Aaron ben Elijah,xli,362-387;relation to Maimonides,363 f.;to the Muʿtazila,364;reason and faith,364 f.;physics,366 ff.;defends atomic theory,367 f.;creation,ibid.;existence of God,368 f.;unity,ibid.;incorporeality,ibid.;attributes,369 f.;will of God,372;problem of evil,373 f.,376 f.;Providence,375 f.;reward and punishment,379,383;purpose of the world and of man,379 f.;prophecy,380 f.;immutability of the Law,382;reason of the commandments,ibid.;immortality,384;resurrection,385 f.Aaron ben Joseph,363Abarbanel, Don Isaac,304,312,328,430Abarbanel, Judah Leo,431Abd Al Rahman III,59Abélard,305Abraham bar Hiyya,xlvi,114-124;standpoint,115;physics,116 f.;matter,ibid.;form,117 ff.;intellect, soul and nature,119;ethics,119,122 f.;reward and punishment,119,122 ff.;immortality,120 f.;problem of evil,123 f.,128,139,175,309,435Æsculapius,155Afer, Constantinus,1Aher,197Akiba, Rabbi,xxviAl-Ashari,xxiiiAlbalag, Isaac,328,429,430,447, note 403aAlbalia, Baruh,151Al Basir, Joseph,xxv,xlvii,48-55;priority of reason,48;atomic theory,49;existence of God,49 f.;creation,ibid.;attributes,50;divine will,ibid.;eternity,51;incorporeality, unity, simplicity,ibid, f.;God's word,52;ethics,ibid, f.;problem of evil,54;freedom,54 f.;and foreknowledge,ibid.;reward and punishment,55,56,57,81,126,127,128,141,146,200,246,363,434Albertus Magnus,1,200,306,312,313,323Albo, Joseph, I,406-427;standpoint,406 ff.;purpose of his work,408;principles of religion,ibid.;criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles,409 ff.;Albo's own view,410 f.;divine law distinguished from natural and conventional,408 ff.;freedom, a principle,412;creation,413,415;existence of God,419 f.;attributes,420;angels,ibid.;revelation,420 f.;prophecy,421;immutability of the Law,423;God's knowledge,424;and human freedom,ibid.;Providence,425;reward and punishment,425 f.;428,430,436,447, note 403aAlexander of Aphrodisias,xviii,7,60,290,313,321,332,334,335,336Alexander the Great,xviiAlexander of Hales,306Alfadhil,239Alfarabi,xx,xxi,xxxix,xlvi,2,26,60,177,178,198,199,218,223,252,253,276,281,302,312,313,362,391,392Alfasi,151Algazali,xxxix,80,152,153,389,392,420,443, note 230Ali,86Al-Kirkisani, Joseph Ha-Maor,363Almohades,238Alphonso VI,151Al-Mansur,1Almoravid,151Anatoli, Jacob,302,309Angels,xlvi;in Abraham ibn Ezra,190 f.;in Ibn Daud,221 f.;in Maimonides,266 f.;in Albo,420Anthropomorphism,xxii,xxvi,xlv,35,95,186,260 f.Appel,448, note 442Aquinas, Thomas,1,61,63,200,207,306,307,312,313,323,331,332,406Arama, Isaac,430Archimedes,xviiiAristotelians,xl,150,165,246,364,365,366,368,428Aristotle,xvi,xviii,xix,xx,xxi,xxix f.,xxxvii,xxxix,xl,xli,xlii,xlv,xlvi,7,8,9,13,20,26,60,62,64,72,89,92,107,111,126,132,138,139,155,157,173,175,177,178,179,181,182,184,185,199,200,206,207,210,213,216,217,218,236,240,247,252,253,254,256,258,266,267,268,269,270,271,273,274,275,276,290,291,299,300,303,305,306,307,309,312,313,315,316,321,329,331,332,333,334,338,346,347,350,352,353,354,366,367,375,378,388,389,390,395,402,408,412,425,429,430,431"Arugat Habosem,"184Ashariya,xxiii,xxvii,xlvii,23,246,251,291,362,365,372,378,379Atomic theory, in the Kalam,xxii,249 f.;in Saadia,25;in Al Basir,49;in Jeshua ben Judah,56;in Aaron ben Elijah,367 f.Attributes, doctrine of, in the Kalam,xxiii,xxvii,xl,xliv;in Saadia,xliv,33 f.;in Mukammas,18 ff.;in Al Basir,50;in Bahya,93 f.;in Ibn Zaddik,145 f.;in Judah Halevi,161 ff.;in Ibn Daud,220 f.;in Maimonides,xlv,262 ff.;in Levi ben Gerson,xlv,344 f.,351 f.;in Aaron ben Elijah,369 f.;in Crescas,391 f.;in Albo,420Auerbach, Heimann,445, note 331aAugustine,xli,51,305,445, note 307Averroes (Ibn Roshd),xx,xxi,xxxix,xli,xlvi,xlvii,7,60,62,125,177,199,306,309,310,312,313,318,321,322,323,329,332,334,335,336,362,392,431Avicebron, see Gabirol, Solomon IbnAvicenna (Ibn Sina),xx,xxi,xxxix,xlvi,2,26,60,62,107,108,175,177,178,179,198,199,207,210,211,213,218,223,224,253,276,281,302,312,313,362,391,392,420Bacher, W.,437,443, notes 212and214;445, note 312aBack, Samuel,436Baeumker, Clemens,440, note 84;441, notes 86and89Bahya, Ibn Pakuda,xix,xxviii,xxxix,xlii,l,80-105;duties of the limbs and duties of the heart,82 f.;sources of knowledge,83;creation,86 ff.;unity,89 f.;attributes,93 f.;study of nature,96 f.;gratitude to God,97 f.;submission to God,98;freedom,ibid.;the laws,98 f.;trust in God,99 f.;"unity of conduct,"101 f.;humility,ibid.;repentance,102;self-examination,103;temperance,104;asceticism,ibid.;love of God,105,106,126,128,146,147,162,167,168,195,200,201,217,241,246,252,309,362,428,434Baradæus, Jacob,34Bardenhewer,439, note 7Bardesanes,375Becker, C. H.,xxvi,xxviiBeer,433Bernfeld, Simon,viii,433Bisliches, M. L.,445, notes 312and315Bloch, Philipp,436Brahmins,380Brethren of Purity,xxxix,60,107,125,126,128,139,187,199Broydé, Isaac,106,441, note 131Cicero,431Clement VI, Pope,329Clement of Alexandria,302Chazars,153Crawford, J. P. W.,436Creation, in Kalam,xxii,xlii,24,247,252;in Saadia,xlii,24;in Israeli,5 ff.;in Al Basir,49 f.;in Jeshua ben Judah,56;in Gabirol,68;in Bahya,xlii,86 ff.;in Pseudo Bahya,110;in Abraham bar Hiyya,116 ff.;in Ibn Zaddik,xlii,143;in Judah Halevi,157;in Abraham ibn Ezra,190;in Maimonides,269 ff.;in Levi ben Gerson,352 f.;in Aaron ben Elijah,367 f.;in Albo,413,415Creed, articles of,l;in Maimonides,409 f.;in Crescas,392 ff.;in Albo,410 f.Creizenach, M.,443, note 214Crescas, Hasdai,xv,xix,xxvii,xxxix,xl,xlii,xlix,l,173,200,312,388-405;