counts of,56,58,65,75,77,78,79,133;university of,188,312,350.Barlovento.SeeArmada de Barlovento.Baroja, Pío,515.Barraganía,88,96,144,164,196,216,281,305,315.Basle, treaty of,403.Basque provinces, the, and the Basques,8,43,55,58,134,135,175,192,196-200,213,288,423,430,432-434,461,465,518.SeeÁlava, Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya.Bavaria, Prince of,270.Bayeu,485.Baylén, battle of,490.Bayonne,409,489-491.Beaumarchais,483.Beaumont,482.Becquer,515.Behetrías,197-199.Belgium.SeeCatholic Netherlands, Low Countries.Benavente, Jacinto,515,516.Benedict XIII, Pope,131,168.Benedict XIV, Pope,453.Benedictines,472.Benedito,516.Beni-Casi family,44.Benimerines,113,114,117,131,136.Benlliure,516.Berbers, the,8,14,19,32,40-43,45-47,49,50,69-71,84,200,241.SeeMoslems.Berenguela, Queen, of Castile,76,77,90.Berruguete,362.Beruete,516.Bethencourt, Juan de,122.Biblioteca Nacional,476.Bilbao, city of,329,468.Bilbao, the painter,516.Biron,388.Biscay, Bay of,260.Black Prince, the,120.Black Sea,27.Blanche of Bourbon,118,119.Blanche of Navarre,123,134.Blay,516.“Blue Lady.”SeeÁgreda.Boabdil,204,205.Bobastro,44,45.Boccaccio,184,185,356.Bodega,479.Bogotá,478.Bologna,452.Bonaparte.SeeJoseph, Napoleon.Bonilla, Adolfo,515.Borgia, Alfonso.SeeCalixtus III.Borja, Cardinal,318.Borja, town of,450.Boston,393.Bougainville,388.Bourbon, House of,118,270,284,370,384-386,393,397,399,404,405,407,410,421,425,426,429,432,434,438,443,445,452,454,455,469,482,497,500,503.Bracamonte, Rubín de,122.Braciano, Duke of,373.Braga,20.Braganza, House of,251,265,267.Bravo Murillo,500,501.Brazil,252,392.Bretón,515.Bruges,176,326,337.Buckingham, Duke of,284.Bueno, Manuel,516.Buenos Aires,388.Burgos,57,329,330,409;ordinances of,160.Burgoyne,395.Burgundy,235,236,244,262.Burriel,481,482.Byng,376,377.Byzantine Greeks.SeeByzantine Romans.Byzantine Romans,29-31,33,36-38,50,52,129,190.Caballeros,85,86,97,137,138,141,148,159,166,170,185,192,194,211,273,433.Cabezón,366.Cáceres,2,244.Cádiz, city and province of,2,10,32,38,255,328,392,423,468-470,484,492,493,496.Cæpio,17.Cæsar,18,185.Calatrava, order of,75,94,139,219,220.Calderón, Alfredo,515.Calderón de la Barca, Pedro,355.California,156,232,349,361,481;Gulf of,349.Calixtus III, Pope,190,191.Cámara de Castilla,292,321,412,431,433.Camarilla, the,495,501.Campillo,434,480.Campoamor,515.Campomanes,415,418,435,450,459,461,480,481.Canalejas,509.Canary Islands,6,122,206,293,431,453.Canellas,97.Cangas de Onís,53.Cano, Alonso,362,366.Cano, Melchor,314,316.Cánovas del Castillo,516.Canstadt man,6.Cantabrian Mountains,2,491.Cantabrians,8.Capmany,481.Caribbean Sea,253,385,387.Carlism,497-501,503-505,511.Carlos, Don,497,498,503.Carmona,69.Carpetana Mountains.SeeCarpeto-Vetónica Mountains.Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains,2,3,54.Carpio, Bernardo del,55.Carranza, Bartolomé,307.Carreratge,168,169,173,199.Carrillo, Alonso de,183.Cartagena in America,380.Cartagena in Spain,12,13,23,27.Carthage and the Carthaginians,7,10-15.Carvajal,224.Casa de Contratación,231,328,341,348,349,468.Castaños,490.Castelar,505.Castellanos, Juan de,347.Castellón de Ampurias,11.Castile and the Castilians,1-5,38,57,58,60-64,66,68,69,71-78,81,82,84-99,104-125,129,131-147,149,151-167,169-176,180-190,192,197-199,203-206,209-221,223,224,226-231,235,237-240,242,249-253,262-266,274-277,280,288-290,292,296,301,311,325,327,346,364,369,372,426,427,429-432,441,453,460,464;language of,106,184,185,189,190,197,231,308,341,346,351-353,357,358,476,481,518.SeeNew Castile, Old Castile.Castro, Américo,515.Castro, Juana de,119.Castro, Rosalía de,515.“Catalan vengeance,” the,129.Catalonia and the Catalans,2,11,13,56,58,59,64-66,77-82,96-100,109,110,125,127,129-134,146-150,168-173,176-179,184,187,189,190,192,203,206,210-212,221,227,231,258,262-265,267,272,275,276,280,288-290,296,299,301,311,328,359,370-374,379,380,422,426,427,429-431,432,441,453,460,466,511,512,518;language of,110,189,190,231,429,511,518.Catherine of Aragon,207.Catholic Kings.SeeFerdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile.Catholic Netherlands,250,262,372,378.SeeLow Countries.Catholic Reaction.SeeCounter-Reformation.Catholicism,22,27,29-31,36,80,216,243,246-248,250,251,253-255,261,264,281,288,302-304,306,308,313,315,316,319,343,355,359,443,445,448,455-457,494,501,502,512,514,521.SeeArian creed, Church.Cavanilles,478.Cavo,482.Cejador,515.Celtiberian Mountains,2.Celtiberians, the,8,9.Celts, the,8,9.Censos,281,416,452.Cerda, Fernando de la.SeeFernando.Cerdagne,134,206,207,235,262.Cervantes de Salazar,347.Cervantes y Saavedra, Miguel de,334,353,355-357,359,483.Ceuta,268,513.Chaldea and the Chaldeans,7,10;language of,230.Champagne, Count of,82.Chancillerías.See Audiencias.Chanson de Roland,43.Chapí,515.Chappe d’Autereche,476.Charlemagne,43,55,185.Charles, Prince,247,256.Charles, the Archduke.SeeCharles VI (the Emperor).Charles V, the Emperor.SeeCharles I of Spain.Charles VI, the Emperor,270,369-372,376-381,444.Charles of Anjou,126.Charles of Valois,127.Charles of Viana,132-134.Charles I of England,284.Charles IV of France,134.Charles VIII of France,206,207.Charles I of Spain,209,216,219,234-250,256-258,263,275-277,283-287,289,293,296,298,300,306-308,311,314,316-320,322,326,335,339,345,346,352,353,363.Charles II of Spain,258,268-271,285,288,289,333,369,384.Charles III of Spain,376-380,382-386,389-392,394-399,403,411,412,414,415,419,420,422-424,427,431-433,435,436,438,439,445,447,449-454,456,461-465,467,472-475,478,479,481,485,486,495.Charles IV of Spain,384,399-404,407-409,412,415,419,422,423,