73,75,76,79,82,83,101,110,112,120,132-135,192,196,197,199,207-209,213,214,219,235,240,288-290,427,430-433,441,460,461,491.Navas de Tolosa, battle of,71,76.Neanderthal man,6.Nebrija, Antonio de,231.Nelson,406.New Castile,2,431.SeeCastile.New Orleans,395,397.New Spain,394,448,450,482.SeeMexico.Newfoundland,325,385-387,397.Nicene creed.SeeCatholicism.Nieto,516.Niño, Pero,158.Nobles, the,30-35,40,41,53-57,60-65,67,73,74,76-82,85,86,89-94,96-101,104,111,113-128,130,132,133,137-142,144-157,159,160,163,166-172,177,192,196-200,202-204,210-213,217,219-221,225,237-240,252,253,263,266,267,272-281,288-290,294,295,298,307,325,334-336,339,341,352,402,411-415,419,421,422,424,426-428,430,433,437,447,448,459,460,462,464,468,472-474,490,494,501,505,511,518,522.SeeCaballeros, Church, Counts, Dukes, Grandees,Hidalgos, Marquises, Military orders,Ricoshombres.Nootka affair, the,400,401.Normans,44,64.North Africa.SeeAfrica.North America.SeeSpanish America, United States.Norway,189.Novísima Recopilación,425,441.Nueva Recopilación,300,301,425,441.Numantia,16,17.Numidians,14.Núñez de Arce,515.Ocampo, Florián de,345,346.Octavius.SeeAugustus.O’Donnell,500-502.Oidores,154.Old Castile,2,431,460.SeeCastile.Olivares, Count-Duke of,261,263-268,284,288.Oman,489,491.Omar-ben Hafsun,44,45.Ommayad family,42,46.Ordenanzas Reales, the,226,301.Ordóñez de Montalvo, Garcí,232.O’Reilly, Alejandro,390.Oretana Mountains,2.Orleans, Duke of,375.Orosius,36.Orry,374,434,439.Ortega, the historian,482.Ortega Gasset,515.Ostend Company, the,378.Ostrogoths,27.Ovid,185.Oviedo,55-57.Pacheco,366.Pacific Ocean,310,350,381,388.Padilla, María de,118,119,121.Padilla family,119.Páez de Castro,345,346.Palacio Valdés,515.Palacios,516.Palafox, General,491.Palafox, Juan de,449,450.Palatinate, the,260.Palencia,106,450.Palestine,82.Palma,192-195,430,437.Palou,482.Pamplona,54,312.Panamá, Isthmus of,350.Papal States,126-128,241,247,260,316-320,451,504.SeeChurch, Rome.Paraguay,391,392,435,449.Pardo Bazán,515.Paris, city of,247,369,512;treaty of,387;university of,312.Parlement of Paris,369.Parliament, the British,388.Parma,374,376,381,404,405,445.Partidas, the,162-165,171,175,181,184,185,226,281,301,441.Pase Regio, the,95,164,167,317,318,320,322,444-447.Passau,243.Patiño,434,436,439.Patronato Real,227,292,322,443,445.Paul IV, Pope,247,316-318.Paul, Saint,22.Paula, Francisco de,410.Pavón,477.Peace, Prince of the,403.SeeGodoy.Pedrell,516.Pedro I of Aragon (1094-1104). Omitted.Pedro II of Aragon,79,80,98,126,127,167.Pedro III of Aragon,82,125-127.192.Pedro IV of Aragon,119,120,129-131,146,148,150,166-168,171,173,188,192.Pedro I of Castile (and León),117-121,129,138,186.Pelayo,53,54.Penibética Mountains,2.Peninsula War,491,492.Peñíscola,168.Pereda,515.Perés, Ramón D.,515.Pérez, the navigator,479.Pérez de Ayala,515.Pérez de Guzmán,186,345.Pérez de Ribas,347.Pérez Galdós,515,516.Persia,121.Perú,281,296,478.Pesquisa, the,156,157,273.Pesquisidores,220.Pestalozzi,474.Petrarch,184,185.Petronilla,79.Philip of Bourbon, Prince,378,381.Philip I of Castile (and León),207,208,211,235,244.Philip II of Spain,244-259,265,267,283-287,292,294,296,297,303,306-308,311,314-322,325,326,331,332,340,342,346,348,352,362-364,455.Philip III of Spain,256,258-260,266,284,285,288,294,296,340,365.Philip IV of Spain,258,260-268,283,284,288,295,308,310,318,320,326,333,340,352,362,365,372.Philip V of Spain,270,271,369-378,381,412,418,419,422,425-427,429,434,444,449,478,485,498.Philip IV of France,83.Philip the Handsome.SeePhilip I of Castile (and León).Philippine Islands,450,488,506.Phocians,11.Phœnicians,7-11,14.Pi y Margall,504.Picavea,515.Picón,515.Piquer, Andrés,480.Pisa,78,109,129.Pitt, William,380,385,393.Pius IV, Pope,247,308,317.Pius V, Pope,318.Pizarro,296,347.Plasencia,376,381.Plata, Río de la,386,391.Plato,103,184.Plutarch,185.Plymouth,256.Poitiers,42.Poland,379.Pombal, Marquis of,391,392.Pompey,18.Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino,307.Ponce family,138,152.Porlier,491.Porto Rico,506.Portocarrero,270.Portugal and the Portuguese,1,2,5,8,9,11,19,27,58,74-76,113,115,117,118,120-122,124,155,184,185,189,195,207,214,229,231,246,247,251-253,258,259,262,265-268,288,322,330,370,383,386,387,390-392,394,397,404-408,435,449,452,490,491.Posada,525.Pradilla,515.Prado, the,365,484.Pragmatic Sanction,378,381.Prim,500,502-504,506.Primicias,452.Princes,273.Priscillian,23.Priscillianism,23.Privilege of the Union,128,130,166.Progressives, the,496,498,499.Propios,93,415.Protestant Netherlands, the, and the Dutch,246,250,251,253,254,259-262,265,267-269,299,330,344,369,370,376,378,379,434,456.SeeLow Countries.Protestantism,241-243,248,250,251,253,261,302-304,306-309,315,318,455,456,472.SeeChurch, Counter-Reformation, Reformation.Provençal influences,79,106,110,184,188-190.SeeFrance.Prussia,379,381,402,407,496,503.Puebla de los Ángeles,450.Puig,516.Pulgar, Hernando del,232,345.Punic Wars,12-14.Puritans,393.Pyrenees Mountains,1,2,8,28,40,43,64,127,190,208,235,240,262,369,403,428,482.Quadrivium,181.Quero,450.Quevedo, Francisco de,358.Quietism,309.Quintana,483.Quintilian,24.Racine,482.Radicals, the.SeeProgressives.Raleigh, Walter,253.Ramiro I of Aragon (1035-1063). Omitted.Ramiro II of Aragon,79.Ramiro I of Asturias and León (842-850). Omitted.Ramiro II of Asturias and León,57.Ramón Berenguer I of Barcelona,58,77,99,100.Ramón Buerenguer II of Barcelona (1076-1082 Omitted.Ramón Buerenguer III of Barcelona,73,78.Ramón Buerenguer IV of Barcelona,78,79,100.Ramón y Cajal, Santiago,517.Raphael,363.Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando,484,485.Real Academia de la Historia,476,481.Real Academia Española,