standpoint,389;existence of God,389 f.;unity,391 f.;attributes,ibid.;fundamental dogmas of Judaism,392 ff.;God's knowledge,392 f.;Providence,393 f.;problem of evil,394;prophecy,395;freedom,396 f.;influence on Spinoza,398 f.;purpose of the Law,399 f.;immortality,400;creation,402;criticism of Maimonides's 13 articles of the creed,402,404;reward and punishment,403 f.;resurrection,404 f.,406,407,408,409,414,416,419,420,421,424,426,428,430,436,447, notes 403aand409"Cusari," see "Kusari"Daud, Abraham Ibn,xix,xx,xxvii,xxxix,xlii,xliii,xlv,xlvi,xlvii,xlviii,xlix,61,62,63,71,79,125,166,197-235;standpoint,197 f.;Ibn Daud neglected,201;purpose of his book,201 f.;duty to study philosophy,202;relative value of the sciences,203 f.;categories,205;physics,205 ff.;matter and form,ibid.;motion,207;infinity,208;psychology,209 ff.;rational soul,212 ff.;the three kinds of intellect,214;immortality,215;metempsychosis,215 f.;the heavenly spheres,216;existence of God,217 ff.;incorporeality,217;unity,219 f.;attributes,220 f.;angels,221 f.;active intellect,222;emanation of Intelligences,223;tradition,223 f.;prophecy,224 f.;abrogation of the Law,226 f.;freedom,201 f.,229 ff.;problem of evil,228 f.;and foreknowledge,229 f.;ethics,231 ff.;virtues,232;reason of commandments,233 f.237,240,241,246,248,253,254,257,266,267,276,281,302,307,309,317,332,350,362,366,388,428,435De Boer,439, note 5"Definitions, Book of,"2,4,60Deinard, E.,447, note 404Delitzsch,446, note 360Delmedigo, Elijah,431Delmedigo, Joseph Solomon,431Democritus,xxii,3Dieterici,439, note 6Doctor, Max,435,442, note 162Dominicus Gundissalinus,61,63Dukes,443, note 213Dunash ben Labrat,59Duns Scotus,61,63,200,307Duran, Simon,406,447, note 403a"Duties of the Hearts,"80,81Duval,439, note 5"Eight Chapters,"239Eisler, Moritz,433"Elements, Book of,"2,3,4,10,60Elias of Nisibis,34Elisha ben Abuya,197Empedocles,60,61,64,126,127,145,179,184"Emunah Ramah,"198"Emunot ve-Deot,"24Engelkemper, D. J.,434Entelechy,xxxv,209Ephodi,328Epicurus,290,367Eriugena,200Ethics, in Jewish Philosophy,xlvii f.;in Saadia,46 f.;in Al Basir,52 f.;in Jeshua ben Judah,57;in Gabirol,71 ff.;in Abraham bar Hiyya,119 ff.;in Ibn Zaddik,148;in Judah Halevi,168;in Abraham ibn Ezra,195;in Ibn Daud,228 ff.,231 ff.;in Maimonides,281 ff.;in Hillel ben Samuel,325.See also "Virtue."Euclid,xviii,90Evil, Problem of, in Al Basir,54;in Abraham bar Hiyya,123 f.;in Ibn Zaddik,148;in Abraham ibn Ezra,195;in Ibn Daud,228 f.;in Maimonides,288 f.;in Aaron ben Elijah,373 f.;in Crescas,394Exegesis, Biblical,xvi,xxxvii;in Saadia,35;in Gabirol,78 f.;in Abraham ibn Ezra,187 f.;in Maimonides,302 ff.;in Levi ben Gerson,357 f.,437"Ez Hayim,"363Ezekiel, Vision of divine chariot,xvii,303Falaquera, Shem Tob,61,63,64,309,328,441, note 86"Fons Vitæ,"60,61,72,80, etc."Fountain of Life," see "Fons Vitæ"Frankl, P. F.,434,440, note 80Frankl-Grün, Ad.,435Freedom of the Will,xiv,xlvii;in Saadia,41 f.;in Al Basir,54 f.;in Bahya,98;in Judah Halevi,xlviii,171 ff.;in Abraham ibn Ezra,193;in Ibn Daud,xlviii,229 f.;in Maimonides,xlviii,285 ff.;in Crescas,xlviii,396 ff.;in Albo,412,424Freimann,442, note 148Fried, S.,439, note 30;440, note 34Friedländer, M.,444, note 250Gabirol, Solomon Ibn,xix,xxxix,xlvi,59-79;fate of G. in Jewish Literature,60 f.;tendency of his work,63 f.;G. a Neo-Platonist,64;his doctrine,64 ff.;emanation,65;matter in spiritual substances,65,67;man typical of the universe,65;Intelligence, Soul, Nature,66;matter,66 f.;creation,68;will,68 f.,70;mystic knowledge,69 f.;ethics,71 ff.;the virtues,72 f.;the "Royal Crown" (Keter Malkut),75 f.;Biblical exegesis,78 f.;influence on Jewish Philosophy,79;on Kabbala, ibid.,80,81,89,91,107,126,127,131,151,184,185,187,188,198,200,206,237,246,307,309,328,428,434Galen,xviii,2,3,72,209,252Genesis, creation story,xvii,xxix,303Gersonides, see Levi ben GersonGinzberg, L.,439, note 13God, in Aristotle,xxxiii;existence of G. in Kalam,xlii,24,247;in Saadia,xlii,28 ff.;in Al Basir,49 f.;in Jeshua ben Judah,57;in Bahya,xlii,86 ff.;in Ibn Zaddik,xlii,143;in Ibn Daud,xlii f.,217 ff.;in Maimonides,xliii,248,257 ff.;in Levi ben Gerson,350 f.;in Aaron ben Elijah,368 f.;in Crescas,389 ff.;in Albo,419 f.Goldenthal,445, note 318Goldziher, Ignaz,106,433,439, notes 10and23;442, note 132Gorfinkle, Joseph I.,444, note 251Graetz, H.,445, note 311Graf,440, note 64Gugenheimer,435"Guide of the Perplexed,"239Guttmann, Jacob,434,435,436,439, note 27;440, notes 33,41and83;442, note 133;443, notes 230and245;445, notes 310and331a;447, notes 403a,436and437Guttmann, Julius,435Halevi, Judah,xix,xxxix,xl,xlv,xlvi,xlviii,xlix,125,150-183;his standpoint,150,152,157 f.;his life,151 f.;philosophy and religion,152;influence of Algazali,152 f.;the "Kusari,"153 ff.;the "philosopher's" creed,154 f.;the Christian's,155 f.;the Mohammedan's,156;the Jew's,156 ff.;creation,157;existence of God,158;will,159;motives of philosopher and believer,159 f.;meaning of the name of "Jhvh,"159 f.,165;of "Elohim,"160,165;mysticism in H.,160;attributes,161 ff.;incorporeality,162;superiority of Israel,162 f.;need of revelation,163;superiority of Palestine,164;Israel the heart among the nations,164;superiority of the Hebrew language,164 f.;prophecy,165 f.;the active Intellect,165 f.;the ceremonial law,167 f.;ethics,168 f.;immortality,169 f.,181 f.;future world and reward and punishment,170;freedom,171 ff.;and foreknowledge,172 f.;interpretation of "Sefer Yezirah,"173 f.;the Rabbis knew the sciences,174;exposition of the current philosophy,174 ff.;H. understands Aristotle's definition of the soul,175;physics,175 ff.;matter,175;criticism,176 f.;emanation of Intelligences,178;criticism,178 f.;psychology,179 f.;criticism,181 f.,197,198,200,201,210,211,216,223,224,226,230,231,246,248,281,309,332,362,389,392,396,414,420,421,426,429,435Harizi, Judah,125,184Harkavy, Abraham,17,433Hasdai Ibn Shaprut,59,153,308Hayyuj,187,309Hefez ben Yazliah,84"Hegyon ha-Nefesh,"114Hermes,60,155,184Hertz, J. H.,434Hillel ben Samuel,xlvi,312-327;standpoint,314;the soul,314 ff.;definition of soul,317;active intellect,317 ff.;reward and punishment,323 ff.;prophecy,325;ethics,ibid.;resurrection,326;interpretation of Rabbinic writings,326 f.,332Hippocrates,xviii,2,3,72,209Hirschfeld,440, note 31;442, note 178"Hobot ha-Lebabot," see "Duties of the Hearts"Homonym,240,351,371Horovitz, S.,433,442, notes 162,163and165;443, note 226Husik, Isaac,436,439, note 9;445, note 308;446, note 334;448, note 443Hypostasis,xxxviii,6,91,115Ibn Aknin, Joseph,302Ibn Badja,60Ibn Caspi, Joseph,302,310,329Ibn Daud (Aven Death),61Ibn Daud, Abraham, see Daud, Abraham IbnIbn Ezra, Abraham,xxxix,79,80,81,114,184,187-196;Biblical exegesis,187 f.;unity of God,189;incorporeality,ibid.;creation,190;matter,ibid.;the universe,190 f.;Intelligences,ibid.;angels,ibid.;soul,191 f.;reward and punishment,192;transmigration,192;freedom,193;and foreknowledge,ibid.;knowledge of God,193 f.;prophecy,194;classification of the laws,194;problem of evil,195;ethics,ibid.,200,246,309,310,429,435Ibn Ezra, Moses,xxxix,xlvi,