void and voidable marriages, 475-78;license, 488;return, 489 and n. 3, 491;marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;state registration, 495;legislative divorce, iii,98;judicial divorce,125-27;remarriage,148;residence,156;common-law marriage,177;age of consent to carnal knowledge,202.Ireland: symbolical capture in, i, 173;wife-purchase, 200 and n. 2;present marriage law, 473 n. 2;divorce rate, iii,211, note.Iroquois: position of woman among, i, 45 n. 6;syndiasmian family of, 69;long houses of, 129;divorce, 239.Irving, W.: on bundling, ii, 182.Islam: matrimonial institutions of, i, 34;restricted polygyny among, 142:divorce, 233, 234 and notes;effects of divorce, 246.(SeeArabs.)Jackson, H.: case of, ii, 159.Jacob: marriage of, with Laban's daughters, i, 16 and n. 3, 115, 188.Jacops, Geertruyt: marriage contract of, ii, 283, 284.Jameson, Judge: favors constitutional amendment, iii,222n. 3.Japan: divorce in, i, 237, 248;present divorce rate, iii,210,211, note.Jealousy, sexual: checks promiscuity, i, 103-7.Jeaffreson, J. C.: on status of Anglo-Saxon woman, i, 263 n. 4;on function of father or guardian in the marriage contract, 276 n. 3;whether Anglo-Saxons married in their homes, 296, note;on marriage at church door, 299 n. 4;marriage celebration during the Commonwealth, i, 419 n. 2;on irregular marriages, 435, 436, notes, 443 n. 3, 447 n. 1;irregular royal marriage, 449 n. 3;Henry Fox's opposition to Hardwicke Act, 450 n. 1;clandestine marriages after Hardwicke Act, 459 n. 3;divorce among Anglo-Saxons, ii, 34 n. 1, 39 n. 5;number of irregular divorces in Middle Ages, 56 n. 2;traffic in, 58 n. 3;views or English reformers as to divorce, 72;Reformatio legum, 77 n. 4;Milton's low ideal of womanhood, 89, 91, 92;voidable marriages, 95 n. 4.Jerome: on Roman divorce, ii, 18, note;indissolubility of marriage, 27;excuses Fabiola's remarriage after divorce, 28.Jewellv.Jewell, iii,178.Jewish law: influence of, on the Puritans, ii, 130, 131, 152 and nn. 1, 2, 162, 169, 179, 199, 200, 217, 352.(SeeHebrews, Hebraism.)Jörs, P.: cited, ii, 16 n. 4.Johnson, Samuel: on adultery, ii, 106 and n. 3.Joint undivided families, i, 129.Judicial separation under present English law, ii, 114, 115.Judith: her marriage with Æthelwulf, i, 297 n. 1.Julian: divorce law of, ii, 31.Junius, F. A.: on the ring, i, 278 n. 3.Juramentum de reconciliatione, ii, 51 n. 2.Jury trial in divorce suits, iii,28,90,158,159.Jus primae noctis: works on, i, 38;as evidence of promiscuity, 51 and n. 2, 52.Jurisdiction, matrimonial, of the ecclesiastical courts: abuses of, i, 351-59, 412-14; ii, 56-59;rise of, in cases of divorce, 47-52.(SeeCanon law.)Justin II.: on divorce, ii, 30.Justinian: on divorce, ii, 30, 33.Justin Martyr: on second marriage, ii, 25 n. 2.Justice of the peace: celebrates marriage under law of 1653, i, 418;exercises matrimonial jurisdiction under, 420, 421-24.—— marriage solemnized by, in New England colonies, ii, 127, 128;Rhode Island, 135 n. 1;Connecticut, 138 n. 3;Maryland colony, 240, 241, 242;North Carolina colony, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256;South Carolina colony, 261;Georgia, 262;New York province, 285-87, 291, 294, 307;New Jersey colony, 309-11;Pennsylvania, 320.—— marriage solemnized by, in Massachusetts, ii, 389, 390;other New England states, 391;southern and southwestern states, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 421, 423;middle and western states, 454, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463-65;defects in the system of magisterial celebration, iii,189,190.Juvenal: on divorce, ii, 18, note.Kabinapek Indians: pairing season of, i, 99.Kabyles: woman's right of "insurrection" among, i, 246 n. 1;effects of wife-purchase on divorce, 249 n. 1.Kafirs: avoid marriage with persons living closely together, i, 128;Herero, polyandry among, i, 135 n. 2;polygyny among, when more women, 145;bride-price, 193;whether free marriage, 214, 216;free divorce, 227 and n. 2, 240;remarriage of woman after divorce, 215.Kalm, Peter: on governor's license fees in New York province, ii, 297.Kalmucks: forbidden degrees among, i, 126;symbol of rape, 168, 169 and n. 1, 172;exchange of gifts, 219.Kames, Lord: quoted, i, 136 n. 3.Kamtchadales: symbolical rape among, i, 166.Kandhs: avoid marriage with members of the tribe, i, 128.Kansas: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;definition, 470;age of consent to marriage, 472;forbidden degrees, 473-75;void and voidable marriages, 475-78;marriage of epileptic and imbecile restrained, 480;license, 488;return, 489 and n. 3, 491;state registration, 495:legislative divorce, iii,98;judicial divorce,127-29;remarriage,148;residence,156;common-law marriage,177;age of consent to carnal knowledge,201;divorce rate,210.Karems: effects of divorce on property among, i, 248.Karlowa, O.: oncoemptio, i, 199 n. 5.Karok: bride-price among, i, 192.Karo-Karo, of Sumatra: divorce among, i, 229.Kasaph: betrothal by, i, 197.Kautsky, Carl: on headship of woman in the family, i, 45;evolution of father-right and mother-right, 55;successive forms of marriage, 56-58;classificatory systems, 71.Keith, Alexander: the marriage-broker, i, 443;hisObservationsquoted, 443, 444;his celebrations after passage of the marriage act, 459 n. 3.Kemble, J. M.: on the penitentials, i, 326 n. 1.Kent, James: on divorce in New York, ii, 383;his decision in Fentonv.Reed, iii,175and nn. 2, 3,185.Kentucky: celebration of marriage in, ii, 414;unauthorized celebration, 425;age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;forbidden degrees, 433, 435;void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;miscegenation forbidden, 439;license system, 443, 447;license bond, 448;return, 449;celebrant's record, 451;state registration, 452;legislative divorce, iii,41,42;judicial divorce,53-55;remarriage,82;residence,85;intervention by prosecuting attorney,90;rejects common-law marriage,180;age of consent to carnal knowledge,200.Kiss: at betrothal, i, 297, note, 294 n. 3.Klein, A.: cited, i, 274 n. 1.Kling, M.: on divorce, ii, 62.Kochv.Cornelissen, ii, 281, 282.Koehne, C.: on marriage of the unfree, i, 257, 276 n. 1.Kohler, J.: works of, i, 3, 4;on adoption, 26 n. 2;headship of woman in the family, 45;Gainaberg maiden-market, 50 n. 2, 200 and n. 1;sequence of mother-right and father-right, 54;forms of marriage, 55 and n. 6;totemism in relation to group-marriage and mother-right, 73-75;exogamy, 121 n. 3;extent of monogamy, 142 n. 2;wife-capture, 157 n. 3;wife-purchase, 179, 260 n. 1;bride-price in Ireland, 200 n. 2;mund, 256, 276 n. 2.Kovalevsky, M.: on ancestor-worship among Slavs, i, 26 n. 1;promiscuity at Slavic festivals, 50 n. 2;the law of Black George, and Nestor, 190 n. 1.Krauss, F. S.: hisSitte und Brauch, i, 5;cited, 242, 243 n. 6, 244 n. 2.Krus, the African: divorce among, i, 226 n. 3.Kuczynsky, R. R.: cited, ii, 125; iii,243n. 2.Kulischer, M.: cited, i, 89;regards wife-purchase as a universal stage, 179;but now as very rare, 185;on the origin of the marriage ring in wife-capture, 280 n. 3.Kurnai: elopement among, i, 169, 170;marriage by service, 187, 188.Kunandaburi: form of marriage among, i, 72 n. 6.Kwakiutl: wife-purchase among, i, 190, 191.Lacondou Indians, i, 94 n. 1.Laers: cases of, ii, 274, 275, 277, 377.Lambert of Avignon: liberal views on divorce, ii, 65;favors death for adultery, 66.Lamprecht, Karl: on wife-capture among Germans, i, 259 n. 1;wife-purchase, 260 n. 1.Lanfranc: requires benediction, i, 313.Lang, Andrew: on theories of Westermarck and McLennan, i, 132, note.Lantsman's case, ii, 378-80.Laud, Archbishop: puts an end to irregular marriages in the Tower, i, 443 n. 3;scheme of, for a bishop in the colonies, ii, 132.Lauderdale Peerage case, ii, 300-306; iii,173.Launichild, i, 266 n. 1.Lavves Resolutions of Womens Rights.characterized, i, 406, 417 n. 2.Lecky, W. E. H.: on restricted liberty of Greek wife as to divorce, i, 240 n. 1;Fleet marriages, 437 n. 2, 440, 441;freedom of divorce in Rome, ii, 17 and n. 4, 18, 19;use of metaphor in history or the church, 52, note;abuse of canon-law divorce jurisdiction, 57 n. 2;on deceased wife's sister question, 98 and n. 2, 99 and n. 2, 100-102;Maule's decision, 108, 109;divorce law of 1857, 109 n. 3;inadequacy of present English law, 111, 112.Legality and validity: distinguished, i, 312, 314, 315; ii, 287;in England after Reformation, i, 379.Leges Henrici, i, 334.Legislation: history of, as to marriage, ii, 388-497;as to divorce, iii,3-160;function of,167-223;influence on divorce rate,216-20.Legislative divorce: in England. (SeeParliamentary divorce.)—— in the American colonies: Massachusetts, ii, 337, 338;discontinued after 1692, 340:New England, 349 and n. 2;Plymouth, 349-51;Connecticut, 355-60;Rhode Island, 360, 361-66;whether in southern, 374-76;whether in New York, 383, 384;in Pennsylvania, 387.—— in the states: New Hampshire, iii,10,11;Connecticut,13;Rhode Island,14;southern and southwestern states,31-50;middle and western states,96-101.Lehmann, K.: on sale-marriage, i, 260 n. 1;betrothal, 275 n. 2.Leigh, Anne: married in the Fleet, i, 438, note.Leist, B. W.: on maternal family, i, 20;ritaanddharma, 24 n. 2;Aryan housewife, 27 n. 1;denies that Roman agnation is based onpatria potestas, 31 n. 5;coemptio, 199 n. 5;three parts of nuptial ceremony, 272 n. 3;appointed daughter, 217 n. 2.Leprosy: ground of divorce in China, i, 236;and in Hawaii, iii,.Letourneau, Charles: cited, i, 92;on the extent of female kinship, 116 n. 2;wife-capture, 158 n. 1, 163;symbol of rape, 160, 161, 166, 176 n. 3;original status of woman, 210, 211 n. 1.Lex Burgundionum: on divorce, ii, 36.Lex Grimoald.: on divorce, ii, 38 n. 2.Lex Julia de adulteriis, ii, 16 and n. 3, 29.Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea, ii, 16 and n. 4.Lex romana Burgundionum: allows divorce by mutual consent, ii, 34.Lex Saxonum: cited, i, 264 and n. 5.Lex Visigothorum: on divorce, ii, 37 and n. 3.Levirate, i, 84 and n. 2, 133, 134 n. 1.Levitical law: prescribes death for striking parent, i, 17 n. 5;followed in the New England colonies, ii, 152, 162.(SeeHebraism.)Libellumorlibellus repudii, ii, 35 n. 1, 47 n. 1, 48, notes.License, marriage, in England: under Cromwell's act, i, 418;Hardwicke Act, 458;4 Geo. IV., c. 76, 466, 467;present English civil law, 471.—— in the American colonies: required by Andros, ii, 136 n. 2;issued by governor in New Hampshire, 147;Virginia, 229, 234;taxed, 234;Maryland, 239, 241, 244;North Carolina, 251, 252, 255, 256, 258;New York, 285, 294. 296 and n. 4;form of license in that colony, 298;John Rodgers's evidence, 307;New Jersey, 313, 314;Pennsylvania, 321 and n. 5.—— in the states: 403-8, 446-52, 481-97.Liebermann, F.: his text of the Anglo-Saxon laws quoted, i, 267, 268.Lika: divorce in, i, 242, 243 n. 6.Lingard, John: on the early rituals, i, 302, 303.Lippert, Julius: his works, i, 33;theory of gynocracy, 44;on peoples having custom of temple prostitution, 51 n. 1;stages in evolution of the family, 54, 55;wife-capture, 157 n. 3;the symbol of capture, 176 n. 1;regards wife-purchase as a universal stage, 179.Lithuania: wife-capture in, i, 159.Liturgies: of Edward VI. and Elizabeth, i, 283, 301 n. 3;of Durham, Sarum, and York, 284 and n. 1, 301 and n. 2, 302-8;not adopted by early Christians, 294, 295, 308;those published by Surtees Society, 298.Livermore, Mary A.: on social value of coeducation, iii,246n. 1.Living apart: cases of, in colonial Massachusetts, ii, 159-61.Livonia: wife-capture in, i, 159.Loanga: proof-marriages in, i, 49.Locke, John: hisTwo Treatises on Government, i, 3, 16, 17.Lohngeld, i, 266 n. 1.Lombard, Peter: on marriage as one of the "seven sacraments," i, 332, 333;his theory of thesponsalia, 336-39;it was rejected at the Reformation, 373;the "master" of the canon law, ii, 47, 52;his special pleading on divorce, 51 n. 4;Milton on, 52 n. 1.Lombards: wife-purchase among, i, 265;theirquartaor dower, 269.Lodge, H. C.: quoted, ii, 241, 242.Long, Horod: case of, ii, 361-63.Loening, E.: on wife-purchase, i, 260 n. 1;Roman betrothal, 292 n. 2;canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1.Louisiana: marriage celebration in, ii, 418-21;witnesses, 423;requisites of a legal marriage, 427, 428;age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;functions of family council, 431-33;forbidden degrees, 433, 434;void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437;miscegenation forbidden, 439;license system, 445, 446;return, 449;legislative divorce, iii,40,41;judicial divorce,68-71;remarriage,83,84;notice,88;arbitration of divorce suits,90;intervention of prosecuting attorney,90;alimony, property, and custody of children,91,92,95;common-law marriage,176;age of consent to carnal knowledge,199.Lourbet, J.: quoted, iii,240.Lovrec, Dalmatia: wedding custom in i, 220 n. 3.Lubbock, Sir John: introduces term "communal marriage," i, 34, 47 n. 2;cited, 36;on expiation for marriage, 50;nomenclatures, 72 n. 5;symbol or rape, 119;exogamy and wife-capture, 120;origin of aversion to close intermarriage, 122.Lucock, H. M.: on deceased wife's sister question, ii, 98 n. 2;remarriage of divorced persons, 112 n. 2.Ludlow, J. M.: on form of marriage, i, 294.Luther, Martin: on parental consent, i, 338 and n. 4;thesponsalia, 341 and n. 2;difficulties caused by the theory of thesponsalia, 345, 346;his doctrine of betrothal 371-73;its influence in Germany, 374, 375;drafts simple marriage ritual, 375 and n. 3;development of his views as to nature of wedlock, 386-88;sanctions double marriage of Philip of Hesse, 390;admits temporary separation, ii, 61;shapes the Protestant doctrine of divorce, 61;leads conservative reformers, 62;adopts broad meaning of desertion, 62, 63 and n. 1;does not admit certain grounds of divorce, 64 n. 1;favors death for adultery, 67;divorce jurisdiction, 69-71;inclined to favor concubinage rather than full divorce, 71.Luxford's case, ii, 159, 332.Luzon: divorce in, i, 232.Lyndhurst's act, ii, 95, 96.McGee, W. J.: cited, i, 37;on subordinate wives of Sioux, 144;denies wife-capture among them, 165 n. 4;on the Seri, 187, 218 n. 4.Macclesfield's case, ii, 104.McLennan, Donald, i, 34.McLennan, J. F.: criticises Maine, i, 15-17;on adoption, 26 n. 2;exogamy andpatria potestas, 31;his works, 34, 65 n. 4;criticised by Morgan and others, 35, 36;rejects theory of expiation, 50 n. 2;phallic worship, 52;nomenclatures, 71, 72;his constructive theory analyzed, 77-88;promiscuity, 77;female infanticide, 78, 79;totemgens, 79 and n. 2;polyandry, 80-84;wife-capture, 84, 85, 156, 157;exogamy, 85, 117, 118;criticises Müller on symbol of rape, 175 n. 3;wife-capture in Australia, 182 n. 1.Macqueen, John: on parliamentary divorce, ii, 102 n. 2, 103-6, notes.McCreery v. Davis, iii,78.Magdalen College, pontifical of, i, 311 n. 4.Madan, M.: his book described, i, 229 n. 2.Maddox and Grimestone: their public betrothal, i, 381, 382.Mæcenas: divorces his wives, ii, 17 n. 4.Magalhães, Jose Vieira de: on sexual jealousy of Brazilian natives, i, 105;the Cahyapós, 107, 108;the Guatos and Chambioás, 108, 109.Magister Vacarius: theory of, i, 337 n. 2.Magisterial separation: in England, ii, 117.Magistrate: as solemnizer of marriage, origin of, i, 282;supersedes the priest at the nuptials in New England colonies, ii, 125.Maine: celebration of marriage in, ii, 392, 393;unauthorized celebration, 395;age of parental consent to marriage, 396;miscegenation forbidden, 398;checks marriage of paupers, 400;survival of optional system of banns or posting, 403 n. 1;certificate and record, 404;return, 405, 406;collection and record of statistics, 407, 408;divorce: jurisdiction, kinds, and causes, iii,16-18;remarriage,20,21;residence,24, notes,25;as to common-law marriage,179;age of consent to carnal knowledge,198;license five days before celebration,191;divorce rate,209,212n. 1,218n. 3;bundling, ii,184,185.Maine, Sir Henry: his patriarchal theory, i, 3;on family as unit of social development, 10;his patriarchal family, 10-13;Spencer's criticism of, 14, 15;McLennan's, 15-17;on effect of promiscuity, 102;aversion to close intermarriage, 122, 123.Maintenance order: in England, ii, 116, 117.Makassars: divorce among, i, 226, 241 n. 6.Makower, F.: hisConstitutional History, i, 290, 312 n. 1.Malayan system of consanguinity, i, 67, 68, 71, 72.Manipuris: effects of divorce among, i, 248.Manu: editions of, i, 5;wife-capture mentioned in, 160;wife-purchase, 198 and nn. 4, 5.Manuscripts: used for Massachusetts, ii, 121;New York, 264, 329.Maoris: have Malayan system of consanguinity, i, 68.Marblehead: custom of bedding the bride and groom in, ii, 140.March, Hugh and Dorcas: case of, ii, 335, 336.Marea: divorce among, i, 245 n. 5.Margaret of Scotland: her matrimonial adventures, ii, 57, 58.Marianne Islands: effects of divorce in, i, 248.Mark, St.: on divorce, ii, 20, 21.Marriage: genesis of, i, 7;product of social experience, 8;origin of, according to Bachofen, 40, 41;communal or group, 47 and n. 2, 54, 64;rites of, alleged to arise in sexual taboo, 54;forms of, 55-65: among lower animals, 96;defined, 102 and n. 1;rise of the contract of, 152-223;by capture, so-called, 156-63;symbolical capture in, 163-79;by purchase, so called, 179-201;rise of self-betrothal or free contract, 201-9;free marriage coexisting with purchase, 209-23. (SeeMatriarchate, Mother-right, Family.)—— under English, German, and canon law: old English wife-purchase, authorities, i, 253-58;thebeweddung, 258-72;thegifta, 272-76;rise of free marriage, 276-86;lay contract and ceremonial accepted by the church, 287-320;the primitive benediction and the bride-mass, 291-308;the chosen guardian superseded by the priest, 309;rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 309-20;the church develops and administers matrimonial law, authorities, 321-24;early Christian doctrine, 324;a sacrament, i, 325;compromise with lust, 325, 326;declared a sacrament by the Council of Trent, 326 n. 2;ecclesiastical authority over, 331, 334;two degrees of, defined by Gratian, 335;a simple consensual compact, 336;sponsalia de praesenti, 337;de futuro, 338;validity and legality, 339;clandestine, 340-49;impediments, 351-54;putative, 356;child-marriages, 357-59;banns and registration, 359-63;Protestant conception of, authorities, 364-70;the forms of wedlock, according to the continental reformers, 370-75;according to the English, 376-86;the nature of wedlock, according to the continental reformers, 386-92;according to the English, 392-99;child-marriages in the age of Elizabeth, 399-403;civil, rise of, 404;authorities on, 404-8;origin of, in the Netherlands, 409 and n. 2;controversy between Cartwright and Whitgift, 410-14;the Millenary Petition, 414 n. 3, 415;harsh law against the Catholics, 415-17;Cromwell's ordinance, 1653, 418-35;laws of William III. relating to license and celebration, 435-37;in the Fleet, 437-46;superstitions regarding marriage, 441 n. 3;Hardwicke Act, 448-59;merits of, 459, 460;defects of, 460-65;registration law of 1836, 465, 466;celebration under 4 George IV., c. 76, 466;license and banns under, 466, 467;civil-marriage act of 1836, origin of, 469;provisions as supplemented by later statutes, 470-73;with deceased wife's sister, ii, 96-102.—— obligatory civil, in the New England colonies, ii, 121;authorities, 121-24;origin of, 125-32;first laws authorizing, 133-35;rise of optional civil or ecclesiastical, 135-40;no ritual prescribed, 140;wedding customs, 140-43;banns, parental consent, and registration, 143-51;courtship, proposals, and government of single persons, 152-69;adultery punished by death, 169-71;by the scarlet letter, 171-75;scarlet letter for incest, 177, 178;pre-contract or betrothal, 179-81;bundling, 181-85;ante-nuptial incontinence, cases of sentence and confession in Suffolk and Middlesex counties, 186-99;influence of Jewish law on pre-contract, 199, 200;breach of promise suits, 200-203;marriage portions, 203;Samuel Sewall's matrimonial thrift, 204-9;clandestine, 209-12;slave, 215-26.—— ecclesiastical, in the southern colonies, ii, 227;authorities, 227, 228;religious celebration in Virginia, 228-32;dissenters marry contrary to law, 232;local administration of matrimonial law, 232, 233;license, 233, 234;clandestine marriages, 235;first wedding, 235, 236;adultery, 236;curious marriage agreement, 237-39;optional civil, in Maryland colony, 239-41;rise of obligatory ecclesiastical, for Anglicans, 241-44;miscegenation, 244;civil marriage abolished, 244, 245;articles of courtship, 245-47;struggle for free civil marriage in North Carolina, 247-59;in South Carolina and Georgia, 260-63.—— optional civil or ecclesiastical, in the middle colonies, ii, 264;authorities, 264-66;law and custom in New Netherland, 267-84;under the Duke of York, 284-96;in New York province, 296-308;New Jersey, 308-15;Pennsylvania, 315-27.—— in the New England states: authorities, ii, 388;solemnization, 389-95;age of consent, 395, 396;age of parental consent, 396, 397;forbidden degrees, 397, 398;void or voidable marriages, 398-401;certificate and record, 401-8.—— in the southern and southwestern states: solemnization, 409-27;definition, 427, 428;age of consent, 428, 429;age of parental consent, 429-33;forbidden degrees, 433-35;void or voidable marriages, 435-38;miscegenation forbidden, 438-40;certificate and record, 441-52.—— in the middle and western states: solemnization, ii, 452-65;witnesses, 465, 466;no fixed ceremony, 466;contract marriage in California and other states, 467, 468;unauthorized solemnization, 468, 469;requisites for a legal marriage, 469, 470;definitions, 470, 471;age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 471-73;forbidden degrees, 473-75;void and voidable marriages, 475-78;miscegenation forbidden, 478, 479;marriage of paupers, epileptics, and imbeciles restrained, 479, 480;suspension of prosecution and penalty, 480, 481;certificate and record, 481-97.(SeeFamily, Divorce.)—— and the family, problems of: authorities, iii,161-67;function of legislation,167-70;common-law marriage,170-85;resulting character of matrimonial legislation,185-203;resulting character of divorce legislation,203-23;the function of education,223-59.——ante ostium ecclesiae, i, 299-308.—— certificate: to wedded pair, under Cromwell's act of 1653, i, 426, 431;in colonial Rhode Island, ii, 149, 151 and n. 1;Pennsylvania, 321, 322 and n. 1;at present in the various states, 450, 451, 486, 492.—— common-law: history of, in the various states, iii,170-85.—— contract: rise of, i, 152-223.—— contracts: in New Netherland, ii, 282-84.—— form: by the Directory, i, 417;under Cromwell's act, 419;under present English law, 472, 473.(SeeMarriage, in the three groups of states.)—— gifts: significance of, i, 218, 219.—— license system.(SeeCertificate and record.)—— license bonds: required by Andros, ii, 136 and n. 2: in Virginia colony, 233, 234;Maryland colony, 239, 240;New York province, 296 and n. 4;in Alabama in case of persons under age, 430;Arkansas, Indian Territory, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, 408;Delaware, 482 and n. 1, 483;recommended as a reform in the law, iii,191.—— legislation: resulting character of, iii,185-203.—— portions: in early New England, ii, 203-9.—— rate: lower in cities, iii,211;falls in hard times,213-15.—— records: under law of 1653, i, 424-28;under Hardwicke Act, 458.