Chapter 41

[1108]Cabrera, Relaciones, p. 404.[1109]Escolano (II, 2001) attributes the slow fever which ended Ribera’s life, in January 1611, to the execration aroused by the misery of the kingdom resulting from the expulsion, for which he was held responsible, and to the vexations endured in his unsparing endeavors to root out the remnants.[1110]Janer, p. 343.[1111]Watson’s Philip III, Appendix B.[1112]Cabrera, Relaciones, p. 458.[1113]Mémoires de Richelieu, I, 86.[1114]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 595.—The next Lutheran relaxation in Majorca did not occur until 1645, and then it was the effigy of the fugitive Jan Anhelant, a Hollander.[1115]Balan, Monumenta Reform. Lutheranæ, p. 79 (Ratisbonæ, 1883).[1116]Llorente, Añales, II, 253.—Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 1.[1117]Bergenroth, Calendar of Spanish State Papers, Supplement, pp. 376, 384. See also Danvila, Historia de las Comunidades, III, 580-3 (Mem. hist. español, XXXVII).[1118]In my “Chapters from the Religious History of Spain” there will be found fuller details of this episode drawn, for the most part, from the excellent account given by Menéndez y Pelayo in hisHeterodoxos Españoles, Vol. II.[1119]Archivo hist. nacional. Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 112, n. 74.[1120]Nic. Anton. Bibl. Nova, s. v.—Heterodoxos españoles, II, 63.[1121]Don Manuel Serrano y Sanz has given a full analysis of this case, from the documents, in theRevista de Archivos, Dic. 1901, Enero y Junio, 1902.[1122]Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 94.—Llorente, Hist. crít., cap.XIV, art. ii, n. 4-12.Virués must have taken possession of his see, for he is said to have died at Telde, a village near Las Palmas, the capital of the Grand Canary.—Murga, Constituciones Sinodales del Obispado de la Gran Canaria, fol. 320 (Madrid, 1634).[1123]Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas, Ed. Campan, II, 158-70 (Bruxelles, 1862).[1124]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31.[1125]Llorente, Hist. crít. cap.XVIII, art. ii, n. 8; cap.XXIX, art. ii, n. 8, 9, 10.—Mig. Medinæ Disput. de Indulg., cap.XLVIII.We find Miguel de Medina, in 1570, acting as consultor in the trial at Toledo of Dr. Sigismondo Arquer for Lutheranism.—Schäfer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus, II, 228 (Gütersloh, 1902).[1126]Bullar. Roman. I, 613.—Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I, 72.[1127]Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 315-16.[1128]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 76, fol. 27; Lib. 940, fol. 2.[1129]Boronat, I, 174.[1130]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 30, n. 10; Leg. 31.[1131]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.Ide copias, fol. 97.[1132]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 2.[1133]Ibidem, Lib. 76, fol. 401.[1134]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.Ide copias, fol. 98.—See Appendix.[1135]Catálogo de las causas seguidas en el Tribunal de Toledo, p. 113 (Madrid, 1903).[1136]Laemmer, Monumenta Vaticana Sæc. XVI, p. 244 (Friborgi, 1861).[1137]Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas, II, 172-216.—Schäfer, III, 9, 738.Francisco de Enzinas, or Dryander, does not come within our horizon, as he left Spain before he became a Protestant and, as he never returned, the Spanish Inquisition had nothing to do with him. His curious Latin memoirs, with a contemporary French translation, have been published by the Société de l’Histoire de Belgique (Bruxelles, 1862-3). A German version, by Hedwig Böhmer, appeared at Bonn, in 1893. Eduard Böhmer, with his customary exhaustiveness, has collected everything that can be gleaned about him, in hisBibliotheca Wiffeniana, I, 133 sqq.[1138]Reginaldi Gonsalvii Montani S. Inquisit. hispan. Artes aliquot detectæ, pp. 159-64 (Heidelbergæ, 1567).[1139]Schäfer, II, 378 sqq.[1140]Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 83.—See Appendix.[1141]Ibidem, Inq., Lib. 79, fol. 98.[1142]Schäfer, II, 342-53. The account of Dr. Egidio by Llorente (Hist. crít., cap.XVIII, art. i, n. 8-20), borrowed from González de Montes, is shown by Schäfer to be wholly incorrect.[1143]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 375.[1144]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.III, fol. 88.[1145]Schäfer, II, 1-271, 342, 352. The statistics are as follows:—Natives.Foreigners.Barcelona—8Logroño1830Valencia—2Saragossa56Cuenca53Granada—3Llerena1—Toledo814Seville2—There are none reported from Córdova, Murcia, Santiago or Majorca prior to 1558.[1146]Schäfer, I, 348-66.—Böhmer, Bibliotheca Wiffeniana, Vol. II.[1147]Cipriano de Valera was the author ofLos dos Tratados del Papa y de la Misa, of which two editions appeared in London, in 1588 and 1599, reprinted by the pious care of Usoz y Rio, in 1851, as Volume VI of hisReformistas antiguos españoles. Of this work there have been two English translations, one by John Golburne in 1600, and the other by J. Savage in 1704. Two other tracts by Valera,Tratado para confirmar en la Fe Christiana and Aviso sobre Jubileos, are in Vol. VIII of theReformistas. His largest work was a translation of the greatInstitutioof Calvin, reproduced as Vol. XIV of theReformistas.Cassiodoro de Reina became the head of Protestant churches, Spanish and French, in London, Antwerp and Frankfort. His chief work was the translation of the Bible into Castilian—a version passing under the name of Cipriano de Valera, who issued a revised edition. Printed in modern times by the Bible Society, it has a circulation throughout Spanish-speaking lands vastly greater than the author could have anticipated three hundred years ago.—Böhmer,op. cit., II, 165.[1148]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 3; Lib. 79, fol. 146.—The three books condemned wereExposicio del Psalmo Beatus vir, Sevilla, 1546, 1551;Cathecismo cristiano, Anvers, 1546, Seville, 1547, andConfesion de un pecador delante de Jesucristo, impr. sin author por Jullio, 1547. These are all in the Valdés Index of 1559, together with two others of his—Suma de doctrina cristianaandDialogo de doctrina cristiana.—Reuch, Die Indices des XVI Jahrhunderts, p. 232.[1149]Juan Pérez was held in much honor by Calvin and, as the little company of refugees increased, he formed them into a congregation of which he was pastor. In 1562 he went to France and took charge of a church at Blois, becoming subsequently chaplain to Renée de France, the widowed Duchess of Ferrara, whose Huguenot tendencies are well known. In 1567 he died in Paris, leaving his little accumulations for the good work of printing books in furtherance of the faith. In 1556 he issued a Castilian New Testament; in 1557, a prose translation of the Psalms, and these were followed by a number of other works.—Böhmer,op. cit., II, 57.Several of his writings were included by Usoz y Rios in theReformistas, viz.:Epistola consolatoria, in Vol. II;Carta á FelipeII, in Vol. III;Breve Tratado de la Doctrina antigua de Dios, in Vol. VII;Suplicacion al Rey Don Philipe, in Vol. XII;Breve Sumario de Indulgentiis, in Vol. XVIII.There was also by him a Catechism—Sumario breve de la doctrina Christiana, printed in 1556 by Crespin in Geneva, though with the imprint of Pietro Daniel of Venice, with approbation of the Spanish Inquisition (Böhmer, II, 86). The rigor with which it was suppressed is illustrated in the trial at Toledo, in 1561, of Mossen Juan Fesque, a French priest, simply for possessing a copy, which he had accidentally bought without knowing what it was and had shown to a bookseller for information. He was tortured with great severity, without eliciting anything more and, as there was nothing else against him, he was discharged. In the course of the trial allusion was made to two other persons, Antonio Martel and Jacobo Sobalti, who had been burnt by the tribunal for possessing the Catechism.—MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, Tom. III.[1150]Schäfer, II, 296, 354-7.[1151]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 239.[1152]For these details I am indebted to Dr. Schäfer (op. cit., I, 251-88, 296-307; III, 796-803), whose careful analysis of the trials of Doña María de Guevara, Pedro de Cazalla and Francisco de Vivero has thrown new light upon the brief episode of Protestantism in Valladolid.[1153]Illescas, Historia pontifical. Paulo IV, §IV.[1154]Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. VI, pp. 411-12.—He adds that heresy might be expected to spread among the peasantry on account of the oppression, tithes and first-fruits exacted by the Church, but that the nobles are vigilant in defence of the faith by reason of the large provision of benefices which they enjoy.[1155]Páramo,op. cit., p. 300.[1156]Gachard, Retraite et Mort de Charles-quint, II, 354.[1157]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 228.This letter also asks that one of the Seville Protestants, Diego or Mateo de la Cruz, who had been burnt in effigy and subsequently captured in Flanders, should be promptly transmitted. He had contributed to Julian Hernández thirty ducats towards books to be smuggled by the latter. What was his fate does not appear. Cf. Schäfer, I, 335; II, 358, 407.[1158]Gachard, II, 417, 418; I, 288.[1159]Gachard, I, 293, 294, 295, 297.[1160]Ibidem, I, 301, 302.[1161]Gachard, I, 302, 304, 306, 309; II, 401, 412, 416, 420-4, 435, 441, 443, 448, 456, 461.[1162]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 230. This letter throws so much light on a turning-point in the history of the Inquisition that I give it in the Appendix, although Schäfer (III, 103) has printed a German translation.[1163]Although called forth rather by the accession of Queen Elizabeth and her assertion of supremacy over the Anglican Church than by the Spanish Protestants, the bullCum ex apostolatus, of February 15, 1559, is worth alluding to as illustrating the spirit of the age. Issued after mature deliberation with the Sacred College, it confirms and renews all the laws, decrees and statutes against heresy, at any time issued, and orders their strict enforcement. As the vicar of God on earth and clothed with supreme power, Paul IV decrees in perpetuity that all guilty of heresy or schism or fautorship—clerics from the lowest up to cardinals and laymen up to kings and emperors—shall be subject to these laws against heresy, shall be deprived of their dignities and possessions, which may be seized by any one obedient to the Holy See; shall be held as relapsed, as though they had previously abjured, and shall be handed over to the secular arm for the legal punishment, unless they manifest true repentance with its fruits, in which case, through the benignity and clemency of the Holy See, they may, if it thinks fit, be thrust into some monastery to perform perpetual penance on the bread of sorrow and water of affliction.—Bullar. Roman., I, 840.—Septimi Decretal., Lib.V, Tit. iii, cap. 9.The Spanish Inquisition kept this bull in its archives (Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.III, fol. 55) but never seems to have had occasion to use it. As the most solemn utterance of the Holy See it is presumably still in force.[1164]Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 153, fol. 95.—The impression produced by this auto is manifested by the number of relations of it. Schäfer prints translations of three (I, 442; III, 1,15) and refers to five others. There is still another, drawn up apparently about 1570 and by no means accurate, in Bib. nat., S, 151.[1165]Schäfer, I, 328: III, 808.[1166]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1034, fol. 221.—Bibl. nacional, MSS., R, 29, fol. 299.See Schäfer, III, 78, for a German translation of this and I, 325-7, for his defence of its genuineness against those who persist in regarding Cazalla as a martyr.There is another recension of this report, differing in many details, and ascribed to Fray Pedro de Mendoza. It is contained in theMiscelanea de Zapata(Mem. hist. español, XI, 201).[1167]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib, XII, fol. 20-9.[1168]Illescas, Historia Pontifical, Paulo IV, § 4.—See also Sepúlveda (De Rebus Gestis Philippi II, Lib. II, n. 24) who seems to have been present.[1169]Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 153, fol. 95.[1170]Illescas,loc. cit.[1171]Ibidem,loc. cit.—Schäfer, III, 118, 129.[1172]Vandennesse, Journal des Voyages de Philippe II (Gachard, Voyages des Souverains, IV, 74).[1173]Schäfer, III, 53, 68. Dr. Schäfer (I, 334 sqq.), with his customary thoroughness, has traced the subsequent disposition of those reconciled.[1174]Decr. Sac. Cong. StiOfficii, p. 161 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. III).[1175]Schäfer, I, 382; II, 361-8.[1176]Ibidem, II, 271.[1177]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.[1178]Bibl. nacional, MSS., R, 29, p. 310.[1179]Illescas, Historia Pontifical, Paulo IV, § 4.To the Spaniards of the period all Protestants were Lutherans but, from the relations of the Seville refugees with Geneva, it may be assumed that these were Calvinists.[1180]Archivo de Simancas, Consejo y Secretaria de Hacienda, Leg. 25.—This appears to be the only complete relation of the auto.[1181]Schäfer, II, 290, 295, 311.[1182]Inquis. Hispan. Artes detectæ, pp. 219-22.—Schäfer, II, 360.[1183]Inquis. Hispan. Artes detectæ, p. 181.—Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXI, art. iii, n. 26.[1184]Strype, Annals of the Reformation in England I, 228-35 (London 1709), from a MS. relation of his sufferings by Frampton. An English translation of Erasmus’s Precepts of Cato was published in 1545 and was probably the book found in Frampton’s possession. If so, the name of Erasmus was sufficient to compromise him.[1185]Schäfer, II, 312, 319.[1186]Schäfer, II, 327.[1187]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.—Schäfer, II, 331.[1188]MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 214 fol. (Cédulas en favor de la Inquisicion).[1189]Nueva Recop. Lib. I, Tit. vii, ley 25.[1190]Coleccion de Documentos, V, 530.[1191]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 108, n. 3.—Schäfer, II, 81.[1192]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 113, n. 64, fol. 20.—The little knot of Huguenots in Toledo is treated exhaustively by Dr. Schäfer in theZeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, October, 1900. He reckons at about forty the number of those alluded to in the trials, which is probably a full estimate for, as usual, they freely denounced all whom they knew or suspected. The tribunal made short work of them in the auto of June 17, 1565, where forty-five culprits appeared and eleven were relaxed, though what portion of these were Protestants is not stated.[1193]Schäfer, II, 70.[1194]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 3.[1195]Ibidem, Lib. 82, fol. 16; Lib. 942, fol. 31.[1196]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 941, fol. 5.[1197]Eduard Böhmer inZeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 1897, pp. 373 sqq.[1198]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 123.[1199]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. III.[1200]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, Tom. XI.[1201]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 30.[1202]Schäfer, II, 93.[1203]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31. That it is mortal sin to administer sacraments in mortal sin is thoroughly orthodox. See Alph. de Ligorio, Theol. Moral., Lib. VI, n. 32, 33.[1204]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.[1205]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 716.[1206]Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.[1207]Ed. Böhmer and A. Morel Fatio (Journal des Savants, Juillet—Sept. 1902).—Schäfer, II, 40.[1208]Schäfer, I, 212-27.[1209]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1, 3.[1210]Ibidem, fol. 13, 15.[1211]Proceso contra Angela Pérez, post fol. 22 (MS.penes me).—Matute y Luquin, Autos de fe de Córdova, p. 223.—Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.[1212]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XI.[1213]Ibidem, T. III.[1214]Janer, Condicion de los Moriscos, p. 277.[1215]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552; fol. 22.[1216]Libro Verde de Aragon (Revista de España, CVI, 570-83).[1217]Schäfer, II, 2.[1218]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 9.[1219]Gachard, Don Carlos et Philippe II, I, 107.[1220]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.[1221]Dépêches de M. de Fourquevaux, I, 154, 163, 179, 197, 216, 218, 224, 234, 252, 291, 299, 310 (Paris, 1896).[1222]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1157, fol. 38.[1223]Ibidem, Lib. 82, fol. 69.[1224]Ibidem, fol. 71.[1225]Archivo de Simancas,loc. cit.[1226]Ibidem, Lib. 81, fol. 27.[1227]Parets, Sucesos de Cataluña (Mem. hist. español, XX, 20).[1228]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.—Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.[1229]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552.[1230]Ibidem. Lib. 876.[1231]Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.[1232]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 3, n. 7, p. 476.[1233]Birch, Catalogue of MSS. of the Inq. of the Canaries, I, 308-26.[1234]Birch,op. cit., I, 225-30, 303.[1235]Schäfer, I, 112; II, 45.[1236]Hinojosa, Despachos de la Diplomacia pontificia, I, 353, 377 (Madrid, 1896).The alum mines of Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, were the source of considerable revenue to the Holy See.[1237]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Cartas del Consejo, Leg. 5, n. 2, fol. 104.[1238]Coleccion de Tratados de Paz; Phelipe III, P. I, pp. 161-2, 298.

[1108]Cabrera, Relaciones, p. 404.

[1109]Escolano (II, 2001) attributes the slow fever which ended Ribera’s life, in January 1611, to the execration aroused by the misery of the kingdom resulting from the expulsion, for which he was held responsible, and to the vexations endured in his unsparing endeavors to root out the remnants.

[1110]Janer, p. 343.

[1111]Watson’s Philip III, Appendix B.

[1112]Cabrera, Relaciones, p. 458.

[1113]Mémoires de Richelieu, I, 86.

[1114]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 595.—The next Lutheran relaxation in Majorca did not occur until 1645, and then it was the effigy of the fugitive Jan Anhelant, a Hollander.

[1115]Balan, Monumenta Reform. Lutheranæ, p. 79 (Ratisbonæ, 1883).

[1116]Llorente, Añales, II, 253.—Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 1.

[1117]Bergenroth, Calendar of Spanish State Papers, Supplement, pp. 376, 384. See also Danvila, Historia de las Comunidades, III, 580-3 (Mem. hist. español, XXXVII).

[1118]In my “Chapters from the Religious History of Spain” there will be found fuller details of this episode drawn, for the most part, from the excellent account given by Menéndez y Pelayo in hisHeterodoxos Españoles, Vol. II.

[1119]Archivo hist. nacional. Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 112, n. 74.

[1120]Nic. Anton. Bibl. Nova, s. v.—Heterodoxos españoles, II, 63.

[1121]Don Manuel Serrano y Sanz has given a full analysis of this case, from the documents, in theRevista de Archivos, Dic. 1901, Enero y Junio, 1902.

[1122]Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 94.—Llorente, Hist. crít., cap.XIV, art. ii, n. 4-12.Virués must have taken possession of his see, for he is said to have died at Telde, a village near Las Palmas, the capital of the Grand Canary.—Murga, Constituciones Sinodales del Obispado de la Gran Canaria, fol. 320 (Madrid, 1634).

[1122]Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 94.—Llorente, Hist. crít., cap.XIV, art. ii, n. 4-12.

Virués must have taken possession of his see, for he is said to have died at Telde, a village near Las Palmas, the capital of the Grand Canary.—Murga, Constituciones Sinodales del Obispado de la Gran Canaria, fol. 320 (Madrid, 1634).

[1123]Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas, Ed. Campan, II, 158-70 (Bruxelles, 1862).

[1124]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31.

[1125]Llorente, Hist. crít. cap.XVIII, art. ii, n. 8; cap.XXIX, art. ii, n. 8, 9, 10.—Mig. Medinæ Disput. de Indulg., cap.XLVIII.We find Miguel de Medina, in 1570, acting as consultor in the trial at Toledo of Dr. Sigismondo Arquer for Lutheranism.—Schäfer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus, II, 228 (Gütersloh, 1902).

[1125]Llorente, Hist. crít. cap.XVIII, art. ii, n. 8; cap.XXIX, art. ii, n. 8, 9, 10.—Mig. Medinæ Disput. de Indulg., cap.XLVIII.

We find Miguel de Medina, in 1570, acting as consultor in the trial at Toledo of Dr. Sigismondo Arquer for Lutheranism.—Schäfer, Beiträge zur Geschichte des spanischen Protestantismus, II, 228 (Gütersloh, 1902).

[1126]Bullar. Roman. I, 613.—Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bücher, I, 72.

[1127]Menéndez y Pelayo, II, 315-16.

[1128]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 76, fol. 27; Lib. 940, fol. 2.

[1129]Boronat, I, 174.

[1130]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 30, n. 10; Leg. 31.

[1131]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.Ide copias, fol. 97.

[1132]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 2.

[1133]Ibidem, Lib. 76, fol. 401.

[1134]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.Ide copias, fol. 98.—See Appendix.

[1135]Catálogo de las causas seguidas en el Tribunal de Toledo, p. 113 (Madrid, 1903).

[1136]Laemmer, Monumenta Vaticana Sæc. XVI, p. 244 (Friborgi, 1861).

[1137]Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas, II, 172-216.—Schäfer, III, 9, 738.Francisco de Enzinas, or Dryander, does not come within our horizon, as he left Spain before he became a Protestant and, as he never returned, the Spanish Inquisition had nothing to do with him. His curious Latin memoirs, with a contemporary French translation, have been published by the Société de l’Histoire de Belgique (Bruxelles, 1862-3). A German version, by Hedwig Böhmer, appeared at Bonn, in 1893. Eduard Böhmer, with his customary exhaustiveness, has collected everything that can be gleaned about him, in hisBibliotheca Wiffeniana, I, 133 sqq.

[1137]Mémoires de Francisco de Enzinas, II, 172-216.—Schäfer, III, 9, 738.

Francisco de Enzinas, or Dryander, does not come within our horizon, as he left Spain before he became a Protestant and, as he never returned, the Spanish Inquisition had nothing to do with him. His curious Latin memoirs, with a contemporary French translation, have been published by the Société de l’Histoire de Belgique (Bruxelles, 1862-3). A German version, by Hedwig Böhmer, appeared at Bonn, in 1893. Eduard Böhmer, with his customary exhaustiveness, has collected everything that can be gleaned about him, in hisBibliotheca Wiffeniana, I, 133 sqq.

[1138]Reginaldi Gonsalvii Montani S. Inquisit. hispan. Artes aliquot detectæ, pp. 159-64 (Heidelbergæ, 1567).

[1139]Schäfer, II, 378 sqq.

[1140]Archivo de Simancas, Inq. de Barcelona, Córtes, Leg. 17, fol. 83.—See Appendix.

[1141]Ibidem, Inq., Lib. 79, fol. 98.

[1142]Schäfer, II, 342-53. The account of Dr. Egidio by Llorente (Hist. crít., cap.XVIII, art. i, n. 8-20), borrowed from González de Montes, is shown by Schäfer to be wholly incorrect.

[1143]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 375.

[1144]Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.III, fol. 88.

[1145]Schäfer, II, 1-271, 342, 352. The statistics are as follows:—Natives.Foreigners.Barcelona—8Logroño1830Valencia—2Saragossa56Cuenca53Granada—3Llerena1—Toledo814Seville2—There are none reported from Córdova, Murcia, Santiago or Majorca prior to 1558.

[1145]Schäfer, II, 1-271, 342, 352. The statistics are as follows:—

There are none reported from Córdova, Murcia, Santiago or Majorca prior to 1558.

[1146]Schäfer, I, 348-66.—Böhmer, Bibliotheca Wiffeniana, Vol. II.

[1147]Cipriano de Valera was the author ofLos dos Tratados del Papa y de la Misa, of which two editions appeared in London, in 1588 and 1599, reprinted by the pious care of Usoz y Rio, in 1851, as Volume VI of hisReformistas antiguos españoles. Of this work there have been two English translations, one by John Golburne in 1600, and the other by J. Savage in 1704. Two other tracts by Valera,Tratado para confirmar en la Fe Christiana and Aviso sobre Jubileos, are in Vol. VIII of theReformistas. His largest work was a translation of the greatInstitutioof Calvin, reproduced as Vol. XIV of theReformistas.Cassiodoro de Reina became the head of Protestant churches, Spanish and French, in London, Antwerp and Frankfort. His chief work was the translation of the Bible into Castilian—a version passing under the name of Cipriano de Valera, who issued a revised edition. Printed in modern times by the Bible Society, it has a circulation throughout Spanish-speaking lands vastly greater than the author could have anticipated three hundred years ago.—Böhmer,op. cit., II, 165.

Cassiodoro de Reina became the head of Protestant churches, Spanish and French, in London, Antwerp and Frankfort. His chief work was the translation of the Bible into Castilian—a version passing under the name of Cipriano de Valera, who issued a revised edition. Printed in modern times by the Bible Society, it has a circulation throughout Spanish-speaking lands vastly greater than the author could have anticipated three hundred years ago.—Böhmer,op. cit., II, 165.

[1148]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 3; Lib. 79, fol. 146.—The three books condemned wereExposicio del Psalmo Beatus vir, Sevilla, 1546, 1551;Cathecismo cristiano, Anvers, 1546, Seville, 1547, andConfesion de un pecador delante de Jesucristo, impr. sin author por Jullio, 1547. These are all in the Valdés Index of 1559, together with two others of his—Suma de doctrina cristianaandDialogo de doctrina cristiana.—Reuch, Die Indices des XVI Jahrhunderts, p. 232.

[1149]Juan Pérez was held in much honor by Calvin and, as the little company of refugees increased, he formed them into a congregation of which he was pastor. In 1562 he went to France and took charge of a church at Blois, becoming subsequently chaplain to Renée de France, the widowed Duchess of Ferrara, whose Huguenot tendencies are well known. In 1567 he died in Paris, leaving his little accumulations for the good work of printing books in furtherance of the faith. In 1556 he issued a Castilian New Testament; in 1557, a prose translation of the Psalms, and these were followed by a number of other works.—Böhmer,op. cit., II, 57.Several of his writings were included by Usoz y Rios in theReformistas, viz.:Epistola consolatoria, in Vol. II;Carta á FelipeII, in Vol. III;Breve Tratado de la Doctrina antigua de Dios, in Vol. VII;Suplicacion al Rey Don Philipe, in Vol. XII;Breve Sumario de Indulgentiis, in Vol. XVIII.There was also by him a Catechism—Sumario breve de la doctrina Christiana, printed in 1556 by Crespin in Geneva, though with the imprint of Pietro Daniel of Venice, with approbation of the Spanish Inquisition (Böhmer, II, 86). The rigor with which it was suppressed is illustrated in the trial at Toledo, in 1561, of Mossen Juan Fesque, a French priest, simply for possessing a copy, which he had accidentally bought without knowing what it was and had shown to a bookseller for information. He was tortured with great severity, without eliciting anything more and, as there was nothing else against him, he was discharged. In the course of the trial allusion was made to two other persons, Antonio Martel and Jacobo Sobalti, who had been burnt by the tribunal for possessing the Catechism.—MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, Tom. III.

Several of his writings were included by Usoz y Rios in theReformistas, viz.:Epistola consolatoria, in Vol. II;Carta á FelipeII, in Vol. III;Breve Tratado de la Doctrina antigua de Dios, in Vol. VII;Suplicacion al Rey Don Philipe, in Vol. XII;Breve Sumario de Indulgentiis, in Vol. XVIII.

There was also by him a Catechism—Sumario breve de la doctrina Christiana, printed in 1556 by Crespin in Geneva, though with the imprint of Pietro Daniel of Venice, with approbation of the Spanish Inquisition (Böhmer, II, 86). The rigor with which it was suppressed is illustrated in the trial at Toledo, in 1561, of Mossen Juan Fesque, a French priest, simply for possessing a copy, which he had accidentally bought without knowing what it was and had shown to a bookseller for information. He was tortured with great severity, without eliciting anything more and, as there was nothing else against him, he was discharged. In the course of the trial allusion was made to two other persons, Antonio Martel and Jacobo Sobalti, who had been burnt by the tribunal for possessing the Catechism.—MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, Tom. III.

[1150]Schäfer, II, 296, 354-7.

[1151]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 239.

[1152]For these details I am indebted to Dr. Schäfer (op. cit., I, 251-88, 296-307; III, 796-803), whose careful analysis of the trials of Doña María de Guevara, Pedro de Cazalla and Francisco de Vivero has thrown new light upon the brief episode of Protestantism in Valladolid.

[1153]Illescas, Historia pontifical. Paulo IV, §IV.

[1154]Relazioni Venete, Serie I, T. VI, pp. 411-12.—He adds that heresy might be expected to spread among the peasantry on account of the oppression, tithes and first-fruits exacted by the Church, but that the nobles are vigilant in defence of the faith by reason of the large provision of benefices which they enjoy.

[1155]Páramo,op. cit., p. 300.

[1156]Gachard, Retraite et Mort de Charles-quint, II, 354.

[1157]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 228.This letter also asks that one of the Seville Protestants, Diego or Mateo de la Cruz, who had been burnt in effigy and subsequently captured in Flanders, should be promptly transmitted. He had contributed to Julian Hernández thirty ducats towards books to be smuggled by the latter. What was his fate does not appear. Cf. Schäfer, I, 335; II, 358, 407.

[1157]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 228.

This letter also asks that one of the Seville Protestants, Diego or Mateo de la Cruz, who had been burnt in effigy and subsequently captured in Flanders, should be promptly transmitted. He had contributed to Julian Hernández thirty ducats towards books to be smuggled by the latter. What was his fate does not appear. Cf. Schäfer, I, 335; II, 358, 407.

[1158]Gachard, II, 417, 418; I, 288.

[1159]Gachard, I, 293, 294, 295, 297.

[1160]Ibidem, I, 301, 302.

[1161]Gachard, I, 302, 304, 306, 309; II, 401, 412, 416, 420-4, 435, 441, 443, 448, 456, 461.

[1162]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Sala 40, Lib.IV, fol. 230. This letter throws so much light on a turning-point in the history of the Inquisition that I give it in the Appendix, although Schäfer (III, 103) has printed a German translation.

[1163]Although called forth rather by the accession of Queen Elizabeth and her assertion of supremacy over the Anglican Church than by the Spanish Protestants, the bullCum ex apostolatus, of February 15, 1559, is worth alluding to as illustrating the spirit of the age. Issued after mature deliberation with the Sacred College, it confirms and renews all the laws, decrees and statutes against heresy, at any time issued, and orders their strict enforcement. As the vicar of God on earth and clothed with supreme power, Paul IV decrees in perpetuity that all guilty of heresy or schism or fautorship—clerics from the lowest up to cardinals and laymen up to kings and emperors—shall be subject to these laws against heresy, shall be deprived of their dignities and possessions, which may be seized by any one obedient to the Holy See; shall be held as relapsed, as though they had previously abjured, and shall be handed over to the secular arm for the legal punishment, unless they manifest true repentance with its fruits, in which case, through the benignity and clemency of the Holy See, they may, if it thinks fit, be thrust into some monastery to perform perpetual penance on the bread of sorrow and water of affliction.—Bullar. Roman., I, 840.—Septimi Decretal., Lib.V, Tit. iii, cap. 9.The Spanish Inquisition kept this bull in its archives (Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.III, fol. 55) but never seems to have had occasion to use it. As the most solemn utterance of the Holy See it is presumably still in force.

The Spanish Inquisition kept this bull in its archives (Bulario de la Orden de Santiago, Lib.III, fol. 55) but never seems to have had occasion to use it. As the most solemn utterance of the Holy See it is presumably still in force.

[1164]Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 153, fol. 95.—The impression produced by this auto is manifested by the number of relations of it. Schäfer prints translations of three (I, 442; III, 1,15) and refers to five others. There is still another, drawn up apparently about 1570 and by no means accurate, in Bib. nat., S, 151.

[1165]Schäfer, I, 328: III, 808.

[1166]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1034, fol. 221.—Bibl. nacional, MSS., R, 29, fol. 299.See Schäfer, III, 78, for a German translation of this and I, 325-7, for his defence of its genuineness against those who persist in regarding Cazalla as a martyr.There is another recension of this report, differing in many details, and ascribed to Fray Pedro de Mendoza. It is contained in theMiscelanea de Zapata(Mem. hist. español, XI, 201).

[1166]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 1034, fol. 221.—Bibl. nacional, MSS., R, 29, fol. 299.

See Schäfer, III, 78, for a German translation of this and I, 325-7, for his defence of its genuineness against those who persist in regarding Cazalla as a martyr.

There is another recension of this report, differing in many details, and ascribed to Fray Pedro de Mendoza. It is contained in theMiscelanea de Zapata(Mem. hist. español, XI, 201).

[1167]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib, XII, fol. 20-9.

[1168]Illescas, Historia Pontifical, Paulo IV, § 4.—See also Sepúlveda (De Rebus Gestis Philippi II, Lib. II, n. 24) who seems to have been present.

[1169]Bibl. nacional, MSS., D, 153, fol. 95.

[1170]Illescas,loc. cit.

[1171]Ibidem,loc. cit.—Schäfer, III, 118, 129.

[1172]Vandennesse, Journal des Voyages de Philippe II (Gachard, Voyages des Souverains, IV, 74).

[1173]Schäfer, III, 53, 68. Dr. Schäfer (I, 334 sqq.), with his customary thoroughness, has traced the subsequent disposition of those reconciled.

[1174]Decr. Sac. Cong. StiOfficii, p. 161 (Bibl. del R. Archivio di Stato in Roma, Fondo Camerale, Congr. del S. Officio, Vol. III).

[1175]Schäfer, I, 382; II, 361-8.

[1176]Ibidem, II, 271.

[1177]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.

[1178]Bibl. nacional, MSS., R, 29, p. 310.

[1179]Illescas, Historia Pontifical, Paulo IV, § 4.To the Spaniards of the period all Protestants were Lutherans but, from the relations of the Seville refugees with Geneva, it may be assumed that these were Calvinists.

[1179]Illescas, Historia Pontifical, Paulo IV, § 4.

To the Spaniards of the period all Protestants were Lutherans but, from the relations of the Seville refugees with Geneva, it may be assumed that these were Calvinists.

[1180]Archivo de Simancas, Consejo y Secretaria de Hacienda, Leg. 25.—This appears to be the only complete relation of the auto.

[1181]Schäfer, II, 290, 295, 311.

[1182]Inquis. Hispan. Artes detectæ, pp. 219-22.—Schäfer, II, 360.

[1183]Inquis. Hispan. Artes detectæ, p. 181.—Llorente, Hist. crít., cap. XXI, art. iii, n. 26.

[1184]Strype, Annals of the Reformation in England I, 228-35 (London 1709), from a MS. relation of his sufferings by Frampton. An English translation of Erasmus’s Precepts of Cato was published in 1545 and was probably the book found in Frampton’s possession. If so, the name of Erasmus was sufficient to compromise him.

[1185]Schäfer, II, 312, 319.

[1186]Schäfer, II, 327.

[1187]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 787.—Schäfer, II, 331.

[1188]MSS. of Royal Library of Copenhagen, 214 fol. (Cédulas en favor de la Inquisicion).

[1189]Nueva Recop. Lib. I, Tit. vii, ley 25.

[1190]Coleccion de Documentos, V, 530.

[1191]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 108, n. 3.—Schäfer, II, 81.

[1192]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 113, n. 64, fol. 20.—The little knot of Huguenots in Toledo is treated exhaustively by Dr. Schäfer in theZeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, October, 1900. He reckons at about forty the number of those alluded to in the trials, which is probably a full estimate for, as usual, they freely denounced all whom they knew or suspected. The tribunal made short work of them in the auto of June 17, 1565, where forty-five culprits appeared and eleven were relaxed, though what portion of these were Protestants is not stated.

[1193]Schäfer, II, 70.

[1194]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 940, fol. 3.

[1195]Ibidem, Lib. 82, fol. 16; Lib. 942, fol. 31.

[1196]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 941, fol. 5.

[1197]Eduard Böhmer inZeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, 1897, pp. 373 sqq.

[1198]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 1, n. 4, fol. 123.

[1199]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. III.

[1200]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, Tom. XI.

[1201]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 30.

[1202]Schäfer, II, 93.

[1203]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 31. That it is mortal sin to administer sacraments in mortal sin is thoroughly orthodox. See Alph. de Ligorio, Theol. Moral., Lib. VI, n. 32, 33.

[1204]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.

[1205]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Lib. 716.

[1206]Bibl. nacional, MSS., PV, 3, n. 20.

[1207]Ed. Böhmer and A. Morel Fatio (Journal des Savants, Juillet—Sept. 1902).—Schäfer, II, 40.

[1208]Schäfer, I, 212-27.

[1209]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552, fol. 1, 3.

[1210]Ibidem, fol. 13, 15.

[1211]Proceso contra Angela Pérez, post fol. 22 (MS.penes me).—Matute y Luquin, Autos de fe de Córdova, p. 223.—Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[1212]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. XI.

[1213]Ibidem, T. III.

[1214]Janer, Condicion de los Moriscos, p. 277.

[1215]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552; fol. 22.

[1216]Libro Verde de Aragon (Revista de España, CVI, 570-83).

[1217]Schäfer, II, 2.

[1218]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 9.

[1219]Gachard, Don Carlos et Philippe II, I, 107.

[1220]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Visitas de Barcelona, Leg. 15, fol. 20.

[1221]Dépêches de M. de Fourquevaux, I, 154, 163, 179, 197, 216, 218, 224, 234, 252, 291, 299, 310 (Paris, 1896).

[1222]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 1157, fol. 38.

[1223]Ibidem, Lib. 82, fol. 69.

[1224]Ibidem, fol. 71.

[1225]Archivo de Simancas,loc. cit.

[1226]Ibidem, Lib. 81, fol. 27.

[1227]Parets, Sucesos de Cataluña (Mem. hist. español, XX, 20).

[1228]MSS. of Library of Univ. of Halle, Yc, 20, T. I.—Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Toledo, Leg. 1.

[1229]Archivo de Simancas, Inq., Leg. 552.

[1230]Ibidem. Lib. 876.

[1231]Royal Library of Berlin, Qt. 9548.

[1232]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Leg. 3, n. 7, p. 476.

[1233]Birch, Catalogue of MSS. of the Inq. of the Canaries, I, 308-26.

[1234]Birch,op. cit., I, 225-30, 303.

[1235]Schäfer, I, 112; II, 45.

[1236]Hinojosa, Despachos de la Diplomacia pontificia, I, 353, 377 (Madrid, 1896).The alum mines of Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, were the source of considerable revenue to the Holy See.

[1236]Hinojosa, Despachos de la Diplomacia pontificia, I, 353, 377 (Madrid, 1896).

The alum mines of Tolfa, near Civita Vecchia, were the source of considerable revenue to the Holy See.

[1237]Archivo hist. nacional, Inq. de Valencia, Cartas del Consejo, Leg. 5, n. 2, fol. 104.

[1238]Coleccion de Tratados de Paz; Phelipe III, P. I, pp. 161-2, 298.

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