note.Canon law: origin of betrothal forms under, i, 293 and n. 1;validity of unblessed marriages, 297;antagonism between legality and validity of marriages, 312, 314, 315;validity of clandestine contractsde praesentisustained by, 314-16;divorce under, ii, 47-60.Canonical theory: rise of, i, 324;literature of, 321;evil effects, 340-50.(SeeJurisdiction, Legality and validity.)Carlier, A.: error of, regarding marriage in early New England, ii, 128 n. 1;influence of Mosaic code on the Puritans, 152 n. 1.Capitulary of 802, i, 298 and n. 2.Capitularies: regarding divorce, ii, 41-44.Caribs: women of, have separate language, i, 158 and n. 5;free marriage, 212;divorce rare, 247 n. 6.Carpenter, E.: quoted, iii,230.Carthage, Council of: requires benediction, i, 313 n. 2;on divorce, ii, 27 and n. 4, 38.Cartwright, Thomas: his controversy with Whitgift, 410-14;on ecclesiastical matrimonial jurisdiction, 412-14;the English marriage ritual, i, 301 n. 3.Castañeda: on sacred prostitution, i, 52 n. 1.Cato: lends wife Marcia to Hortensius, i, 50 n. 1; ii, 17 n. 4.Catts, Cornelius van: will of, ii, 282, 283.Catullus: his nuptial hymn quoted, i, 171.Cauderlier, G.: on the marriage rate, iii,214.Celebration of marriage. (SeeSolemnization.)Celibacy of clergy: literature of, i, 321, 322;more holy than wedlock, 325;bright side of, 330-32:rejected by Luther, 389;slow abandonment of, in England, 394-98.Celts: whetherpatria potestasamong, i, 29, 30;symbol of rape, 172,173.Certificate and record of marriages: in New England, ii, 401-8;southern and southwestern states, 441-52;middle and western states, 481-97;defects of the license system, iii,190-94.Ceylon: marriage with a sister allowed in, i, 125;polyandry in, 140;Veddahs of, 142 and n. 2.Cicero: on divorce, ii, 16;repudiates Terentia, 17 n. 4.Chambioás: wives among, burned for adultery, i, 109.Circumcision, i, 206 n. 2.Chalmers, George: quoted, ii, 250 n. 1.Charruas, the African: free divorce among, i, 226 n. 3.Chemnitz, Martin: on divorce, ii, 62 and n. 3.Child-betrothals: in Australia, i, 181;elsewhere, 208, 209 n. 1;in the age of Elizabeth, 399-403.Child-marriages: in the age of Elizabeth, i, 399-403.Chinese: relationship among, i, 68;secondary wives among, 144;authorities on matrimonial institutions of, 153, 154, 224;symbol of capture, 172 and n. 3;wife-purchase, 195 and n. 3;divorce, 231, 235-37, notes, 242 n. 1, 248.Chippewayans, i, 146, 213.Chlodwig and Chlotilde: marriage of, i, 264 and n. 2.Chosen guardian in the nuptial ceremony, i, 381;superseded by the priest, 308.Chrysostom: cited, i, 294;on divorce, ii, 27 and n. 3.Church confession of ante-nuptial incontinence: in Massachusetts, ii, 190, 191 and n. 2, 195-99.Church ordinances: on divorce, ii, 67, 68.Church accepts lay form of marriage, i, 291.Clan: older than family, according to Morgan, i, 66;and Starcke, 113, 114.Clandestine marriages: canon of Council of London on, i, 313 and n. 4;that of Archbishop Richard, 313,314;constitution of Archbishop Walter, 314;thosede praesentivalid, 314, 315;in England and Scotland, 316;the fruit of the canonical theory, 340-50;legal in England after Reformation, 376-80;in St. James, Duke's Place, 436 n. 1;the Fleet and elsewhere, 437-48;bills in Parliament on, 446 n. 4.—— in the New England colonies, ii, 203-12;Virginia, 235;New Jersey, 313;in the United States, iii,188-92.Clement of Alexandria: on second marriages, ii, 25 n. 2.Clerk of the writs: registers marriages in Massachusetts colony, ii, 145, 146.Clerk or reader of the parish: publishes banns and administers license law in Virginia colony, ii, 232, 234.Clothes: do not originate in feeling of shame, i, 206 n. 2.Codex Justinianus: influence of, on Dutch law, ii, 268.Code Napoléon, iii,169.CochranealiasKennedyv.Campbell, i, 448.Coeducation: social value of, iii,245.Coemptio, i, 171 n. 3, 199 and n. 5, 220; ii, 14 n. 4;how dissolved, 15 n. 1.Coibche: bride-price in Ireland, i, 200.Coke, Sir Edward: secret marriage of, i, 441 n. 1.Colden, C.: on divorces granted by the governor in New York, ii, 384, 385.Colorado: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;celebrant protected by license, 470;definition, 470;age of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;forbidden degrees, 473-75;void and voidable marriages, 475-78;miscegenation restrained, 478:license, 487, 488;return, 489 and n. 3, 490, 491;divorce, iii,129,130;remarriage,149;residence,156;notice,158n. 3;intervention of attorney in divorce suits,159;common-law marriage,177;age of consent to carnal knowledge,201.Colors: as means of sexual attraction, i, 204, 205.Columbian Indians: divorce among, i, 238.Comanches, i, 213.Common-law marriage: generally good in colonial New England, ii, 151 and n. 3;Virginia, iii,171,172;Maryland colony, ii, 262 n. 5, iii,172;North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia colonies, ii, 263, note; iii,172,173;probably good in New York province, ii, 295, 296;evidence of Lauderdale Peerage case, 300-306.—— history of, in the various states, iii,170-85.Commons, J. R.: quoted, iii,226,227.Commissioners to join persons in marriage: in Plymouth, ii, 133;Massachusetts, 133 and n. 4; 134 and notes.Communism, sexual: Bachofen's view of, i, 40, 41;theory of, accepted by many writers, 46 n. 5;alleged survivals, 47-52;views of various writers, 54-65;Morgan's theory, 66-68;McLennan's theory, 77, 78;the problem of, i, 89-110.Concubinage: tolerated by some leaders of the Reformation, ii, 71.Confarreatio, i, 171 n. 3; ii, 14 n. 1;how dissolved, 15 n. 1;survived forflamines, 15 n. 2.Confessions of ante-nuptial incontinence: cases of, ii, 186-99.Confucius: rule of, as to divorce, i, 236.Conjugal duty: refusal of, ii, 62 and n. 2.Conjugium initiatum, i, 335.——ratum, i, 335.Compiègne, Synod of: on divorce, ii, 42-44.Connecticut the colony: obligatory civil marriage in, ii, 135 and n. 4;rise of ecclesiastical, 138;contract and covenant, 147;laws regarding single persons, 152, 153;regulates courtship, 164;imposes scarlet letter for adultery, 173;for incest, 178;pre-contract or betrothal required, 179;espoused wife may be punished for adultery, 180;bundling, 182, 183;marriage with wife's sister voidable, 214;early maturity of divorce law, 353, 354;divorce statutes, 354;legislative divorce, cases of, 355-60;question of common-law marriage, iii,174.—— the state: celebration of marriages in, ii, 391, 393, 394;age of parental consent to marriage, 396;long survival of impediments of affinity, 397;of scarlet letter, 398;bars marriages of the epileptic and imbecile, 400;survival of optional system of banns or posting, 401;certificate and record, 404;return, 405;collection of statistics and record, 407, 408;divorce: jurisdiction, kinds, and causes, iii,13,14;remarriage,21,22;residence,24,25;notice,25,26;alimony,30n. 1;courts silent as to common-law marriage,181,182;age of consent to carnal knowledge,198;divorce rate,209,212n. 1.Consanguine family, i, 67, 68.Consanguinity: Morgan's classificatory and descriptive systems of, i, 66-68;forbidden degrees of, 121-32. (SeeForbidden degrees.)Consensus, i, 291, 292, notes.Consistorial courts: origin of, ii, 70, 71 n. 1.Constantine: divorce law of, ii, 30, 31.Contract: rise of the marriage, i, 152-223.Contract conjugal:described, iii,168n. 2."Contract marriage," ii, 467, 468.Cook, F. G.: cited, ii, 252 n. 3;on Dongan law, 295 n. 2;Lauderdale Peerage case, 306 n. 2;law of twenty-four proprietors, 311;common-law marriage, iii,171,183,184;cited,194.Cooley, T. M.: decision of, in Hutchins v. Kimmel, iii,177.Copula carnalis, i, 385, 386, 388.Corbusier, W. M.: on pairing season among the Apache, i, 99 n. 3.Council of Trent: authorities on, i, 288, 289, 316 n. 1;enforces ecclesiastical celebration, 315;opens way for civil marriage, iii,168. (SeeTrent, Council of.)Courtship: methods of male, i, 202-7;free. 210-23;regulated in early New England, ii, 162-66;by Governor Wyatt of Virginia, 236, 237;by Pennsylvania Quakers, 323 and n. 5, 324, 325.Cousins, first: intermarriage of, legalized by Henry VIII., but opposed in New England colonies, ii, 212, 213;opposed by Pennsylvania Quakers, 322;laws restricting, in various states, ii, 397, 433, 474.Couvade, i, 36; said to arise in sexual taboo, 54;theories of, 112 and n. 4.Covenant, the marriage: distinguished from the contract in Connecticut, ii, 147.Coverdale, Miles: translates Bullinger'sChristen State, ii, 72. (SeeBullinger.)Cowley, C.: quoted, ii, 280;divorce cases collected by, 332, 370 n. 3.Cowyll: bride-price in Wales, i, 200 n. 3.Coyness: as ground of sham capture, i, 175, 176.Cranmer, Archbishop: marries, i, 394, 395.Crawley, Ernest: hisMystic Rose, i, 35;on sexual taboo among Australians, 54;class nomenclatures, 76;thecouvade, 112 n. 4;incest and promiscuity, 131, note;separate language of women as result of sexual taboo, 158 n. 5;connubial and formal capture, 177 and n. 1;tattooing and other mutilations, 206 n. 2.Creeks, i, 104; liberty of choice among, 213.Crete: symbol of capture in, i, 171.Criminal conversation: action for, ii, 114.Crnagora: divorce in, i, 244 n. 2.Cromwell's civil marriage ordinance: authorities on, i, 404, 405;historical significance of, 408;discussion, 418-35;cited in debates on Hardwicke Act, 451 n. 2;and in discussion of the Unitarian bill, 462 and n. 1.Cromwell, Frances: wedding of, i, 429-31.Cromwell, Oliver: principles of his marriage law anticipated in New England colonies, ii, 127.Cromwell, Thomas: on registers, i, 362.Crowning, i, 295 n. 5.Cumberland, Duke of: contracts an irregular marriage, i, 449 n. 3.Cunow, H.: hisAustralneger, i, 35;on class systems, 72, 73;on female kinship, 116;Westermarck's theory of origin of horror of incest, 131 n. 1;exogamy, 131 n. 1;absence of wife-purchase among low races, 124 n. 2.Curr, E. C.: hisAustralian Race, i, 35;on autocracy of father among Australians, 46;Australian class systems, 70, 71;wife-capture in Australia, 169 n. 3.Custis, John and Frances: their marriage agreement, ii, 237-39.Cyclops, of Homer, i, 10 n. 3.Cyprian: on second marriage, ii, 25 n. 2.Cyprus: sacred prostitution in, i, 51 n. 1.Dahn, Felix: onmund, i, 260, note.Dakota, the: bride-price among, i, 191.Dakota Territory: divorce laws, iii,140-42;divorce rate,218n. 3.Dalrymplev.Dalrymple, i, 473 n. 2.Damara: the bride-price among, i, 194;divorce at pleasure of either spouse, 226.Dane, Nathan: apologizes for Massachusetts slavery, ii, 217 n. 2.Dargun, L.: on mother-right among early Aryans, i, 20-22;distinguishes between power and relationship in maternal system, 22, 23;his works, 33, 44 n. 1;rejects theory of woman's political supremacy, 45, 46;on successive forms of marriage, 58;rejects Starcke's theory of female kinship, 114 n. 3;on wife-capture, 157 and n. 2, 160;classifies peoples having so-called marriage by capture, 164 n. 1;symbolical rape among Slavs and Germans, 174, 175, 258.Darwin, Charles: on monogamy and polygyny among lower animals, i, 96 n. 2, 97;causes of sterility, 130 and n. 2;numerical disparity of sexes, 137 n. 4;sexual selection, 203-6;standards or beauty, 207 n. 5.Davis, A. M.: cited, ii, 170 n. 1;on stigma of scarlet letter, 171 nn. 2, 3, 174, note, 178 n. 4.Dawan, west Timor: divorce in, i, 241, 245 n. 2, 247 n. 2.Dawson, James: divorce, 232 and n. 3, 239;divorce in West-Victoria, i, 229, 230.Deccan: wife-capture in, i, 160.Deceased wife's sister question, i, 353, 354;ii, 96-102.Decreenisi: in Massachusetts, iii,8,9;Maine,18;Rhode Island,22;New York,104;Oklahoma,83;California,151,152.Definition of marriage: none in New England states, ii, 395;in southern and southwestern states, 427, 428;in middle and western states, 470, 471.Defoe, Daniel: on an academy for women, iii,237.Delaware, the colony: marriage laws of, ii, 320 n. 6.—— the state: marriage celebration in, ii, 457, 458;age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;marriage of indented servants, 473;forbidden degrees, 473-75;void and voidable marriages, 475-78;miscegenation restrained, 478, 479;marriage of paupers restrained, 479;optional system of banns or license, 482, 483;return, 489 and n. 3, 492;celebrant's record, 492;state registration, 493;legislative divorce, iii,100,101;judicial divorce,111-13;remarriage,146;residence,153;courts silent as to common-law marriage,182;age of consent to carnal knowledge,201and n. 10;divorce rate,209,210.Delbrück, Berthold: rejects theory of maternal family among Indo-Germanic peoples, i, 20;on Bachofen, 39 n. 2.Demetrian mother-right, i, 40, 41 n. 1.Denison, widow: courted by Sewall, ii, 157 n. 2, 205, 206.Denmark: marriage rate of, iii,214,215.Denton, W.: quoted, i, 359 and n. 2.Desertion: cause of divorce, at Reformation, ii, 62;in England, 74;meaning broadened, 62, 63 nn. 1, 2;recognized by theReformatio legum, 78.D'Evreux, Père Yves: on incest among Brazilian natives, i, 126 n. 1.Dhama: ordinance of Varuna, i, 24.Dharma: stage among Aryans, i, 24, 25;position of purchased wife, 217 n. 2.Dieckhoff, A. W.: on time ofgifta, i, 272 n. 1;Sohm's view of betrothal, 275 n. 2;works of, 288, 290;consensus, 292 n. 3;benediction, 296 n. 1, 297, 298 and n. 1;marriage at church door, 299 n. 4;rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 310 n. 1;exchange of rings, 375 n. 3.Dieri: form of marriage among, i, 72 n. 6.Diffarreatio, ii, 15 n. 1.Dike, S. W.: his work for the National League, iii,204;quoted,205n. 3,207;on divorce rate,209,210,211,212,218nn. 2, 3;remarriage after divorce,219n. 1;methods of securing uniform divorce law,222n. 3;his works cited,225n. 1;on alleged loss of capacity for maternity by American women,242;emancipation of woman and property,247n. 2.Dilpamali marriage, i, 72 n. 6.Dionysius: cited, ii, 16, note."Directory of Public Worship," 1645: marriage ritual of, i, 417.Disobedience to parents: death penalty for, in New England colonies, ii, 162.Dispensations, ii, 55, 56; abuse of, 59 n. 2;kinds, 60 n. 2.Dissenters: oppressed by the Hardwicke Act, i, 460-65;enjoy their own rites in Maryland, ii, 241, 243, 244;marry contrary to law in colonial Virginia, 232;not allowed to solemnize marriages in North Carolina, 251, 252-54; Presbyterians gain partial liberty, 1766, 254-57;their protests, 257, 258;practical liberty in South Carolina and Georgia, 260-63.District of Columbia: celebration of marriage in, ii, 415;marriage of freedmen, 426;age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;forbidden degrees, 433, 435;void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;survival of optional system of banns, 444;present license system, 447;certificate to married pair, 450;return, 449, 450;divorce, iii,78,79;remarriage,80;residence,86;process,89;intervention by attorney,90;common-law marriage,176;age of consent to carnal knowledge,199:divorce rate,210.Divorce: early history of, i, 224-50;where marriage dissolved at pleasure of either spouse, 225-28;where marriage indissoluble, 228;where by mutual consent, 229, 230;where the man has the right, 231-38;where the woman also has the right, 238-40;the form, 240, 241;legal effects, 241-47;frequency, 247-50;checked by wife-purchase and the blood-feud, 249 and n. 1.—— under English and ecclesiastical law: authorities, ii, 3-11;Grecian, Hebrew, and Roman elements of the Christian doctrine, 11-19;scriptural teachings, 19-23;views of the early Fathers, 23-28;legislation of the Christian emperors, 28-33;compromise with German custom, 33-46;final settlement of doctrine in the canon law, 47-52;two kinds of so-called divorce distinguished, 52, 53;grounds of divorcea mensa, 53, 54;exceptions allowed, 54-56;use of papal dispensations, 55;policy of Council of Trent, 59, 60;Protestant doctrine, 60;opinions of Luther and the continental Reformers, 60-71;those of the English Reformers, 71-85;Milton's views, 85-92;void and voidable contracts, 92-95;Lord Lyndhurst's act, 95, 96;marriage with deceased wife's sister, 96-102;parliamentary divorce, 102-9;present English law, 109-17.—— in the New England colonies: authorities, ii, 328, 329;effect of Reformation, 330;separation from bed and board nearly abandoned, 330;Hutchinson's statement, 330, 331;Massachusetts, early law, 331, 332;table of cases for seventeenth century, 333;select cases discussed, 334-39;in Massachusetts during second charter, 339-41;tables of cases, 341-44;discussion of select cases, 345-48;in New Hampshire, 348,349;Plymouth, 349-51;New Haven, 352, 353;Connecticut, 353-60.—— in the southern colonies: English divorce laws in abeyance, ii, 366, 367;divorce courts not created, 367;separate alimony by local courts in Virginia, 368-71;same in Maryland, 371-74;Carolinas and Georgia, 375, 376.—— in the middle colonies, ii, 376;cases in New Netherland, sometimes with arbitration, 376-82;New York province, 382-85;New Jersey, 385;Pennsylvania and Delaware, 385-87.—— in the New England states: authorities, iii,3;jurisdiction, kinds, and causes,4-18;remarriage,18-22;residence,22-25;notice,25-27;alimony, property, and custody of children,28-30.—— in the southern and southwestern states: legislative divorce, iii,31-50;judicial divorce: kinds and causes,50-79;remarriage,79-84;residence84-88;notice,88,89;alimony, property, and custody of children,90-95.—— in the middle and western states: legislative divorce, iii,96-101;judicial divorce: kinds and causes,101-44;remarriage,145-52;residence,152-57;notice,158;miscellaneous provisions,158-60.(SeeSeparation from Bed and Board.)—— administration: character of, in United States, iii,207,208.—— clandestine: evils of, iii,205,206.—— legislation: resulting character of, iii,203-23.—— legislative. (SeeLegislative divorce.)—— rate: in United States,209-11;higher in cities,211;in Europe,212;falls in hard times,215;how influenced by legislation,216-19.—— statistics, iii,209-19.—— and the problem of the family, iii,250-53.—— granted by the governor in New York province, ii, 384, 385.—— not provided for by Cromwell, i, 420, 421.Dobrizhoffer, J. V. de: on jealousy among Abipones, i, 105, 126 n. 1;on cohabitation in turn among, 145;cited, 155;liberty of choice, 212, 213.Domum deductio, i, 171 n. 3.Dorsey, J. O.: on the Sioux, i, 143 n. 1, 144;elopement among Omahas, 168;symbolical rape among Poncas, 169 n. 1;free marriage among Omahas, 212 n. 4;avoidance of mother-in-law, 187 n. 2;effects of divorce, 242 n. 1.Dos ad ostium ecclesiae, i, 269.(SeeDower.)Douaire: the Norman, i, 269.Dower: origin of, i, 219-21, 249;in England, 269;at church door, 299, 300 n. 1, 307 n. 4;full rights of, denied in case of unblessed unions, 314, 315, 355;of the widow in case of divorce, 357; ii, 93.Dowries: higgling of, ii, 203.Doxy, Ralph, and Mary Van Harris: illegal marriage of, ii, 278, 279.Doyle, J. A.: cited, ii, 250 n. 1.Drisius (Driesius), Dominie, ii, 291 n. 4, 379.Dudley, Joseph: authorizes optional civil or ecclesiastical marriage, ii, 135, 139.Dunstan, canons of: enforce doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 40.Dunton, John: on Boston old maids, ii, 157, 158, 167.Duogamy: among American aborigines, i, 143 n. 1.Durfee, Judge: on legislative divorce in Rhode Island colony, ii, 365.Düsing, Carl: on causes determining sex of offspring, i, 138, 139.Duyts, Laurens: sells his wife, ii, 280.Earle, Alice Morse: on New England wedding customs, ii, 140, 141;colonial drinks, 141 n. 5;early and frequent marriages in New England, 157 n. 2;breach of promise in New Netherland, 282 n. 1;joint wills in New Netherland, 283 n. 1;banns and license in New York province, 297, 298;Quaker marriage customs in Pennsylvania, 323 n. 5, 324, 325, 326;separations in New Netherland, 378;Lantsman's case, 379, 380;other cases, 380, 381.Ecclesiastical marriage: authorities on, i, 287-90, 321-24;rise of, 291-363.(SeeMarriage, Divorce.)Economic forces in the evolution of matrimonial institutions, i, 60-63;according to Hellwald, 93, 94;influence on rise of system or female kinship, 113, 114 n. 3, 115, 116;on rise of polygyny, 145;on condition of woman, 146 n. 1;effect of share in labor, 211 and n. 4, 213 n. 5;importance of, in the present problems of marriage and the family, iii,235,246-50.Education: function of, as to marriage and family, iii,223-59.Edwards, Jonathan, and the Northampton revival, iii,197,198.Edwards, Richard: divorce of, ii, 357, 358.Edwin W., and Mary Whitehead: their marriage the first recorded in Maryland, ii, 239.Egbert, pontifical of, 298.Egyptians: prostitution of girls among, i, 49 n. 1;concubines among, 144;high domestic ideal, 221 n. 3.Elizabeth, daughter of James I.: public spousals of, i, 381 n. 2.Elizabeth, Queen: resists marriage of priests, i, 396-98.Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor: secret marriage of, i, 441 n. 2.Elopement, i, 169, 170 and note;or abduction, 182-84;a means of free choice, 212.Elvira, Council of: on second marriage, ii, 25, 26.Emperors, the Christian: their legislation regarding divorce, ii, 28-33.Endogamy: McLennan's theory, i, 88 and n. 3, 117;Tylor's view, 121;Starcke's view, 124, 125;clan, 131, 132;coexistence of, with exogamy, 178 and n. 3.Engels, F.: his theory of the family, iii,229,230.England: law regarding celebration, iii,190;the divorce rate,213.England and Wales: divorce rate of, iii,211, note.Epiphanius: on divorce, ii, 24;second marriage, 25.Epileptic and imbecile: marriages of, restrained in Connecticut, ii, 400;Minnesota and Kansas, 480.Erasmus, Desiderius: his liberal view on divorce, ii, 64.Eskimo: wife-lending among, 49, 50 and n. 1;polyandry, 87;restricted polygyny among, 143 n. 1;symbolical capture, 164, 165;