79,125,184-187;man a microcosm,185;definition of philosophy,185;unity of God,ibid.;active intellect,186,200,246Ibn Migash, Joseph,151Ibn Janah,84,309Ibn Roshd, see AverroesIbn Sina, see AvicennaIbn Zaddik, Joseph,xix,xxxix,xlii,xlv,xlvi,xlix,60,79,125-149;standpoint,125 f.;division of his book,128;purpose,129;definition of philosophy,129;process and sources of knowledge,129 f.;physics,130 ff.;matter and form,ibid.;substance,131;the sphere,131 f.;the four elements,132 f.;the human body,133 f.;the soul,134 f.;the three souls,ibid.;the emotions,ibid.;life,136;death,ibid.;sleep and waking,ibid.;the rational soul,137;definition of soul,138;intellect,139;world soul,140;duty to use the reason,ibid.;criticism of the Kalam,141 f.;creation,143;existence of God,ibid.;unity,ibid.;self-sufficiency,144;will of God,ibid.;attributes,145 f.;commandments,147;rational and traditional,ibid.;the virtues,148;reward and punishment,148;evil,148 f.;Messiah,149,162,175,184,200,206,209;211,237,246,309,317,362,435"Ikkarim,"406Immortality, in Pseudo-Bahya,112 f.;in Abraham bar Hiyya,120 f.;in Judah Halevi,169 f.,181 f.;in Ibn Daud,215;in Levi ben Gerson,339 ff.;in Aaron ben Elijah,384;in Crescas,400Incorporeality, in Kalam,xliv,253;in Saadia,32;in Al Basir,51;in Jeshua ben Judah,57;in Judah Halevi,162;in Abraham ibn Ezra,189 f.;in Ibn Daud,217;in Maimonides,xliv,257 ff.,260 ff.;in Aaron ben Elijah,368 f.Infinity, in Kalam,251 f.;in Saadia,25,30;in Bahya,86,87;in Ibn Daud,208;in Maimonides,251 f.,254,256 f.;in Crescas,390Intellect, active,xli;in Jewish Philosophy,xlvi f.;acquired i.,xlvii;active i. in prophecy,xlix,109;in Ibn Zaddik,139;in Judah Halevi,155,162,165,181;in Moses ibn Ezra,186;in Ibn Daud,222;in Maimonides,268,277;in Hillel ben Samuel,317 ff.;in Levi ben Gerson,337 ff.;See also "Intelligence," "Soul"Intelligence,xlvi;in Israeli,6 f.;in Gabirol,65,66;in Pseudo-Bahya,109;in Abraham bar Hiyya,119;in Abraham ibn Ezra,190 f.;in Maimonides,266 f.Israeli, Isaac,xix,xlvi,xlix,1-16;Maimonides on I.,1 f.;his works,2;his sources,ibid.;theory of the elements,3,12;definition of philosophy,4;creation,5 ff.;Intelligence,6 f.;Soul,8 ff.;three kinds of soul,10 ff.;element and principle,12 f.;prophecy,15,17,24,31,60,72,91,127,175,224,434Jabariya,xxi,xlviiJacob ben Machir,309,310Jacobites,xviii,34Jaulus,437Jeshua ben Judah,xxv,xlvii,55-58;priority of reason,56;atomic theory,ibid.;creation,ibid.;existence of God,57;incorporeality,ibid.;good and evil,ibid.,200,246,363,434Jesus,xxvii,86,91Job,xv,xxvi,304,346,377 f.Joel, M.,398,435,436,445, note 310;446, notes 335and398;447, note 398 endJohannes Hispanus,61Joseph ben Shemtob,429,430,447, note 404Joseph ibn Zaddik, see Ibn Zaddik, JosephJourdain, A.,63,441, note 85;445, note 306Judah ben Barzilai,17Judah Hadassi,363Judah Halevi, see Halevi, JudahJudah Messer Leon,431Justinian,xviiKabbala,79,429,430Kadariya,xxi,xxii,xxiii,23Kalam,xxiv,xxvii,16,17,48,50,52,55,86,106,125,128,141 f.,146,154,171,183,200,245,246 ff.,362,366,428,433,439, note 10Kalisch, Isidor,433Karaites,xiii,xxiv,xxv,xli,xlvii,23,24,48,55,59,108,125,126,146,154,174,183,200,245,246,362,363,364,365,370,373,377,378,428Kaufmann, David,152,153,433,434,435,436,441, note 88;442, note 181;444, notes 250and305Kellermann, Benzion,436"Keter Malkut," see "Royal Crown"Kindi, Al,xxxixKlein, Miksa,434Knowledge, sources of,xl;in Saadia,27 f.;in Bahya,83;in Ibn Zaddik,129 f.Koran,xxi,xxii,xxiii,xxvi,xxvii,xxix,xliv,34,156Krochmal, Nahman,189,435"Kusari,"153Lactantius,431Landauer, S.,175,440, note 37Laws, rational and traditional,1;in Saadia,38 f.;in Ibn Zaddik,147;in Abraham ibn Ezra,194;in Ibn Daud,233 f.;in Maimonides,294 ff.;in Aaron ben Elijah,382Lebid-ibn Al-Aʿsam,xxviLeibnitz,307Leverrier,275Levi ben Gerson,xix,xx,xxxix,xli,xliii,xlvii,xlix,7,16,166,217,235,302,312,313,328-361;standpoint,329 f.;reason and authority,330 f.;his style and method,331;the passive intellect,332 ff.;active intellect,337 ff.;problem of knowledge,338;of definition,339;immortality,339 f.;prognostication and prophecy,340 ff.;and the contingent,ibid.;God's knowledge,342 ff.;attributes,344 f.,351 f.;Providence,346 ff.;existence of God,350 f.;origin of the world,352 f.;eternal matter,355 f.;interpretation of creation story in Genesis,357;miracles,358 f.,362,363,369,384,388,392,393,394,395,396,398,399,401,402,406,419,420,421,428,429,430,436,447, note 403aLevy, Louis-Germain,436"Liber de Causis,"xx,2,64,317Lippmann,443, note 214Logos,xxvii,xli,52,71,91"Ma'amar Yikkawu ha-Mayim,"309"Maase Bereshit,"xvi,242,303,430"Maase Merkaba,"xvi,242,303,430Maimonides, Moses,xvi,xix,xx,xxiv,xxv,xxvii,xxxix,xli,xlii,xliii,xlv,xlvi,xlvii,xlix,l,1,2,16,25,60,62,63,79,88,95,96,114,125,126,146,153,158,166,167,198,199,200,201,207,218,221,235,236-311;his life,238 f.;hischef d'œuvre,239 f.;his method,240;his standpoint,240 ff.;importance of science,243 f.;difficulty of metaphysics,244 f.;sketch of Jewish Philosophy,245 f.;exposition of the Kalam,246 ff.;propositions of the "philosophers,"254 ff.;existence of God,257 ff.;unity,ibid.;incorporeality,ibid.,260 ff.;attributes,262 ff.;meaning of "Jhvh,"265;angels,266 f.;origin of the world,269 ff.;emanation of Intelligences,272 f.;criticism of Aristotle,271 ff.;psychology,281 ff.;virtue,282 ff.;freedom,285 ff.;and foreknowledge,287 f.;problem of evil,288 ff.;God's knowledge,289 ff.;reason of the commandments,294 ff.;Bible exegesis,302 ff.;influence of M.,305 ff.;on Scholasticism,305-307;on Judaism,307-311,312,313,314,317,323,325,329,332,342,343,344,345,346,350,352,353,357,358,362,363,364,365,366,368,369,370,371,372,374,375,376,377,378,379,380,382,383,384,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,398,399,400,402,403,406,407,408,409,410,412,416,417,419,420,421,423,424,425,426,428,429,430,431,435,447, note 403a"Malmad Hatalmidim,"309Malter, H.,vii,445, note 316Mandonnet, P.,445, note 308;446, note 332Manicheans,375Matter, rejected by Mutakallimun,xxii;doctrine of, in Aristotle,xxix ff.;in Plotinus,xxxviii;as source of evil,38;in Gabirol,66 f.;in Pseudo-Bahya,109;in Abraham bar Hiyya,117;in Ibn Zaddik,130 ff.;in Judah Halevi,175;in Abraham ibn Ezra,190;in Ibn Daud,205 f.;