APPENDIX.(A.) SOME OCCASIONAL PECULIARITIES OF VERBS.2300.In many cases where in English a verb likewishortry to havea thing done,can,must, oram allowed to, is used, the equivalent Latin verb is omitted. As this use generally extends through the entire system of the verb, examples of the nouns of the verb and of subordinate sentences thus used, are conveniently included here.The Conative Use.2301.A verb is sometimes used to denote action proposed, attempted, or begun, but not necessarily carried out. This is called theConative Useof the verb: as,ancillās dēdō, T.Hec.773,I try to give, orI offer up the servant girls.sine ūllā dubitātiōne condemnant,Clu.75,without a moment’s hesitation they vote to condemn.dum id inpetrant, Pl.Cap.233,as long as they’re trying to get it.sī plācēs inlacrimābilem Plūtōna, H. 2, 14, 5,shouldst thou the stonyhearted Pluto strive to melt.sī discēdās, J. 7. 50,should you attempt to leave.in cūriam abiēcit, quam vīvus ēverterat,Mil.90,he shoved the corpse into the senate house, which the man in his lifetime had done his best to overthrow.adsurgentem rēgem umbōne resupīnat, L. 4, 19, 5,with the boss of his shield he put the king flat on his back, when he tried to get up.2302.This use is particularly common in the imperfect indicative: as,nostrōs ingredī prohibēbant, 5, 9, 6,they tried to stop our people from getting in.Apellēs faciēbat, Plin.NH. praef.26,Apelles undertook to do this, oran attempt of Apelles’s.sēdābant tumultūs, sēdandō interdum movēbant, L. 3, 15, 7,they tried to quell the riotings, but by trying they started them once in a while afresh.num dubitās id mē imperante facere, quod iam tuā sponte faciēbās?C.1, 13,do you possibly hesitate to do at my command what you wanted to do, as it was, yourself?The conative use is not very common in old Latin, but more frequent from Cicero and Caesar on.2303.When the conative use is to be expressed more distinctly, a form ofvolōorcōnoris used, or a frequentative, likevēnditō,try to sell,adventō,strive to come.The Causative Use.2304.A verb is sometimes used to denote not what the subject actually does himself, but what he has another do. This is called theCausative Useof the verb: as,animī causā mihi nāvem faciam, Pl.R.932,just for diversion I’ll build me a yacht.cum vellet sibī̆ ānulum facere, aurificem iussit vocārī,V.4, 56,wanting to make him a ring, he ordered a goldsmith to be called.complūrēs pauperēs mortuōs suō sūmptū extulit, N. 5, 4, 3,he buried a good many poor dead people at his own expense, i.e. had them buried. Also in the passive: as,tondēmur, Quintil. 1, 6, 44,we get shaved. When greater exactness is required, having a thing done may be expressed more distinctly byfaciō(1965), bycūrō(2250), or byiubeō.The Potential Use.2305.A verb is sometimes used to indicate action that can be done, and especially action that can be done at any time. This is called thePotential Useof the verb: as,clārē oculīs videō, Pl.MG.630,I can see distinctly.proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum Rhodanus fluit isque nōnnūllīs locīs vadō trānsītur, 1, 6, 2,because the Rhone runs between the district of the Helvetians and Allobrogans, and the river in some places can be forded, oris fordable. Particularly with a negative: as,apertē adūlantem nēmō nōn videt,L.99,an open flatterer anybody can see through.nōn facile dīiūdicātur amor vērus et fīctus,Fam.9, 16, 2,real love and pretended love cannot easily be told apart.ubī̆ Crassus animadvertit, suās cōpiās nōn facile dīdūcī, nōn cunctandum exīstimāvit, 3, 23, 7,when Crassus saw that his forces could not easily be divided, he thought he ought to lose no time.quoniam prōpositum nōn tenuerat, Caes.C.3, 65, 4,seeing that he had not succeeded in carrying out his plan. Sometimes this idea is expressed by the subjunctive (1554).The Obligatory Use.2306.A verb is sometimes used to denote obligatory action. This is called theObligatory Useof the verb: as,paulisper commorātus est,Mil.28,he had to wait.aegra trahēbant corpora, V. 3, 140,they had to drag their sickly frames along.caruī patriā,Sest.145,I had to keep away from the country of my birth.senātor populī Rōmānī pernoctāvit in pūblicō,V.4, 25,a senator of Rome was fain to sleep in the streets.serēmus aliquid in dērelictō solō,Br.16,we shall have to sow something in an abandoned field.erat summa inopia pābulī, adeō ut foliīs equōs alerent, Caes.C.3, 58, 3,there was an utter lack of fodder, so that they were fain to feed their horses on leaves.The Permissive Use.2307.A verb is sometimes used to denote permitted action. This is called thePermissive Useof the verb: as,Verrēsne habēbit domī suae candēlābrum Iovis?V.4, 71,shall Verres be allowed to have at his house a candelabra of Jupiter?petit ut ipse dē eō statuat, 1, 19, 5,he asks to be allowed to sit in judgement himself on the man.Pīsō ōrāvit ut manēret, Ta. 2, 81,Piso asked to be allowed to stay.(B.) INDIRECT DISCOURSE.(Ōrātiō Oblīqua.)2308.The speech or thought of another, quoted in his own words, is calledDirect Discourse(1723).2309.The speech or thought of another, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking, is calledIndirect Discourse(1723).One may, of course, quote his own words or thoughts indirectly, as well as those of another (1726).2310.The verb of thinking or saying is often not distinctly expressed, but only implied in the context (1725).2311.The principles which govern the change of direct discourse into indirect discourse have been already set forth in the foregoing pages; but, for the convenience of the learner, they are here put together.MOOD.(A.) Main Sentences.2312.Declarative sentences of direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive, and interrogative and imperative sentences of direct discourse are put in the subjunctive, in indirect discourse.(a.) For examples of declarative sentences, see2175-2184.(b.) Interrogative (1773):quid vellet? cūr in suās possessiōnēs venīret?1, 44, 7,what did he mean? why this movement into his property?from Ariovistus’s reply to Caesar.dictātor litterās ad senātum mīsit: deum benignitāte Vēiōs iam fore in potestāte populī Rōmānī; quid dē praedā faciendum cēnsērent?L. 5, 20, 1,the dictator sent this letter to the senate: through the bounty of the gods Vei would soon belong to the Roman nation; what did they think should be done about the booty?(c.) Imperative (1547):Cicerō respondit: sī ab armīs discēdere velint, sē adiūtōre ūtantur lēgātōsque ad Caesarem mittant, 5, 41, 7,Cicero replied: if they wished to lay down their arms, let them take his advice and send envoys to Caesar.nūntius ē̆ī domō vēnit: bellum Athēniēnsēs et Boeōtōs indīxisse Lacedaemoniīs; quārē venīre nē dubitāret, N. 17, 4, 1,a message reached him from home: the Athenians and Boeotians had declared war on the Lacedaemonians; so he was to come without delay. See also1707,1708.2313.Rhetorical questions (that is, declarations made for effect in the form of questions) in the first or third person in the direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive in indirect discourse: as,sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet, num etiam recentium iniūriārum memoriam dēpōnere posse?1, 14, 3,if he were inclined to disregard the old affront, could he also forget their fresh insults?from Caesar’s reply to the Helvetians.haud mīrum esse Superbō ē̆ī inditum Rōmae cōgnōmen: an quicquam superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latīnum? cui nōn appārēre adfectāre eum imperium in Latīnōs?L. 1, 50, 3,no wonder Rome dubbed him ‘the Proud’: could there be a greater sign of pride than this mockery of the whole Latin nation? who did not see that he aspired to dominion over the Latins?This use is not found in old Latin. It occurs once or twice in Cicero’s letters and a few times in Caesar. In Livy and late writers, it is not uncommon. Such questions in the second person require the subjunctive (2312).2314.Questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse retain the subjunctive in indirect discourse: as,quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī Rōmānī attulissent, id iīs ēripī quis patī posset?1, 43, 8,who could allow them to be stripped of what they had possessed when they became the friends of the Roman nation?(1565).(B.) Subordinate Sentences.2315.The verb of a subordinate sentence, introduced by a relative word or a conjunctive particle, stands in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1722).For the indicative withdum,in the time while, retained in indirect discourse, see1995.sapientissimum esse dīcunt eum, cui quod opus sit ipsī veniat in mentem; proximē accēdere illum quī alterīus bene inventīs obtemperet,Clu.84,they say he is the wisest man who thinks out of himself what is expedient; and that the man who avails himself of the wise devices of another comes next.ad haec Ariovistus respondit: iūs esse bellī, ut quī vīcissent iīs quōs vīcissent, quemadmodum vellent imperārent, 1, 36, 1,to this Ariovistus answered: that it was the right of war for the conquerors to dictate to the conquered such terms as they pleased.2316.Relative sentences equivalent to main sentences (1835) may be put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,ūnum medium diem fuisse, quem tōtum Galbam in cōnsīderandā causā compōnendāque posuisse,Br.87,that a single day intervened and that this whole day Galba employed in studying up and arranging the case. This use is found in Cicero, rarely in Caesar, in Livy, and a few times in other authors. Not in old Latin.2317.So also sentences introduced by certain conjunctive particles are occasionally put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,id quod saepe dictum est: ut mare ventōrum vī agitārī atque turbārī, sīc populum Rōmānum hominum sēditiōsōrum vōcibus concitārī,Clu.138,the oft-repeated saying: as the sea is ruffled and tossed by the mighty winds, so the people of Rome are stirred up by the talk of agitators.honōrificum id mīlitibus fore, quōrum favōrem ut largitiōne et ambitū male adquīrī, ita per bonās artēs haud spernendum, Ta.H.1, 17,that would be a mark of respect to the troops, and their good will, though usually won by bribery and corruption, was certainly no small gain if honourably come by.fugere senātum testēs tabulās pūblicās cēnsūs cuiusque, cum interim obaerātam plēbem obiectārī aliīs atque aliīs hostibus, L. 6, 27, 6,that the senate sought to avoid evidence of each man’s property through making public returns, while at the same time the commons lay bankrupt and at the mercy of one enemy after another.utandquemadmodumare found with this infinitive in Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus;cum interimandsī nōnin Livy;quiain Livy and Seneca;quamquamin Livy and Tacitus;nisi fortein Tacitus. Forquamwith the infinitive, see1898.2318.Relative sentences which are not a part of the quotation, but an addition of the writer’s, or which are a circumlocution equivalent to a substantive, are marked by the indicative (1729): as,Condrūsōs, Eburōnēs, Caeroesōs, Paemānōs, quī ūnō nōmine Germānī appellantur, arbitrārī adXLmīlia, 2, 4, 10,that they reckoned the Condrusians, Eburonians, Caeroesians and Paemanians (who are all called by one name Germans) at forty thousand. For other examples of such sentences, see1729.2319.Sentences containing the thought of another, introduced by a relative pronoun or by causal, temporal, or other conjunctive particles, take the subjunctive, though not appended to the accusative with the infinitive (1725): as,numquis, quod bonus vir esset, grātiās dīs ēgit umquam?DN.3, 87,did anybody ever thank the gods ‘because he was a good man’?(1853).mihī̆ loquitur nec rēctē quia tibī̆ aurum reddidī et quia nōn tē dēfraudāverim, Pl.B.735,he’s always pitching into me because I returned you the money and ‘because I didn’t do you out of it’(1856,1853).aedem Dīiovī vōvit, sī eō diē hostēs fūdisset, L. 31, 21, 12,he vowed a temple to infernal Jove, ‘if he should rout the enemy on that day.’For other examples, see1725,1852,1853,1884, &c.2320.Sometimes a verb of saying or thinking is added, and is itself irrationally put in the subjunctive. For examples, see1727.(2.) TENSE.(A.) Of the Infinitive.2321.The tenses of the infinitive follow their usual law (2218), representing the action as present, past, or future, from the speaker’s point of view.nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem contendere trīduīque viam ā suīs fīnibus prōfēcisse, 1, 38, 1,it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on(2219)to seize Vesontio, and that he had done a three days’ journey from his own borders(2226).fāma est āram esse in vestibulō templī, L. 24, 3, 7,rumour has it that there is an altar in the vestibule of the temple(2219).lēgāti haec sē ad suōs relātūrōs dīxērunt, 4, 9, 1,the envoys said they would report this to their countrymen(2232). For other examples, see2175-2203; for the infinitive equivalent of the indicative imperfect and pluperfect, see2226,2227.(B.) Of the Subjunctive.2322.The tenses of the subjunctive follow the law of the sequence of tenses; see1745.The tenses are usually imperfect or pluperfect, as the verb introducing a quotation is usually past.Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs,DO.1, 63,Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood(1766).dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum,Ph.2, 89,I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything(1771).cōgnōvit Suēbōs posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse, 4, 19, 2,he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction(1772). For other examples, see1746-1772.2323.But the present and perfect subjunctive are often used, especially when the main verb is present, or for vividness after a secondary tense.Alexandrum Philippus accūsat quod largitiōne benevolentiam Macedonum cōnsectētur,Off.2, 53,Philip accuses Alexander of courting the favour of the Macedonians by the use of money(1746,1853).initium quod huic cum mātre fuerit simultātis audīstis,Clu.17,you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother(1746).Ariovistus respondit: stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs imponere cōnsuerint, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished(1755). For other examples, see1746-1772.2324.The future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect, and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive.sē quod ē rē pūblicā esset factūrum, L. 28, 45,3,that he would do what should be for the interests of the state(1766).sē nōn ante coeptūrum quam ignem in rēgiīs castrīs cōnspexisset, L. 30, 5, 5,that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp(1766,1921). The present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires. For other examples, see1746-1772.(3.) Pronoun.2325.egoandnōs, of direct discourse, are represented bysēin indirect discourse, andmeusandnosterbysuus.tūandvōs, of direct discourse, are represented in indirect discourse byille, or, when less emphatic, byis.For the use of the reflexive pronoun, see2338-2342.sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum, 1, 44, 7,that he came into Gaul before the Roman nation, said Ariovistus of himself.sē ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse, 1, 13, 6,that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors, said the Helvetians of themselves.trānsīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte, 1, 44, 1,that he had crossed the Rhine not of his own accord, was the assertion of Ariovistus.quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sēsē prīncipibus populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum, 1, 44, 11,that unless he withdrew, he should consider him not a friend but a foe. Why, if he killed him, he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the Roman nation. Here Ariovistus is reported as speaking to Caesar.CONDITIONAL PERIODS IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.(A.) Protasis.2326.The protasis of every kind (2023,2024) has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (2315).2327.The tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect (2322): as,Ariovistus respondit: sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet, nōn oportēre sēsē ā populō Rōmānō impedīrī, 1, 36, 1,Ariovistus answered: if he did not dictate to the Roman nation, no more ought the Roman nation to interfere with him(2026).quae sī fēcisset, Pompēium in Hispāniās itūrum, Caes.C.1, 10, 3,if he did that, Pompey would go to the Spains(2061).2328.But indeterminate protases (2023) are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse, even with a main secondary tense: as,Ariovistus respondit: sī iterum experīrī velint, sē parātum esse dēcertāre, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that if the Romans wanted to try again, he was ready to fight it out(2026).quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum prō hoste habitūrum, 1, 44, 11,that unless he withdrew, he should consider him an enemy(2054).2329.Protases of action non-occurrent (2024) remain in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a main primary tense.licet Varrō Mūsās, Aelī Stilōnis sententiā, Plautīnō dīcat sermōne locutūrās fuisse sī Latīnē loquī vellent, Quintil. 10, 1, 99,though Varro, following Stilo’s dictum, may say that the Muses would have spoken in the style of Plautus, if they had wanted to speak Latin(2095).quaeret ab accūsātōribus quid factūrī essent, sī in eō locō fuissent, Cornif. 2, 22,he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament(2099).(B.) Apodosis.2330.In indeterminate conditional periods (2023), the apodosis simply follows the general rule (2312): as,Iovem sīc aiunt philosophī, sī Graecē loquātur, loquī,Br.121,the philosophers say that this is Jove’s style of speaking, if Jove speaks Greek(2026).sīn bellō persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum, 1, 13, 4,if he persisted in following them up with war, let him call to mind the old time valour of the Helvetians(2056).in prōvinciīs intellegēbant sī is quī esset cum imperiō emere vellet, fore utī quod quisque vellet quantī vellet auferret,V.4, 10,in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer, he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished(2233; 2054 or 2076).futūrum esse, nisi prōvīsum esset, ut Rōma caperētur,Div.1, 101,that unless precaution was taken, Rome would be captured(2233,2061). For other examples, see2327,2328.2331.In conditional periods of action non-occurrent (2024), the future participle withfuisse, is used in apodoses of the active voice: as,an Cn. Pompēium cēnsēs maximārum rērum glōriā laetātūrum fuisse, sī scīret sē in sōlitūdineAegyptiōrumtrucīdātum īrī,Div.2, 22,do you suppose that Pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of Egypt?In one instance, found in Caesar, the future participle withesseoccurs, representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time (2091):Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse, 5, 29, 2,that he thought Caesar was gone into Italy; otherwise, the Carnutes would not have formed their design of killing Tasgetius, and the Eburones, if he were at hand, would not be assaulting the camp. Here the context shows thatventūrōs esserepresents the imperfect subjunctive. But ordinarily it might seem to represent the future indicative. Hence, to avoid ambiguity, the Romans generally did not try to express present time in apodoses of this class in indirect discourse.2332.The perfect infinitive is exceptionally used; this is based upon the indicative in apodosis (2104).memoriā teneō solitum ipsum nārrāre sē studium philosophiae ācrius hausisse, nī prūdentia mātris incēnsum animum coërcuisset, Ta.Agr.4,I remember that he used to say that he had drunk in the study of philosophy with too great eagerness, had not his discreet mother checked his ardent soul(2105 or 2107).2333.possum, in the apodosis of a conditional period of action non-occurrent (2101), is regularly put in the perfect infinitive in indirect discourse: as,Platōnem exīstimō, sī genus forēnse dīcendī trāctāre voluisset, gravissimē potuisse dīcere,Off.1, 4,I think that if Plato had only chosen to cultivate forensic eloquence, he might have been a most impressive speaker(2103).cum dīcerent sē potuisse in amplissimum locum pervenīre, sī sua studia ad honōrēs petendōs cōnferre voluissent,Clu.153,saying they might have risen to the proudest position, if they had only chosen to apply their energies to a political career(2103).2334.futūrum fuisse utwith the imperfect subjunctive is rarely used in apodoses of the passive voice (2331): as,Theophrastus accūsāsse nātūram dīcitur quod hominibus tam exiguam vītam dedisset: quōrum sī aetās potuisset esse longinquior, futūrum fuisse ut omnī doctrīnā hominum vīta ērudīrētur,TD.3, 69,it is said that Theophrastus took nature to task ‘for giving man such a short life; if the period could have been longer man’s life would have been informed with knowledge of every sort’(2099). See also Caes.C.3, 101, 2.(C.) PRONOUNS.The Personal Pronoun.2335.For the use of the nominativesego tū,nōs vōs, see1029. The genitive pluralsnostrū̆mandvestrū̆mare used as partitive,nostrīandvestrīas objective genitives: as,nēmō nostrūm,RA.55,not one of us(1242).ab utrīsque vestrūm,Fam.11, 21, 5,by each of you(1243).grāta mihī̆ vehementer est memoria nostrī tua,Fam.12, 17, 1,your remembrance of me is exceedingly agreeable to me(1260).nostrī nōsmet paenitet, T.Ph.172,we’re discontented with our lot(1283). For the adjective instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see1234,1262.The Reflexivesēandsuus.2336.The reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the verb: as,fugae sēsē mandābant, 2, 24, 2,they betook themselves to flight.animō servit, nōn sibī, Pl.Tri.308,he serves his passions, not his better self.est amāns suī virtūs,L.98,virtue is fond of itself.dūcit sēcum ūnā virginem, T.Eu.229,he is leading a girl along with him.Caesar cōpiās suās dīvīsit, Caes.C.3, 97, 3,Caesar divided his forces. Forsē ipse, see2376; forsēorsuus quisque, 2397.2337.The reflexive sometimes refers to a word not the subject, when that word is specially emphasized or easily made out from the context. This holds chiefly ofsuus, which is used with great freedom: as,Alexandrum uxor sua occīdit,Inv.2, 144,Alexander was murdered by his own wife.dēsinant īnsidiārī domī suae cōnsulī,C.1, 32,let them cease to waylay the consul in his own house and home.suās rēs Syrācūsānīs restituit, L. 29, 1, 17,he restored their property to the Syracuse people.2338.In the construction of the accusative with the infinitive (2175), the reflexive is regularly used when the subject of the infinitive refers to the subject of the verb: as,Vārus imperium sē habēre dīxit,Lig.22,Varus said that he had authority.id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant, 7, 26, 2,they hoped to accomplish it(2235).2339.The reflexive, in this construction, sometimes refers to an emphasized word not the formal subject of the verb: as,canum custōdia quid sīgnificat aliud nisi sē ad hominum commoditātēs esse generātōs?DN.2, 158,the watchfulness of the dog—does not it show that he was created for the convenience of man?2340.When the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the verb, the reflexive sometimes refers to the subject of the verb, sometimes to that of the infinitive: as,Ariovistus respondit omnēs Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum vēnisse, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that all the states of Gaul had come to attack him, i.e. Ariovistus.nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse, 1, 36, 6,that no man had contended with him without his own undoing;sēcumrefers to Ariovistus, the subject of the main verbrespondit,suātonēminem.2341.In subordinate subjunctive clauses of purpose, indirect discourse, or indirect question, the reflexive refers to the subject of the main sentence: as,huic mandat, ut ad sē quam prīmum revertātur, 4, 21, 2,he instructs him to come back to himself as soon as possible.excruciābit mē erus, quia sibī nōn dīxerim, Pl.MG.859,my master’ll torture me ‘because I have not told him.’Paetus omnīs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit,Att.2, 1, 12,Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother left.’For the use ofisforsē, see2370.2342.The reflexive, in such subordinate clauses, sometimes refers to an emphatic word not the main subject: as,identidem fēlīcem Priamum vocābat, quod superstes omnium suōrum exstitisset, Suet.Tib.62,he was for ever calling Priam ‘Fortune’s darling, because he outlived all his kith and kin.’2343.The reflexive referring to the main subject is sometimes irregularly used in subordinate indicative clauses.Epamīnōndās ē̆ī, quī sibī̆ successerat, exercitum nōn trādidit,Inv.1, 55,Epaminondas did not deliver the army to his successor.centum bovēs mīlitibus dōnō dedit, quī sēcum fuerant, L. 7, 37, 3,he gave a hundred oxen to the soldiers who had been with him.Equivalents for a Reciprocal Pronoun.2344.The place of a reciprocal pronoun,each other, is supplied byinter nōs,inter vōs,inter sē, or byalteroraliusfollowed by another case of the same word: as,inter nōs nātūrā cōniūnctī sumus,Fin.3, 66,we are united with each other by nature.Cicerōnēs puerī amant inter sē,Att.6, 1, 12,the Cicero boys are fond of each other.cum alius aliī subsidium ferret, 2, 26, 2,when they were helping each other. Foruterque, see2400. The reciprocal idea is sometimes expressed by the form of the verb: as,fulvā lūctantur harēnā, V. 6, 643,they wrestle with each other on the yellow sand(1487).2345.From Livy on,invicem inter sē,invicem sē, orinvicemalone, is often used in the expression of reciprocal relations: as,invicem inter sē grātantēs, L. 9, 43, 17,mutually congratulating each other.invicem sē antepōnendō, Ta.Agr.6,mutually preferring one another.ut invicem ardentius dīligāmus, Plin.Ep.7, 20, 7,that we may love each other more ardently.The Possessive Pronoun.2346.The possessive of the personal and reflexive pronoun is regularly omitted, unless it is required for emphasis or contrast: as,ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā, H. S. 1, 5, 24,our hands and faces in thy rill, Feronia, we bathe. The possessive sometimes has the meaning ofproper,appropriate,favourable; as,suō locō dīcam, Quintil. 1, 1, 36,I shall tell in the proper place. For the possessive pronoun used instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see1234,1262.The Demonstrative Pronoun.hīc.2347.hīcpoints out what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought: as,hī domum mē ad sē auferent, Pl.Men.847,these fellows will hale me off to their house.nōn mē exīstimāvī in hōc sermōne usque ad hanc aetātem esse ventūrum,Br.232,I did not think that in this discourse I should get down to the present generation.reliquum omne tempus huius annī,V.1, 30,all the rest of this year.2348.hīcsometimes points out the speaker with pathos, or with emphasis, particularly in comedy.haec arma et hunc mīlitem propitiō flūmine accipiās, L. 2, 10, 11,receive these arms and this soldier in thy gracious stream, the prayer of Horatius Cocles to Father Tiber.tibī̆ erunt parāta verba, huic hominī verbera, T.Hau.356,you’ll get a chiding, this child a hiding.fēcisset nī haec praesēnsisset canēs, Pl.Tri.172,and he’d have done it, unless this dog had got scent of it in time, where the speaker means himself.2349.The neuter pluralhaecsometimes meansthe realm,our country,our state,the[Roman]world: as,haec, quae iam prīdem vastāre studēs,C.1, 21,the realm which you have long sought to lay in ruins.quī haec dēlēre cōnātī sunt,C.4, 7,who have tried to destroy the state.servus est nēmō quī nōn haec stāre cupiat,C.4, 16,there lives no slave that wills not our country should abide.2350.hīc, as expressing a familiar, every-day thing, occasionally has a shade of contempt, either alone, or withvolgāris,cottīdiānusor the like: as,mittit hominī mūnera satis largē, haec ad ūsum domesticum,V.4, 62,he sent him some presents—pretty liberal ones, commonish things for household use.mittō hāsce artīs volgārīs, coquōs, pistōrēs,RA.134,I’ll skip your everyday common occupations—such as cooks, bakers, &c., &c.taedet cottīdiānārum hārum fōrmārum, T.Eu.297,I’m sick of your everyday beauties.2351.Whenhīcrelates to the words of a sentence, it points out what has preceded or is to follow, or emphasizes a word referred to by a preceding relative.Forhīcused to introduce a new sentence, see2129.haec habuī dē senectūte quae dīcerem,CM.85,this was what I had to say on Old Age.sed haec hāctenus; nunc ad ostenta veniāmus,Div.2, 53,so much for this; let us now go on to portents.fēcit pācem hīs condiciōnibus, N. 8, 3, 1,he made peace on the following terms.dīcitur locūtus in hanc ferē sententiam esse, L. 6, 40, 2,it is said that he spoke to somewhat the following effect.quaesierat ex mē Scīpiō quidnam sentīrem dē hōc quod duo sōlēs vīsōs esse cōnstāret,RP.1, 19,Scipio had asked me what I thought about this, that it was generally agreed that two suns had been seen.2352.hīcandilleare often opposed, particularly in contrasts of classes: as,laudātur ab hīs, culpātur ab illīs, H.S.1, 2, 11,one side praises him, the other condemns.illud est album, hoc dulce, canōrum illud, hoc bene olēns, hoc asperum,Ac.2, 21,that is white, this is sweet, that sonorous, this fragrant, this rough.ōrātor, nōn ille volgāris sed hīc excellēns,O.45,an orator, not of the common sort, but the superior one of whom we are speaking.2353.In transitions,illeintroduces a new thing,hīcdenotesthe aforementioned: as,sed haec vetera; illud vērō recēns, Caesarem meō cōnsiliō interfectum,Ph.2, 25,but this is all ancient history; here, however, is something new, that Caesar was killed at my suggestion.2354.Whenhīcandillerefer to two different persons or things named in the sentence,hīccommonly refers to the nearer word,illeto the remoter word; orhīcsometimes refers to what is nearer the mind of the speaker, even though it be remoter in the sentence.(a.)Caesar beneficiīs ac mūnificentiā magnus habēbātur, integritāte vītae Catō. Ille mānsuētūdine et misericordiā clārus factus, huic sevēritās dignitātem addiderat, S.C.54, 2,Caesar was esteemed great for his liberality and generosity, Cato for his unsullied life. The former became famous through his humanity and mercy, the latter’s dignity was heightened by his austerity.(b.)cavē Catōnī antepōnās nē istum quidem ipsum quem Apollō, ut ais, sapientissimum iūdicāvit: huius enim facta, illīus dicta laudantur,L.10,suffer not Cato to find a rival even in your man himself, whom, as you say, Apollo declared wisest of mankind; for our Cato is renowned for deeds, the other for doctrines.2355.hīcandilleare used together, chiefly in poetry, to explain something past by a present thing: as,hunc illum poscere fāta reor, V. 7, 272,this I think is he whom the fates require.hunc illum fātīs externā ab sēde profectum portendī generum, V. 7, 255,this was the man whom destiny foretold should fare from foreign home to be his son-in-law.iste.2356.istepoints out something near to, belonging to, or imputed to the person addressed: as,cum istā sīs auctōritāte, nōn dēbēs adripere maledictum ex triviō,Mur.13,carrying the influence that you do, you ought not to take to street-corner abuse.multae istārum arborum meā manū sunt satae,CM.59,many of the trees you see there were planted by my own hand.salem istum quō caret vestra nātiō, inrīdendīs nōbīs nōlītōte cōnsūmere,ND.2, 74,do not waste in ridiculing us that wit which your fraternity sadly needs. Often withtuusorvester: as,īsdem hīc sapiēns dē quō loquor oculīs quibus iste vester intuēbitur,Ac.2, 105,the sage of whom I speak will look with the same eyes as the sage you boast of.2357.From its use in addressing opponents or in talking at them,isteis common in contemptuous phrases: as,tū istīs faucibus, istīs lateribus, istā gladiātōriā tōtīus corporis firmitāte,Ph.2, 63,you with that gullet of yours, those swollen flanks, that prizefighter’s bulky make-up.nōn erit ista amīcitia, sed mercātūra quaedam,ND.1, 122,such a thing will not be a friendship, but a sort of traffic.ille.2358.illepoints to what is remote in place, time, or thought: as,ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?Fin.2, 13,do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means and I not?populus Rōmānus nihil aequē atque illam veterem iūdiciōrum vim gravitātemque requīrit,Caecil.8,the Roman people miss nothing so much as the ancient vigour and firmness attaching to public trials.hīs autem dē rēbus sōl mē ille admonuit ut brevior essem,DO.3, 209,but on these topics yonder sun has warned me to be pretty brief. For other examples, see2352-2355.2359.illeis used to point out a celebrity, often one of the past. So, particularly without a proper name, in allusive style, referring to what is famed in story.(a.)hīc est ille Dēmosthenēs,TD.5, 103,this is the famous Demosthenes.Athēniēnsis ille Themistoclēs,DO.2, 299,Themistocles the great, of Athens.illud Solōnis,CM.50,Solon’s memorable words.Mēdēa illa,IP.22,Medea famed in story. (b.)vīribus ille cōnfīsus periīt, J. 10, 10,the man in the story lost his life through confidence in his strength.illae rēgiae lacrimae, Plin.Ep.3, 7, 13,the monarch’s historic tears, of Xerxes.2360.Indicating change of subject,illeisthis other man. In such cases it is often best expressed in English by a proper name or a descriptive word.ad sē adulēscentem iussit venīre. at ille, ut ingressus est, cōnfestim gladium dēstrīnxit,Off.3, 112,he gave orders to admit the young man. But this other, the moment he entered, drew his sword.rūsticus expectat dum dēfluat amnis: at ille lābitur et lābētur, H.E.1, 2, 42,he is a peasant waiting for the river to go down: but the river flows and will flow on.2361.In concessions,illeoften precedesquidem; in translation no pronoun is required.librī scrīptī incōnsīderātē ab optimīs illīs quidem virīs, sed nōn satis ērudītīs,TD.1, 6,books rashly written by men respectable enough but of insufficient education.est tarda illa medicīna, sed tamen magna,TD.3, 35,it is a powerful remedy, though slow in its working.hīc,is, andisteare used rarely in this way.2362.In poetryillemay serve: (1.) To repeat a thing with emphasis: as,arma virumque canō Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam vēnit, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō, V. 1, 1,arms and the man I sing, from Troja’s shore the first to come to Italy, much tossed that man by land and sea.2363.(2.) To emphasize the second of two ideas: as,nunc dextrā ingemināns ictūs, nunc ille sinistrā, V. 5, 457,now with his right redoubling blows, now mighty with his left.nōn tamen Euryalī, non ille oblītus amōrum, V. 5, 334,still not Euryalus forgetting, no, not he his love!2364.(3.) As a provisional subject, to anticipate the real subject, and keep the attention in suspense till the real subject comes with emphasis: as,ac velut ille canum morsū dē montibus altīs āctus aper substitit, V. 10, 707,and e’en as he, goaded by bite of hounds from mountains high, the boar hath paused.The Determinative Pronoun.is.2365.isrefers to something named in the context. When some feeling is to be expressed, such as admiration, or oftener contempt,homōis often put foris.(a.)petit ā rēge et eum plūribus verbīs rogat ut id ad sē mittat,V.4, 64,he solicits the king and begs him at considerable length to send it to him.nōndum mātūrus imperiō Ascanius erat, tamen id imperium ĕ̄ī ad pūberem aetātem incolume mānsit, L. 1, 3, 1,Ascanius was not yet old enough for the throne, but that throne was kept safe for him till he came of age. (b.)ego hominem callidiōrem vīdī nēminem quam Phormiōnem. veniō ad hominem, ut dīcerem argentum opus esse, T.Ph.591,a shrewder man than Phormio I never saw, not I! I went to him to tell him that I needed money.nēquam esse hominem et levem sciēbam,Sest.22,I knew the fellow was worthless and frivolous.2366.(1.)isrefers to something named before or after: as,eius omnis ōrātiō versāta est in eō, ut scrīptum plūrimum valēre oportēre dēfenderet,DO.1, 244,his whole speech turned on the contention that the written word should be paramount.Melitēnsis Diodōrus est; is Lilybaeī multōs iam annōs habitat,V.4, 38,Diodorus is from Melita; he has lived many years at Lilybaeum. For other examples of is used to connect sentences, see2129.2367.With a connective,isdenotes an important addition: as,vincula et ea sempiterna,C.4, 7,imprisonment and that too perpetual.annum iam audientem Cratippum idque Athēnīs,Off.1, 1,after a year’s study under Cratippus, and that too in Athens.erant in eō plūrimae litterae nec eae volgārēs,Br.265,he was a man of very deep reading and that of no common sort either.2368.(2.)isindicates something explained or restricted by a relative or indefinite,quī,quīcumque,sī quis: as,haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram,Fam.12, 14, 7,all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend(1807).ūnus ex eō numerō quī ad caedem parātī erant, S.I.35, 6,one of the number that were ready to do murder(1804).neque is sum quī mortis perīculō terrear, 5, 30, 2,but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no, not I(1818).quīcumque is est, ē̆ī mē profiteor inimīcum,Fam.10, 31, 3,whoever he may be, I proclaim myself his enemy(1814).cum ipse Aliēnus ex eā facultāte, sī quam habet, aliquantum dētrāctūrus sit,Caecil.49,seeing that even Alienus is to suppress some part of that eloquence, if any he may have. See also1795,1798. Forid quod, see1811.2369.For the use ofisinstead of a relative repeated in a different case, see1833.2370.issometimes is loosely used for the reflexivesē(2341); here the point of view of the writer shows itself.
2300.In many cases where in English a verb likewishortry to havea thing done,can,must, oram allowed to, is used, the equivalent Latin verb is omitted. As this use generally extends through the entire system of the verb, examples of the nouns of the verb and of subordinate sentences thus used, are conveniently included here.
2301.A verb is sometimes used to denote action proposed, attempted, or begun, but not necessarily carried out. This is called theConative Useof the verb: as,
ancillās dēdō, T.Hec.773,I try to give, orI offer up the servant girls.sine ūllā dubitātiōne condemnant,Clu.75,without a moment’s hesitation they vote to condemn.dum id inpetrant, Pl.Cap.233,as long as they’re trying to get it.sī plācēs inlacrimābilem Plūtōna, H. 2, 14, 5,shouldst thou the stonyhearted Pluto strive to melt.sī discēdās, J. 7. 50,should you attempt to leave.in cūriam abiēcit, quam vīvus ēverterat,Mil.90,he shoved the corpse into the senate house, which the man in his lifetime had done his best to overthrow.adsurgentem rēgem umbōne resupīnat, L. 4, 19, 5,with the boss of his shield he put the king flat on his back, when he tried to get up.
2302.This use is particularly common in the imperfect indicative: as,
nostrōs ingredī prohibēbant, 5, 9, 6,they tried to stop our people from getting in.Apellēs faciēbat, Plin.NH. praef.26,Apelles undertook to do this, oran attempt of Apelles’s.sēdābant tumultūs, sēdandō interdum movēbant, L. 3, 15, 7,they tried to quell the riotings, but by trying they started them once in a while afresh.num dubitās id mē imperante facere, quod iam tuā sponte faciēbās?C.1, 13,do you possibly hesitate to do at my command what you wanted to do, as it was, yourself?The conative use is not very common in old Latin, but more frequent from Cicero and Caesar on.
2303.When the conative use is to be expressed more distinctly, a form ofvolōorcōnoris used, or a frequentative, likevēnditō,try to sell,adventō,strive to come.
2304.A verb is sometimes used to denote not what the subject actually does himself, but what he has another do. This is called theCausative Useof the verb: as,
animī causā mihi nāvem faciam, Pl.R.932,just for diversion I’ll build me a yacht.cum vellet sibī̆ ānulum facere, aurificem iussit vocārī,V.4, 56,wanting to make him a ring, he ordered a goldsmith to be called.complūrēs pauperēs mortuōs suō sūmptū extulit, N. 5, 4, 3,he buried a good many poor dead people at his own expense, i.e. had them buried. Also in the passive: as,tondēmur, Quintil. 1, 6, 44,we get shaved. When greater exactness is required, having a thing done may be expressed more distinctly byfaciō(1965), bycūrō(2250), or byiubeō.
2305.A verb is sometimes used to indicate action that can be done, and especially action that can be done at any time. This is called thePotential Useof the verb: as,
clārē oculīs videō, Pl.MG.630,I can see distinctly.proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum Rhodanus fluit isque nōnnūllīs locīs vadō trānsītur, 1, 6, 2,because the Rhone runs between the district of the Helvetians and Allobrogans, and the river in some places can be forded, oris fordable. Particularly with a negative: as,apertē adūlantem nēmō nōn videt,L.99,an open flatterer anybody can see through.nōn facile dīiūdicātur amor vērus et fīctus,Fam.9, 16, 2,real love and pretended love cannot easily be told apart.ubī̆ Crassus animadvertit, suās cōpiās nōn facile dīdūcī, nōn cunctandum exīstimāvit, 3, 23, 7,when Crassus saw that his forces could not easily be divided, he thought he ought to lose no time.quoniam prōpositum nōn tenuerat, Caes.C.3, 65, 4,seeing that he had not succeeded in carrying out his plan. Sometimes this idea is expressed by the subjunctive (1554).
2306.A verb is sometimes used to denote obligatory action. This is called theObligatory Useof the verb: as,
paulisper commorātus est,Mil.28,he had to wait.aegra trahēbant corpora, V. 3, 140,they had to drag their sickly frames along.caruī patriā,Sest.145,I had to keep away from the country of my birth.senātor populī Rōmānī pernoctāvit in pūblicō,V.4, 25,a senator of Rome was fain to sleep in the streets.serēmus aliquid in dērelictō solō,Br.16,we shall have to sow something in an abandoned field.erat summa inopia pābulī, adeō ut foliīs equōs alerent, Caes.C.3, 58, 3,there was an utter lack of fodder, so that they were fain to feed their horses on leaves.
2307.A verb is sometimes used to denote permitted action. This is called thePermissive Useof the verb: as,
Verrēsne habēbit domī suae candēlābrum Iovis?V.4, 71,shall Verres be allowed to have at his house a candelabra of Jupiter?petit ut ipse dē eō statuat, 1, 19, 5,he asks to be allowed to sit in judgement himself on the man.Pīsō ōrāvit ut manēret, Ta. 2, 81,Piso asked to be allowed to stay.
(Ōrātiō Oblīqua.)
2308.The speech or thought of another, quoted in his own words, is calledDirect Discourse(1723).
2309.The speech or thought of another, dependent on a verb of saying or thinking, is calledIndirect Discourse(1723).
One may, of course, quote his own words or thoughts indirectly, as well as those of another (1726).
2310.The verb of thinking or saying is often not distinctly expressed, but only implied in the context (1725).
2311.The principles which govern the change of direct discourse into indirect discourse have been already set forth in the foregoing pages; but, for the convenience of the learner, they are here put together.
2312.Declarative sentences of direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive, and interrogative and imperative sentences of direct discourse are put in the subjunctive, in indirect discourse.
(a.) For examples of declarative sentences, see2175-2184.
(b.) Interrogative (1773):quid vellet? cūr in suās possessiōnēs venīret?1, 44, 7,what did he mean? why this movement into his property?from Ariovistus’s reply to Caesar.dictātor litterās ad senātum mīsit: deum benignitāte Vēiōs iam fore in potestāte populī Rōmānī; quid dē praedā faciendum cēnsērent?L. 5, 20, 1,the dictator sent this letter to the senate: through the bounty of the gods Vei would soon belong to the Roman nation; what did they think should be done about the booty?
(c.) Imperative (1547):Cicerō respondit: sī ab armīs discēdere velint, sē adiūtōre ūtantur lēgātōsque ad Caesarem mittant, 5, 41, 7,Cicero replied: if they wished to lay down their arms, let them take his advice and send envoys to Caesar.nūntius ē̆ī domō vēnit: bellum Athēniēnsēs et Boeōtōs indīxisse Lacedaemoniīs; quārē venīre nē dubitāret, N. 17, 4, 1,a message reached him from home: the Athenians and Boeotians had declared war on the Lacedaemonians; so he was to come without delay. See also1707,1708.
2313.Rhetorical questions (that is, declarations made for effect in the form of questions) in the first or third person in the direct discourse are put in the accusative with the infinitive in indirect discourse: as,
sī veteris contumēliae oblīvīscī vellet, num etiam recentium iniūriārum memoriam dēpōnere posse?1, 14, 3,if he were inclined to disregard the old affront, could he also forget their fresh insults?from Caesar’s reply to the Helvetians.haud mīrum esse Superbō ē̆ī inditum Rōmae cōgnōmen: an quicquam superbius esse quam lūdificārī sīc omne nōmen Latīnum? cui nōn appārēre adfectāre eum imperium in Latīnōs?L. 1, 50, 3,no wonder Rome dubbed him ‘the Proud’: could there be a greater sign of pride than this mockery of the whole Latin nation? who did not see that he aspired to dominion over the Latins?This use is not found in old Latin. It occurs once or twice in Cicero’s letters and a few times in Caesar. In Livy and late writers, it is not uncommon. Such questions in the second person require the subjunctive (2312).
2314.Questions which are in the subjunctive in direct discourse retain the subjunctive in indirect discourse: as,
quod vērō ad amīcitiam populī Rōmānī attulissent, id iīs ēripī quis patī posset?1, 43, 8,who could allow them to be stripped of what they had possessed when they became the friends of the Roman nation?(1565).
2315.The verb of a subordinate sentence, introduced by a relative word or a conjunctive particle, stands in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (1722).
For the indicative withdum,in the time while, retained in indirect discourse, see1995.
sapientissimum esse dīcunt eum, cui quod opus sit ipsī veniat in mentem; proximē accēdere illum quī alterīus bene inventīs obtemperet,Clu.84,they say he is the wisest man who thinks out of himself what is expedient; and that the man who avails himself of the wise devices of another comes next.ad haec Ariovistus respondit: iūs esse bellī, ut quī vīcissent iīs quōs vīcissent, quemadmodum vellent imperārent, 1, 36, 1,to this Ariovistus answered: that it was the right of war for the conquerors to dictate to the conquered such terms as they pleased.
2316.Relative sentences equivalent to main sentences (1835) may be put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,
ūnum medium diem fuisse, quem tōtum Galbam in cōnsīderandā causā compōnendāque posuisse,Br.87,that a single day intervened and that this whole day Galba employed in studying up and arranging the case. This use is found in Cicero, rarely in Caesar, in Livy, and a few times in other authors. Not in old Latin.
2317.So also sentences introduced by certain conjunctive particles are occasionally put in the accusative with the infinitive: as,
id quod saepe dictum est: ut mare ventōrum vī agitārī atque turbārī, sīc populum Rōmānum hominum sēditiōsōrum vōcibus concitārī,Clu.138,the oft-repeated saying: as the sea is ruffled and tossed by the mighty winds, so the people of Rome are stirred up by the talk of agitators.honōrificum id mīlitibus fore, quōrum favōrem ut largitiōne et ambitū male adquīrī, ita per bonās artēs haud spernendum, Ta.H.1, 17,that would be a mark of respect to the troops, and their good will, though usually won by bribery and corruption, was certainly no small gain if honourably come by.fugere senātum testēs tabulās pūblicās cēnsūs cuiusque, cum interim obaerātam plēbem obiectārī aliīs atque aliīs hostibus, L. 6, 27, 6,that the senate sought to avoid evidence of each man’s property through making public returns, while at the same time the commons lay bankrupt and at the mercy of one enemy after another.utandquemadmodumare found with this infinitive in Cicero, Livy, and Tacitus;cum interimandsī nōnin Livy;quiain Livy and Seneca;quamquamin Livy and Tacitus;nisi fortein Tacitus. Forquamwith the infinitive, see1898.
2318.Relative sentences which are not a part of the quotation, but an addition of the writer’s, or which are a circumlocution equivalent to a substantive, are marked by the indicative (1729): as,
Condrūsōs, Eburōnēs, Caeroesōs, Paemānōs, quī ūnō nōmine Germānī appellantur, arbitrārī adXLmīlia, 2, 4, 10,that they reckoned the Condrusians, Eburonians, Caeroesians and Paemanians (who are all called by one name Germans) at forty thousand. For other examples of such sentences, see1729.
2319.Sentences containing the thought of another, introduced by a relative pronoun or by causal, temporal, or other conjunctive particles, take the subjunctive, though not appended to the accusative with the infinitive (1725): as,
numquis, quod bonus vir esset, grātiās dīs ēgit umquam?DN.3, 87,did anybody ever thank the gods ‘because he was a good man’?(1853).mihī̆ loquitur nec rēctē quia tibī̆ aurum reddidī et quia nōn tē dēfraudāverim, Pl.B.735,he’s always pitching into me because I returned you the money and ‘because I didn’t do you out of it’(1856,1853).aedem Dīiovī vōvit, sī eō diē hostēs fūdisset, L. 31, 21, 12,he vowed a temple to infernal Jove, ‘if he should rout the enemy on that day.’For other examples, see1725,1852,1853,1884, &c.
2320.Sometimes a verb of saying or thinking is added, and is itself irrationally put in the subjunctive. For examples, see1727.
2321.The tenses of the infinitive follow their usual law (2218), representing the action as present, past, or future, from the speaker’s point of view.
nūntiātum est Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontiōnem contendere trīduīque viam ā suīs fīnibus prōfēcisse, 1, 38, 1,it was reported that Ariovistus was pressing on(2219)to seize Vesontio, and that he had done a three days’ journey from his own borders(2226).fāma est āram esse in vestibulō templī, L. 24, 3, 7,rumour has it that there is an altar in the vestibule of the temple(2219).lēgāti haec sē ad suōs relātūrōs dīxērunt, 4, 9, 1,the envoys said they would report this to their countrymen(2232). For other examples, see2175-2203; for the infinitive equivalent of the indicative imperfect and pluperfect, see2226,2227.
2322.The tenses of the subjunctive follow the law of the sequence of tenses; see1745.
The tenses are usually imperfect or pluperfect, as the verb introducing a quotation is usually past.
Sōcratēs dīcere solēbat, omnēs in eō quod scīrent, satis esse ēloquentēs,DO.1, 63,Socrates used to maintain that all men were eloquent enough in a matter which they understood(1766).dīcēbam quoad metuerēs, omnia tē prōmissūrum,Ph.2, 89,I said that as long as you were afraid, you would promise everything(1771).cōgnōvit Suēbōs posteā quam pontem fierī comperissent, nūntiōs in omnēs partēs dīmīsisse, 4, 19, 2,he ascertained that after the Suebans had learned of the building of the bridge, they had sent out messengers in every direction(1772). For other examples, see1746-1772.
2323.But the present and perfect subjunctive are often used, especially when the main verb is present, or for vividness after a secondary tense.
Alexandrum Philippus accūsat quod largitiōne benevolentiam Macedonum cōnsectētur,Off.2, 53,Philip accuses Alexander of courting the favour of the Macedonians by the use of money(1746,1853).initium quod huic cum mātre fuerit simultātis audīstis,Clu.17,you have heard the origin of the enmity which was between the defendant and his mother(1746).Ariovistus respondit: stīpendium capere iūre bellī quod victōrēs victīs imponere cōnsuerint, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that it was by the laws of war that he took the tribute which victors were wont to lay upon the vanquished(1755). For other examples, see1746-1772.
2324.The future of direct discourse is represented in indirect discourse by the imperfect, and the future perfect by the pluperfect subjunctive.
sē quod ē rē pūblicā esset factūrum, L. 28, 45,3,that he would do what should be for the interests of the state(1766).sē nōn ante coeptūrum quam ignem in rēgiīs castrīs cōnspexisset, L. 30, 5, 5,that he would not begin before he saw fire in the royal camp(1766,1921). The present or perfect subjunctive also is found when the main verb requires. For other examples, see1746-1772.
2325.egoandnōs, of direct discourse, are represented bysēin indirect discourse, andmeusandnosterbysuus.tūandvōs, of direct discourse, are represented in indirect discourse byille, or, when less emphatic, byis.
For the use of the reflexive pronoun, see2338-2342.
sē prius in Galliam vēnisse quam populum Rōmānum, 1, 44, 7,that he came into Gaul before the Roman nation, said Ariovistus of himself.sē ā patribus maiōribusque suīs didicisse, 1, 13, 6,that they had learned from their fathers and ancestors, said the Helvetians of themselves.trānsīsse Rhēnum sēsē nōn suā sponte, 1, 44, 1,that he had crossed the Rhine not of his own accord, was the assertion of Ariovistus.quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum nōn prō amīcō sed hoste habitūrum. quod sī eum interfēcerit, multīs sēsē prīncipibus populī Rōmānī grātum esse factūrum, 1, 44, 11,that unless he withdrew, he should consider him not a friend but a foe. Why, if he killed him, he should do a favour to numerous leading men in the Roman nation. Here Ariovistus is reported as speaking to Caesar.
2326.The protasis of every kind (2023,2024) has the verb in the subjunctive in indirect discourse (2315).
2327.The tense of the protasis is generally imperfect or pluperfect (2322): as,
Ariovistus respondit: sī ipse populō Rōmānō nōn praescrīberet, nōn oportēre sēsē ā populō Rōmānō impedīrī, 1, 36, 1,Ariovistus answered: if he did not dictate to the Roman nation, no more ought the Roman nation to interfere with him(2026).quae sī fēcisset, Pompēium in Hispāniās itūrum, Caes.C.1, 10, 3,if he did that, Pompey would go to the Spains(2061).
2328.But indeterminate protases (2023) are sometimes put in the present or perfect subjunctive in indirect discourse, even with a main secondary tense: as,
Ariovistus respondit: sī iterum experīrī velint, sē parātum esse dēcertāre, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that if the Romans wanted to try again, he was ready to fight it out(2026).quī nisi dēcēdat, sēsē illum prō hoste habitūrum, 1, 44, 11,that unless he withdrew, he should consider him an enemy(2054).
2329.Protases of action non-occurrent (2024) remain in the imperfect or pluperfect, even with a main primary tense.
licet Varrō Mūsās, Aelī Stilōnis sententiā, Plautīnō dīcat sermōne locutūrās fuisse sī Latīnē loquī vellent, Quintil. 10, 1, 99,though Varro, following Stilo’s dictum, may say that the Muses would have spoken in the style of Plautus, if they had wanted to speak Latin(2095).quaeret ab accūsātōribus quid factūrī essent, sī in eō locō fuissent, Cornif. 2, 22,he will ask the accusers what they would have done if they had been in that predicament(2099).
2330.In indeterminate conditional periods (2023), the apodosis simply follows the general rule (2312): as,
Iovem sīc aiunt philosophī, sī Graecē loquātur, loquī,Br.121,the philosophers say that this is Jove’s style of speaking, if Jove speaks Greek(2026).sīn bellō persequī persevērāret, reminīscerētur prīstinae virtūtis Helvētiōrum, 1, 13, 4,if he persisted in following them up with war, let him call to mind the old time valour of the Helvetians(2056).in prōvinciīs intellegēbant sī is quī esset cum imperiō emere vellet, fore utī quod quisque vellet quantī vellet auferret,V.4, 10,in the provinces they saw that if a man clothed in authority should wish to be a buyer, he would carry off every time whatever he wished at what he wished(2233; 2054 or 2076).futūrum esse, nisi prōvīsum esset, ut Rōma caperētur,Div.1, 101,that unless precaution was taken, Rome would be captured(2233,2061). For other examples, see2327,2328.
2331.In conditional periods of action non-occurrent (2024), the future participle withfuisse, is used in apodoses of the active voice: as,
an Cn. Pompēium cēnsēs maximārum rērum glōriā laetātūrum fuisse, sī scīret sē in sōlitūdineAegyptiōrumtrucīdātum īrī,Div.2, 22,do you suppose that Pompey would have taken any pleasure in the fame which his peerless exploits brought him if he had known that he was going to be butchered in the wilds of Egypt?
In one instance, found in Caesar, the future participle withesseoccurs, representing the imperfect subjunctive of present time (2091):
Caesarem arbitrārī profectum in Ītaliam; neque aliter Carnūtēs interficiundī Tasgetiī cōnsilium fuisse captūrōs, neque Eburōnēs, sī ille adesset, ad castra ventūrōs esse, 5, 29, 2,that he thought Caesar was gone into Italy; otherwise, the Carnutes would not have formed their design of killing Tasgetius, and the Eburones, if he were at hand, would not be assaulting the camp. Here the context shows thatventūrōs esserepresents the imperfect subjunctive. But ordinarily it might seem to represent the future indicative. Hence, to avoid ambiguity, the Romans generally did not try to express present time in apodoses of this class in indirect discourse.
2332.The perfect infinitive is exceptionally used; this is based upon the indicative in apodosis (2104).
memoriā teneō solitum ipsum nārrāre sē studium philosophiae ācrius hausisse, nī prūdentia mātris incēnsum animum coërcuisset, Ta.Agr.4,I remember that he used to say that he had drunk in the study of philosophy with too great eagerness, had not his discreet mother checked his ardent soul(2105 or 2107).
2333.possum, in the apodosis of a conditional period of action non-occurrent (2101), is regularly put in the perfect infinitive in indirect discourse: as,
Platōnem exīstimō, sī genus forēnse dīcendī trāctāre voluisset, gravissimē potuisse dīcere,Off.1, 4,I think that if Plato had only chosen to cultivate forensic eloquence, he might have been a most impressive speaker(2103).cum dīcerent sē potuisse in amplissimum locum pervenīre, sī sua studia ad honōrēs petendōs cōnferre voluissent,Clu.153,saying they might have risen to the proudest position, if they had only chosen to apply their energies to a political career(2103).
2334.futūrum fuisse utwith the imperfect subjunctive is rarely used in apodoses of the passive voice (2331): as,
Theophrastus accūsāsse nātūram dīcitur quod hominibus tam exiguam vītam dedisset: quōrum sī aetās potuisset esse longinquior, futūrum fuisse ut omnī doctrīnā hominum vīta ērudīrētur,TD.3, 69,it is said that Theophrastus took nature to task ‘for giving man such a short life; if the period could have been longer man’s life would have been informed with knowledge of every sort’(2099). See also Caes.C.3, 101, 2.
2335.For the use of the nominativesego tū,nōs vōs, see1029. The genitive pluralsnostrū̆mandvestrū̆mare used as partitive,nostrīandvestrīas objective genitives: as,
nēmō nostrūm,RA.55,not one of us(1242).ab utrīsque vestrūm,Fam.11, 21, 5,by each of you(1243).grāta mihī̆ vehementer est memoria nostrī tua,Fam.12, 17, 1,your remembrance of me is exceedingly agreeable to me(1260).nostrī nōsmet paenitet, T.Ph.172,we’re discontented with our lot(1283). For the adjective instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see1234,1262.
2336.The reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the verb: as,
fugae sēsē mandābant, 2, 24, 2,they betook themselves to flight.animō servit, nōn sibī, Pl.Tri.308,he serves his passions, not his better self.est amāns suī virtūs,L.98,virtue is fond of itself.dūcit sēcum ūnā virginem, T.Eu.229,he is leading a girl along with him.Caesar cōpiās suās dīvīsit, Caes.C.3, 97, 3,Caesar divided his forces. Forsē ipse, see2376; forsēorsuus quisque, 2397.
2337.The reflexive sometimes refers to a word not the subject, when that word is specially emphasized or easily made out from the context. This holds chiefly ofsuus, which is used with great freedom: as,
Alexandrum uxor sua occīdit,Inv.2, 144,Alexander was murdered by his own wife.dēsinant īnsidiārī domī suae cōnsulī,C.1, 32,let them cease to waylay the consul in his own house and home.suās rēs Syrācūsānīs restituit, L. 29, 1, 17,he restored their property to the Syracuse people.
2338.In the construction of the accusative with the infinitive (2175), the reflexive is regularly used when the subject of the infinitive refers to the subject of the verb: as,
Vārus imperium sē habēre dīxit,Lig.22,Varus said that he had authority.id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant, 7, 26, 2,they hoped to accomplish it(2235).
2339.The reflexive, in this construction, sometimes refers to an emphasized word not the formal subject of the verb: as,
canum custōdia quid sīgnificat aliud nisi sē ad hominum commoditātēs esse generātōs?DN.2, 158,the watchfulness of the dog—does not it show that he was created for the convenience of man?
2340.When the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the verb, the reflexive sometimes refers to the subject of the verb, sometimes to that of the infinitive: as,
Ariovistus respondit omnēs Galliae cīvitātēs ad sē oppugnandum vēnisse, 1, 44, 1,Ariovistus answered that all the states of Gaul had come to attack him, i.e. Ariovistus.nēminem sēcum sine suā perniciē contendisse, 1, 36, 6,that no man had contended with him without his own undoing;sēcumrefers to Ariovistus, the subject of the main verbrespondit,suātonēminem.
2341.In subordinate subjunctive clauses of purpose, indirect discourse, or indirect question, the reflexive refers to the subject of the main sentence: as,
huic mandat, ut ad sē quam prīmum revertātur, 4, 21, 2,he instructs him to come back to himself as soon as possible.excruciābit mē erus, quia sibī nōn dīxerim, Pl.MG.859,my master’ll torture me ‘because I have not told him.’Paetus omnīs librōs, quōs frāter suus relīquisset, mihī̆ dōnāvit,Att.2, 1, 12,Paetus made me a present of all the books ‘that his brother left.’For the use ofisforsē, see2370.
2342.The reflexive, in such subordinate clauses, sometimes refers to an emphatic word not the main subject: as,
identidem fēlīcem Priamum vocābat, quod superstes omnium suōrum exstitisset, Suet.Tib.62,he was for ever calling Priam ‘Fortune’s darling, because he outlived all his kith and kin.’
2343.The reflexive referring to the main subject is sometimes irregularly used in subordinate indicative clauses.
Epamīnōndās ē̆ī, quī sibī̆ successerat, exercitum nōn trādidit,Inv.1, 55,Epaminondas did not deliver the army to his successor.centum bovēs mīlitibus dōnō dedit, quī sēcum fuerant, L. 7, 37, 3,he gave a hundred oxen to the soldiers who had been with him.
2344.The place of a reciprocal pronoun,each other, is supplied byinter nōs,inter vōs,inter sē, or byalteroraliusfollowed by another case of the same word: as,
inter nōs nātūrā cōniūnctī sumus,Fin.3, 66,we are united with each other by nature.Cicerōnēs puerī amant inter sē,Att.6, 1, 12,the Cicero boys are fond of each other.cum alius aliī subsidium ferret, 2, 26, 2,when they were helping each other. Foruterque, see2400. The reciprocal idea is sometimes expressed by the form of the verb: as,fulvā lūctantur harēnā, V. 6, 643,they wrestle with each other on the yellow sand(1487).
2345.From Livy on,invicem inter sē,invicem sē, orinvicemalone, is often used in the expression of reciprocal relations: as,
invicem inter sē grātantēs, L. 9, 43, 17,mutually congratulating each other.invicem sē antepōnendō, Ta.Agr.6,mutually preferring one another.ut invicem ardentius dīligāmus, Plin.Ep.7, 20, 7,that we may love each other more ardently.
2346.The possessive of the personal and reflexive pronoun is regularly omitted, unless it is required for emphasis or contrast: as,
ōra manūsque tuā lavimus, Fērōnia, lymphā, H. S. 1, 5, 24,our hands and faces in thy rill, Feronia, we bathe. The possessive sometimes has the meaning ofproper,appropriate,favourable; as,suō locō dīcam, Quintil. 1, 1, 36,I shall tell in the proper place. For the possessive pronoun used instead of the possessive or objective genitive, see1234,1262.
hīc.
2347.hīcpoints out what is near the speaker in place, time, or thought: as,
hī domum mē ad sē auferent, Pl.Men.847,these fellows will hale me off to their house.nōn mē exīstimāvī in hōc sermōne usque ad hanc aetātem esse ventūrum,Br.232,I did not think that in this discourse I should get down to the present generation.reliquum omne tempus huius annī,V.1, 30,all the rest of this year.
2348.hīcsometimes points out the speaker with pathos, or with emphasis, particularly in comedy.
haec arma et hunc mīlitem propitiō flūmine accipiās, L. 2, 10, 11,receive these arms and this soldier in thy gracious stream, the prayer of Horatius Cocles to Father Tiber.tibī̆ erunt parāta verba, huic hominī verbera, T.Hau.356,you’ll get a chiding, this child a hiding.fēcisset nī haec praesēnsisset canēs, Pl.Tri.172,and he’d have done it, unless this dog had got scent of it in time, where the speaker means himself.
2349.The neuter pluralhaecsometimes meansthe realm,our country,our state,the[Roman]world: as,
haec, quae iam prīdem vastāre studēs,C.1, 21,the realm which you have long sought to lay in ruins.quī haec dēlēre cōnātī sunt,C.4, 7,who have tried to destroy the state.servus est nēmō quī nōn haec stāre cupiat,C.4, 16,there lives no slave that wills not our country should abide.
2350.hīc, as expressing a familiar, every-day thing, occasionally has a shade of contempt, either alone, or withvolgāris,cottīdiānusor the like: as,
mittit hominī mūnera satis largē, haec ad ūsum domesticum,V.4, 62,he sent him some presents—pretty liberal ones, commonish things for household use.mittō hāsce artīs volgārīs, coquōs, pistōrēs,RA.134,I’ll skip your everyday common occupations—such as cooks, bakers, &c., &c.taedet cottīdiānārum hārum fōrmārum, T.Eu.297,I’m sick of your everyday beauties.
2351.Whenhīcrelates to the words of a sentence, it points out what has preceded or is to follow, or emphasizes a word referred to by a preceding relative.
Forhīcused to introduce a new sentence, see2129.
haec habuī dē senectūte quae dīcerem,CM.85,this was what I had to say on Old Age.sed haec hāctenus; nunc ad ostenta veniāmus,Div.2, 53,so much for this; let us now go on to portents.fēcit pācem hīs condiciōnibus, N. 8, 3, 1,he made peace on the following terms.dīcitur locūtus in hanc ferē sententiam esse, L. 6, 40, 2,it is said that he spoke to somewhat the following effect.quaesierat ex mē Scīpiō quidnam sentīrem dē hōc quod duo sōlēs vīsōs esse cōnstāret,RP.1, 19,Scipio had asked me what I thought about this, that it was generally agreed that two suns had been seen.
2352.hīcandilleare often opposed, particularly in contrasts of classes: as,
laudātur ab hīs, culpātur ab illīs, H.S.1, 2, 11,one side praises him, the other condemns.illud est album, hoc dulce, canōrum illud, hoc bene olēns, hoc asperum,Ac.2, 21,that is white, this is sweet, that sonorous, this fragrant, this rough.ōrātor, nōn ille volgāris sed hīc excellēns,O.45,an orator, not of the common sort, but the superior one of whom we are speaking.
2353.In transitions,illeintroduces a new thing,hīcdenotesthe aforementioned: as,
sed haec vetera; illud vērō recēns, Caesarem meō cōnsiliō interfectum,Ph.2, 25,but this is all ancient history; here, however, is something new, that Caesar was killed at my suggestion.
2354.Whenhīcandillerefer to two different persons or things named in the sentence,hīccommonly refers to the nearer word,illeto the remoter word; orhīcsometimes refers to what is nearer the mind of the speaker, even though it be remoter in the sentence.
(a.)Caesar beneficiīs ac mūnificentiā magnus habēbātur, integritāte vītae Catō. Ille mānsuētūdine et misericordiā clārus factus, huic sevēritās dignitātem addiderat, S.C.54, 2,Caesar was esteemed great for his liberality and generosity, Cato for his unsullied life. The former became famous through his humanity and mercy, the latter’s dignity was heightened by his austerity.(b.)cavē Catōnī antepōnās nē istum quidem ipsum quem Apollō, ut ais, sapientissimum iūdicāvit: huius enim facta, illīus dicta laudantur,L.10,suffer not Cato to find a rival even in your man himself, whom, as you say, Apollo declared wisest of mankind; for our Cato is renowned for deeds, the other for doctrines.
2355.hīcandilleare used together, chiefly in poetry, to explain something past by a present thing: as,
hunc illum poscere fāta reor, V. 7, 272,this I think is he whom the fates require.hunc illum fātīs externā ab sēde profectum portendī generum, V. 7, 255,this was the man whom destiny foretold should fare from foreign home to be his son-in-law.
iste.
2356.istepoints out something near to, belonging to, or imputed to the person addressed: as,
cum istā sīs auctōritāte, nōn dēbēs adripere maledictum ex triviō,Mur.13,carrying the influence that you do, you ought not to take to street-corner abuse.multae istārum arborum meā manū sunt satae,CM.59,many of the trees you see there were planted by my own hand.salem istum quō caret vestra nātiō, inrīdendīs nōbīs nōlītōte cōnsūmere,ND.2, 74,do not waste in ridiculing us that wit which your fraternity sadly needs. Often withtuusorvester: as,īsdem hīc sapiēns dē quō loquor oculīs quibus iste vester intuēbitur,Ac.2, 105,the sage of whom I speak will look with the same eyes as the sage you boast of.
2357.From its use in addressing opponents or in talking at them,isteis common in contemptuous phrases: as,
tū istīs faucibus, istīs lateribus, istā gladiātōriā tōtīus corporis firmitāte,Ph.2, 63,you with that gullet of yours, those swollen flanks, that prizefighter’s bulky make-up.nōn erit ista amīcitia, sed mercātūra quaedam,ND.1, 122,such a thing will not be a friendship, but a sort of traffic.
ille.
2358.illepoints to what is remote in place, time, or thought: as,
ergō illī intellegunt quid Epicūrus dīcat, ego nōn intellegō?Fin.2, 13,do those gentlemen then understand what Epicurus means and I not?populus Rōmānus nihil aequē atque illam veterem iūdiciōrum vim gravitātemque requīrit,Caecil.8,the Roman people miss nothing so much as the ancient vigour and firmness attaching to public trials.hīs autem dē rēbus sōl mē ille admonuit ut brevior essem,DO.3, 209,but on these topics yonder sun has warned me to be pretty brief. For other examples, see2352-2355.
2359.illeis used to point out a celebrity, often one of the past. So, particularly without a proper name, in allusive style, referring to what is famed in story.
(a.)hīc est ille Dēmosthenēs,TD.5, 103,this is the famous Demosthenes.Athēniēnsis ille Themistoclēs,DO.2, 299,Themistocles the great, of Athens.illud Solōnis,CM.50,Solon’s memorable words.Mēdēa illa,IP.22,Medea famed in story. (b.)vīribus ille cōnfīsus periīt, J. 10, 10,the man in the story lost his life through confidence in his strength.illae rēgiae lacrimae, Plin.Ep.3, 7, 13,the monarch’s historic tears, of Xerxes.
2360.Indicating change of subject,illeisthis other man. In such cases it is often best expressed in English by a proper name or a descriptive word.
ad sē adulēscentem iussit venīre. at ille, ut ingressus est, cōnfestim gladium dēstrīnxit,Off.3, 112,he gave orders to admit the young man. But this other, the moment he entered, drew his sword.rūsticus expectat dum dēfluat amnis: at ille lābitur et lābētur, H.E.1, 2, 42,he is a peasant waiting for the river to go down: but the river flows and will flow on.
2361.In concessions,illeoften precedesquidem; in translation no pronoun is required.
librī scrīptī incōnsīderātē ab optimīs illīs quidem virīs, sed nōn satis ērudītīs,TD.1, 6,books rashly written by men respectable enough but of insufficient education.est tarda illa medicīna, sed tamen magna,TD.3, 35,it is a powerful remedy, though slow in its working.hīc,is, andisteare used rarely in this way.
2362.In poetryillemay serve: (1.) To repeat a thing with emphasis: as,
arma virumque canō Trōiae quī prīmus ab ōrīs Ītaliam vēnit, multum ille et terrīs iactātus et altō, V. 1, 1,arms and the man I sing, from Troja’s shore the first to come to Italy, much tossed that man by land and sea.
2363.(2.) To emphasize the second of two ideas: as,
nunc dextrā ingemināns ictūs, nunc ille sinistrā, V. 5, 457,now with his right redoubling blows, now mighty with his left.nōn tamen Euryalī, non ille oblītus amōrum, V. 5, 334,still not Euryalus forgetting, no, not he his love!
2364.(3.) As a provisional subject, to anticipate the real subject, and keep the attention in suspense till the real subject comes with emphasis: as,
ac velut ille canum morsū dē montibus altīs āctus aper substitit, V. 10, 707,and e’en as he, goaded by bite of hounds from mountains high, the boar hath paused.
is.
2365.isrefers to something named in the context. When some feeling is to be expressed, such as admiration, or oftener contempt,homōis often put foris.
(a.)petit ā rēge et eum plūribus verbīs rogat ut id ad sē mittat,V.4, 64,he solicits the king and begs him at considerable length to send it to him.nōndum mātūrus imperiō Ascanius erat, tamen id imperium ĕ̄ī ad pūberem aetātem incolume mānsit, L. 1, 3, 1,Ascanius was not yet old enough for the throne, but that throne was kept safe for him till he came of age. (b.)ego hominem callidiōrem vīdī nēminem quam Phormiōnem. veniō ad hominem, ut dīcerem argentum opus esse, T.Ph.591,a shrewder man than Phormio I never saw, not I! I went to him to tell him that I needed money.nēquam esse hominem et levem sciēbam,Sest.22,I knew the fellow was worthless and frivolous.
2366.(1.)isrefers to something named before or after: as,
eius omnis ōrātiō versāta est in eō, ut scrīptum plūrimum valēre oportēre dēfenderet,DO.1, 244,his whole speech turned on the contention that the written word should be paramount.Melitēnsis Diodōrus est; is Lilybaeī multōs iam annōs habitat,V.4, 38,Diodorus is from Melita; he has lived many years at Lilybaeum. For other examples of is used to connect sentences, see2129.
2367.With a connective,isdenotes an important addition: as,
vincula et ea sempiterna,C.4, 7,imprisonment and that too perpetual.annum iam audientem Cratippum idque Athēnīs,Off.1, 1,after a year’s study under Cratippus, and that too in Athens.erant in eō plūrimae litterae nec eae volgārēs,Br.265,he was a man of very deep reading and that of no common sort either.
2368.(2.)isindicates something explained or restricted by a relative or indefinite,quī,quīcumque,sī quis: as,
haec omnia is fēcī, quī sodālis Dolābellae eram,Fam.12, 14, 7,all this I did, I that was Dolabella’s bosom friend(1807).ūnus ex eō numerō quī ad caedem parātī erant, S.I.35, 6,one of the number that were ready to do murder(1804).neque is sum quī mortis perīculō terrear, 5, 30, 2,but I am not the man to be scared by danger of death, no, not I(1818).quīcumque is est, ē̆ī mē profiteor inimīcum,Fam.10, 31, 3,whoever he may be, I proclaim myself his enemy(1814).cum ipse Aliēnus ex eā facultāte, sī quam habet, aliquantum dētrāctūrus sit,Caecil.49,seeing that even Alienus is to suppress some part of that eloquence, if any he may have. See also1795,1798. Forid quod, see1811.
2369.For the use ofisinstead of a relative repeated in a different case, see1833.
2370.issometimes is loosely used for the reflexivesē(2341); here the point of view of the writer shows itself.