45f.Chipiez, Charles,66Cilician Gates,347Citadel Tell, at Susa,339Cities, in Babylonia,16ff.;origin of,84f.;communication between,237City-gods, origin and development of,84f.;description of a,268;position of,101f.;in relation to the patesi,181;disputes between,101,121f.City-states, development of,84f.,321;wars of the,120ff.;weakening and decay of the,239f.,252Clay, Prof. A. T.,9,52,228Clay tablet, borrowed by Elam,338f.;introduced into Cappadocia,339;reached Crete,345Climatic changes, a cause of racial migrations,354,357f.Clothing, Sumerian and Semitic,41f.Code, of Hammurabi,184;Sumerian origin of,184,348;of Gudea,272;see alsoLawsCodes, legal,347Colour-dishes, for face or body-paint,27,330Commercial intercourse, in Babylonia,237f.;with foreign countries,238,321f.Conch-shells, cylinders and plaques from,78Cones, votive,258;of copper,256;coloured,34;historical,164f.,178ff.Confiscation, Sumerian laws against,182Constantinople,218Contract tablets,64Contracted burial, Sumerian practice of,331Convoys, early service of,237,244Copper, Babylonian evidence with regard to,72ff.;objects from Fâra,3,26f.;from Kimash,261;lance of,229;known to predynastic Egyptians,326;its displacement of flint in Egypt,327;effect of Egyptian skill in working,327Copper-mines, in Elam,261Corn, tribute of,164;fees of,181f.;see alsoGrainCorvée,182Couriers,291Court, expenses of the,169Crenelated buildings, Egyptian and Sumerian,332Crenelation, in walls of early Egyptian buildings,323Crete, traces of Babylonian culture in,345f.;parallels between cultures of Elam and,341Cros, Commandant Gaston,17,172,189,269Cruciform monument, from Sippar,223Cult-centres,84,321Cult-images,50,358Cults, survival of Sumerian,347Cuneiform writing, invention of,65,348;the Sumerian form the parent of other systems,348Cupbearers,112f.,236Cuq, Prof. Edouard,184Curium,343Cutha,8f.,13,37f.,283,293;centre of Nergal's cult,38Cylinders, of Gudea,266f.Cylinder-seal, early migrations of the,333f.;introduced into Babylonia by Sumerians,333;possible Egyptian evolution of the,333f.;earliest form of,334Cylinder-seals, engraving of,78;composite monsters on,77;official use of,236f.;Sumerian,3,27,48,174ff.,284;early Semitic or Akkadian,176,229,344;Egyptian,322,334f.;Cypriote,343f.;Cyro-Cappadocian and Hittite,344;Cretan,346Cyprus, prehistoric pottery of,341;its alleged conquest by Sargon of Agade,234,343;inadequate evidence for the theory,343f.;extent of Babylonian influence in,234,343ff.Dada, patesi of Shuruppak,283Dada, magician,237Dagan,284Daggers, Sumerian,79;engraved panels from handles of,81f.Damgalnunna, temple of,294Damik-ilishu, king of Isin,309,316ff.,319;in chronological table,362Date-formulæ,225,257f.,285,295Date-lists,58Dates, trade in,237Dâti-Enlil, father of Shar-Gani-sharri,227,232Dating, methods of,57f.,168,170,219,318De Clercq Collection,158,218,308De la Fuÿe, Col. Allotte,168ff.,170,173ff.De Lancy, Barré,218De Morgan, J.,39,66,206,212,324,330,332,335,337,339ff.,356De Sarzec, E.,17ff.,77f.,90,92f.,96,130,169,258,261,266,270,332Dead, treatment of the,21,26f.,125,138ff.,149,162,331;Egyptian worship of the,334Decadence, in Sumerian art,82Deification, of early Babylonian kings,203,222,251,273f.,288,298f.,310;effect of,300ff.;origin of,273f.,335Deir,37Deke,31Delitzsch, Prof. Friedrich,5,12,317Delta, Egyptian,2,324,334Demonology,76Deportation, policy of,239f.Dêr,226,285,308Dhorme, Père Paul,228Diarbekr,244f.Dilbat,319Dilmun,235,262,291Diorite,71;from Magan,242,258,262,269f.Disk, from Phaestos,346Divination, by oil,183Diviners, professional,183Divorce, fees for,183f.;abuse of,184Dîwânîya,85Diyala,287Door-sockets,219Dorians,50Doves, as offerings,128f.Dragons, in Sumerian art,77Drainage, systems of,345Dreams, of Eannatum,124; of Gudea,266Dress,41ff.,111f.Drill, in engraving,78,344Droop, J. P.,341Dubâ'i,31Dudu, official at Ur-Ninâ's court,113Dudu, chief priest of Ningirsu under Entemena,166ff.;perforated block of,100,110,166Duerst, Dr. J. Ulrich,356Dugru, of Ningirsu,190Dumuzi-abzu,190Dun-..., patron deity of Ur-Ninâ's dynasty,109,177Dungi, king of Ur, policy of,282;empire of,253,285f.;his adoption of the bow,286f.;Elamite campaigns of,287;provincial administration of,288ff.;buildings of,293f.;copper cone of,256;deification of,274,288;cult of,274,298f.;in chronological table,362Dungi-Babbar,295Dunpae,299Dunshagga,109,181,267;temples to,185,264Dûr-ilu, former reading of the name of Der,226Dûr-Sharrukîn,217Dûr-Sin,206Dynastic Chronicle, from Nippur,59,63,279f.,303,308f.,311f.,315Dynastic Egyptians,323Dynastic lists,59Dynasties, Babylonian,62f.E-abzu, king of Umma,97E-anna, in Erech,12,33,196,280,293;in Lagash,121,161,190,264,269,273E-babbar, in Sippar,218,268;in Larsa,186;in Lagash,186,189E-ditar-kalama,319E-engur,190E-khalbi,294E-kharsag,294E-kur,32,86,88,193,198,201,235,281,297E-meslam,293E-meteursagga,39E-ninnû,77,107f.,160,168,185,261,265ff.,269,272,274,276,296;earliest mention of,95;remains of,19,259E-pa,108,264E-patutila,319E-sagila,282E-salgilsa,296E-silsirsir,273E-ulmash,217Ea,246,289; see EnkiEa-[...], king of Isin,313;in chronological table,362Ea-bani, figures identified with,77,174f.Eagle, as emblem,133;lion-headed,81f.Eannatum, patesi of Lagash,42f.,68,104,192,229f.;reign of,120ff.;conquests of,144ff.;character of,152,155f.;titles of,152;buildings and canals of,152ff.;well of,93,155;representations of,136ff.,140f.;in chronological table,360Ebarti, Elamite dynasty of,306,308Eclipse,62Edfu,324;legend of,324Egypt, Palaeolithic and Neolithic remains in,2;recent excavations on early sites in,324ff.;early cultural connections with Babylonia,78,322ff.,332f.,328,334f.,346;suggested relations with Elam,340f.,345;early influence in Syria,334f.,346;connection with Hittite culture,346;with the Aegean,341;hypothetical Semitic invasion of Upper,323ff.,328;granaries of,92Egyptian culture,326ff.;legends,323f.;language,323;religion, Semitic element in,334;writing, origin of,329f.Egyptians, Neolithic and predynastic,1,323,332;early dynastic,323,332Ekikala,189El-Hibba, excavations at,20f.;inscriptions from,157ff.El-Katr,8El-Ohêmir, site of Kish,8f.,38f.Elam, prehistoric peoples of,342;prehistoric pottery of,340ff.;early cultural relations with Babylonia,321,335ff.;suggested cultural parallels with Egypt,340f.,345;with Crete,341;frontier of,6f.;defeated by Eannatum,145,148ff.,160;defeated by Lu-enna,172;relations of Manishtusu with,212ff.,231;conquered by Urumush,205,231;relations of Sargon and Narâm-Sin with,225f.,231f.,243f.;commercial intercourse with,238,289;early Semitic immigration into,250,289,336;Gudea's campaign in,258;Dungi's conquest and administration of,287ff.,292;under the later kings of Ur,299f.,304;defeated by Anu-mutabil,308;Elamite invasions,304f.,308,311;copper mines in,261;craftsmen from,261f.;patesis of,231,243,305;governors of,306;sukkals of,306;sculpture and metal-work of,337Elamite titles,306ff.Elamites,54Embalming, of the dead,332Emblems, sacred,267;of Ningirsu,98;of a goddess,133;of Lagash,98,100,131,134,167;of a city,150;Elamite origin of certain Babylonian,342Enakalli, patesi of Umma,126;successor of,158f.;in chronological table,360Enannatum I., patesi of Lagash,157ff.;titles of,160;in chronological table,360Enannatum II., patesi of Lagash,168ff.;raid of Elamites in reign of,172;in chronological table,360Enannatum, chief priest of the Moon-god at Ur,310f.Enbi-Ishtar, king of Kish,202f.;racial character of,53; in chronological table,360Enbu-ilum,203Enetarzi, patesi of Lagash,169ff.;letter to,172;in chronological table,360Engilsa, patesi of Lagash,176,209f.;in chronological table,360Engraving, of stone, shell, etc.,78ff.,347;of metal,78,167,229Eniggal, royal steward,170; sealings of,173Enkhegal, king of Lagash,106;in chronological table,360Enki,48,84f.,107,128f.,148,167,194,246,275,301;his temple in Eridu,35f.,108,293,298;his temple in Girsu,259Enkigal,158Enkomi,344Enlil,85,101,103f.,128,165f.,193f.,196,198f.,201,289,294,297;his temple at Nippur,87f.,219,244,281;his temple in Lagash,185,189;frontier shrine to,127;canal dedicated to,107;name of,52Enlil-bani, king of Isin,312;in chronological table,362Enlitarzi, patesi of Lagash,168ff.;in chronological table,360Enlulim,268Enshagkushanna, lord of Sumer,201;