429.Some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings; see618-694.430.Many nouns are defective in case.Thus, many monosyllables have no genitive plural: as,aes,copper,cor,heart,cōs,whetstone,dōs,dowry,ōs,face,pāx,peace,pix,pitch,rōs,dew,sāl,salt,lūx,light; many words have no genitive, dative, or ablative plural: as,hiemps,winter; especially neuters: as,fār,spelt,fel,gall,mel,honey,pūs,matter,rūs,country,tūs,frankincense. Many words in-tu-(-su-) have only the ablative (235). For-ē-stems, see600. Other words more or less defective areexlēx,exspēs,fāsandnefās,īnfitiās,inquiēs,īnstar,luēs,nēmō,opisandvicisgenitives,pondōandsponteablatives,secus,vīs. Many adjectives ‘of one ending’ want the nominative and accusative neuter plural and genitive plural.431.Some adjectives are altogether indeclinable: as,frūgī,thrifty, an old dative;nēquam,naughty, an old accusative;quot,how many;tot,so many; and most numerals (637). These adjectives are attached to any case of a substantive without varying their own forms.THE SUBSTANTIVE.STEMS IN-ā-.The First Declension.Genitive singular-ae, genitive plural-ā-rum.432.Stems in-ā-include substantives and adjectives; both substantives and adjectives are feminine.433.Names of males are masculine (405): as,scrība,writer; alsoHadria,the Adriatic, and rarelydamma,deer, andtalpa,mole.434.The nominative of stems in-ā-ends in the shortened stem vowel-a.435.Stems in-ā-are declined as follows:ExampleStemmēnsa,table,mēnsā-, F.Stem and case endingsSingularNom.mēnsatable,a(orthe)table-aGen.mēnsaea table’s,of a table-aeDat.mēnsaetoorfor a table-aeAcc.mēnsama table-amAbl.mēnsāfrom,with, orby a table-āPluralNom.mēnsaetables(orthe)tables-aeGen.mēnsārumtables’,of tables-ārumDat.mēnsīstoorfor tables-īsAcc.mēnsāstables-āsAbl.mēnsīsfrom,with, orby tables-īsSINGULAR CASES.436.-ā-of the stem was shortened in the nominative and accusative singular at an early period (130,132). A few apparent examples of the nominative in-ā, found in the oldest writers, seem due to metrical causes: as,aquilā́(Enn.). But-āoccurs in Greek proper names (445). A couple of old masculine nominatives in-āsare quoted (422):pāricīdās,murderer, andhosticapās,taker of enemies. In the accusative singular-āmoccurs once:inimīcitiā́m(Enn.).437.The genitive sometimes ends (1.) in-āīin poetry: as,aulāī,of the hall;pīctāī,embroidered; (2.) in-ās: as,molās,of a mill. This genitive is rare, but was always kept up in the wordfamiliāswithpaterormāter, sometimes withfīliusorfīlia:pater familiās,the goodman,māter familiās,the housewife. Butpater familiae, or in the pluralpatrēs familiārum, is equally common.438.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ae: as,Rōmae,at Rome,in Rome;mīlitiae,in war,in the field,in the army.PLURAL CASES.439.Compounds ending with-cola,inhabiting, and-gena,born, and patronymics, sometimes have the genitive plural in-ū̆min poetry: as,caelicolū̆m,of occupants of heaven;Graiugenū̆m,of Greek-born men;Aeneadū̆m,of Aeneas’s sons; also names of peoples: as,Lapithū̆m,of the Lapithae. With these last-ū̆moccurs even in prose: as,Crotōniātū̆m,of the Crotona people. Others in-ŭmaredrachmŭm,amphorū̆m.440.In the dative and ablative plural,-eissometimes occurs (443): as,tueis ingrātieis,against your will(Plaut.). Nouns in-iahave rarely a singleī: as,pecūnīs,by moneys(Cic.);taenīs,with fillets(Verg.);nōnīs Iūnīs,on the fifth of June(Cic.). See24.441.In the dative and ablative plural, words in-āia, or plural-āiae, have-āīs, and those in-ēiahave-ēīs(127, 7): asKAL. MAIS,on the calends of May(inscr.);Bāīs,at Bajae(Hor.);plēbēīs,plebeian.442.The dative and ablative plural sometimes end in-ābus, particularly indeābus,goddesses, andfīliābus,daughters, to distinguish them fromdeīs,gods, andfīliīs,sons.ambae,both, andduae,two, regularly haveambābusandduābus.443.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:G.-ai, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation:PVLCHRAI;LAVERNAI;-āēs, after 80B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek:HERAES; rarely in appellatives:DOMINAES;-ēs:MINERVES;-ā,VESTA;COIRA, i.e.Cūrae. D.-ai, in all periods (96):FILIAI;-ā:FORTVNA;-ē(96):FORTVNE. Ac.-a(61):TAVRASIA;MAGNA SAPIENTIA. Ab.-ād(426):PRAIDAD. Loc.-ai:ROMAI. Plural: N.-ai(96):TABELAIDATAI;-ā, rare:MATRONA;-ē, rare and provincial (96):MVSTE, i.e.mystae. D. and Ab.-eis, very often (98):SCRIBEIS; D.-ās, once:DEVAS CORNISCAS, i.e.dīvīs Cornīscīs. Ab.-ēsonce (98):NVGES, i.e.nūgīs.GREEK NOUNS.444.Greek appellatives always take a Latin form in the dative singular and in the plural, and usually throughout: thus,poēta, M.,poet, andaula, F.,court, are declined likemēnsa. Masculines have sometimes a nominative-ēsand accusative-ēn: as,anagnōstēs,reader,anagnōstēn; rarely an ablative-ē: as,sophistē,sophist. Greek feminines in-ēsometimes have Greek forms in late writers: as, N.grammaticē,philology, G.grammaticēs, Ac.grammaticēn, Ab.grammaticē(Quintil.).445.Greek proper names sometimes have the following forms. Nominative masculine-ās,-ēs: as,Prūsiās,Atrīdēs; feminine-ā: as,Gelā,Phaedrā;-ē: as,Circē. Genitive feminine-ēs: as,Circēs. Accusative masculine-ān,-dēn: as,Aenēān,Pēlīdēn; feminine-ēn: as,Circēn. Ablative feminine-ē: as,Tīsiphonē. Vocative-āor-a: as,Atrīdā,Atrīda,Thyesta;-tē: as,Boōtē;-dē: as,Aeacidē.STEMS IN-o-.The Second Declension.Genitive singular-ī, genitive plural-ō-rum.446.Stems in-o-include substantives and adjectives, masculine or neuter.447.Most names of plants in-usare feminine (407); also the following:alvosoralvus,belly,colus,distaff,domus,house,humus,ground,vannus,fan.448.The nominative of masculines ends, including the stem vowel, in-o-s, or usually-u-s; some end in-r; neuters end in-o-m, or usually-u-m.449.(1.) Stems in-o-with the nominative in-usor-umare declined as follows:ExamplesStemsdominus,master,domino-, M.rēgnum,kingdom,rēgno-, Ne.Stem andcase endingsSingularM.Ne.Nom.dominus,a(orthe)masterrēgnum-us-umGen.dominī,a master’srēgnī-ī-īDat.dominō,toorfor a masterrēgnō-ō-ōAcc.dominum,a masterrēgnum-um-umAbl.dominō,from,with, orby a masterrēgnō-ō-ōVoc.domine,master-ePluralNom.dominī, (the)mastersrēgna-ī-aGen.dominōrum,of mastersrēgnōrum-ōrum-ōrumDat.dominīs,toorfor mastersrēgnīs-īs-īsAcc.dominōs,mastersrēgna-ōs-aAbl.dominīs,from,with, orby mastersrēgnīs-īs-īs450.deus,god, is declined as follows: N.deus, G.deī, D. and Ab.deō, Ac.deum. Plural: N.deī,di͡i, commonlydī, G.deōrumordeŭm, D. and Ab.deīs,di͡is, commonlydīs, Ac.deōs.451.(2.) Stems in-o-with the nominative in-ror in-āius,-ēius, or-ōiusare declined as follows:ExamplesStemspuer,boy,puero-, M.ager,field,agro-, M.Pompēius,Pompey,Pompēio-, M.SingularNom.puer,a(orthe)boyagerPompēiusGen.puerī,a boy’s,of a boyagrīPompēīDat.puerō,toorfor a boyagrōPompēiōAcc.puerum,a boyagrumPompēiumAbl.puerō,from,with, orby a boyagrōPompēiōVoc.Pompēī,Pompe͡iPluralNom.puerī, (the)boysagrīPompēīGen.puerōrum,boys’,of boysagrōrumPompēiōrumDat.puerīs,toorfor boysagrīsPompēīsAcc.puerōs,boysagrōsPompēiōsAbl.puerīs,from,with, orby boysagrīsPompēīsSINGULAR CASES.452.-usand-umwere originally-osand-om. But-uswas used in the earliest times,-umsomewhat later, and both became prevalent between 218 and 55B.C.(107,c). Afteruorv, however, the-osand-omwere retained till toward 50A.D.(107,c); also afterqu; but-cusand-cumoften displaced-quosand-quom(157): as,equos,equom, orecus,ecum,horse;antīquos,antīquom, orantīcus,antīcum,ancient. In the vocative-ewas always used, and is retained by Plautus inpuere,thou boy.453.Words in-ruswith a long penult, as,sevērus,stern, and the following substantives with a short penult are declined likedomimus(449):erus,masteriūniperus,junipernumerus,numberumerus,shoulderuterus,wombFor adjective stems in-ro-with nominative-rus, see615.454.Masculine stems in-ro-preceded by a short vowel or a mute, except those above (453), drop-osin the nominative, and have no vocative: as, stempuero-, N.puer,boy(111,b). Most masculines in-ro-have a vowel beforeronly in the nominative-er(111,b): asagro-, N.ager. But in compounds ending in-ferand-ger,carrying,having, and the following, the vowel before-ris a part of the stem, and is found in all the cases:adulter,Līber,paramour,Libergener,socer,son-in-law,father-in-lawpuer,vir,boy,manlīberī,vesper,children,eveningForMulciber,Hibēr, andCeltibē̆r, see the dictionary; for adjective stems in-ro-with nominative-r, see616. Oncesocerus(Pl.).455.nihilum,nothing, usually drops-umin the nominative and accusative, becomingnihilornīl, and similarlynōn,not, may be fornoenum,naught(99).famulis used forfamulus,slave, by Ennius and Lucretius, once each (111,b).456.Substantives ending in-iusor-ium(but never adjectives), have commonly a single-īin the genitive singular: as,Vergilius, G.Vergílī(87);fīlius,son, G.fīlī;cōnūbium,marriage, G.cōnūbī.457.Vergil has once a genitive-iī,fluviī,river’s. Propertius has-iītwo or three times; with Ovid, Seneca, and later writers,-iīis common: as,gladiī,of a sword; even in proper names, which were the last to take-iī: as,Tarquiniī; but family names almost always retain a single-ī. Locatives have-iī: as,Iconiī(Cic.).458.Proper names ending in-āius,-ēius, or-ōiushave-āī,-ēī, or-ōīin the genitive and vocative singular and nominative plural, and-āīs,-ēīs, or-ōīsin the dative and ablative plural (127, 7): as,Gāius, G., V., and N. Pl.Gāī, D. and Ab. Pl.Gāīs;Pompēī,Pompēīs;Bōī,Bōīs. In verse-ēīof the vocative is sometimes made one syllable (120): as,Pompe͡i;Volte͡i(Hor.).459.Latin proper names in-iushave the vocative in-īonly: as,Vergilius, V.Vergílī;Mercurius, V.Mercúrī(87). So, also,fīlius,fīlī,son;genius,genī,good angel;volturius,volturī,vulture;meus,mī,my.460.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ī: as,Ephesī,in Ephesus;humī,on the ground;bellī,in war.PLURAL CASES.461.In the nominative plural masculine,-eisometimes occurs (465): as,nātei geminei,twins born(Plaut.);-eisor-īsis rare (465): as,Sardeis,Sardians;oculīs,eyes; not infrequentlyhīsce,these here(Plaut.); masculine stems in-io-have rarely a single-ī: as,fīlī,sons. For-āī,-ēī, or-ōī, see458. The nominative and accusative plural of neuters ended anciently in-ā(130, 2). But-āwas shortened at an early period.462.In the common genitive plural-ōrum, the-o-of the stem is lengthened (123). A genitive plural in-ū̆m(or, afterv, in-ŏ̄m) is common fromdīvos,dīvus, anddeus,god; fromdēnārius,denar,modius,peck,nummus,money,sēstertius,sesterce, andtalentum,talent, with numerals; and from cardinals and distributives (641): as,dīvŏ̄m,divū̆m,deū̆m;mīlle sēstertiŭm;ducentū̆m;bīnŭm. Theuwas originally long (132); but it was shortened before 100A.D.463.Other masculine substantives have occasionally this genitive: as,līberū̆m,of children; particularly in set phrases and in verse: as,centuria fabrū̆m,century of mechanics;Graiū̆m,of Greeks. With neuter substantives, asoppidū̆m, foroppidōrum,of towns, and with adjectives it is rare.464.In the dative and ablative plural,-eisis rare (98): as,Epidamnieis(Plaut.). Stems in-io-have rarely a singleī: as,fīlīs,for sons. For-āīs,-ēīs, or-ōīs, see458.ambō,both, andduo,two, haveambōbusandduōbus(640).465.Other case forms are found in inscriptions as follows:N.-os,-om, withoretained (107,c):FILIOS,TRIBVNOS;POCOLOM; in proper names-o(66):CORNELIO;-u, rare:LECTV;-is, or-i, for-ius(135, 2):CAECILIS;CLAVDI; neuter-o(61):POCOLO. G. oldest form-ī:VRBANI;-ei, from 146B.C.to Augustus:POPVLEI;CONLEGEI;-iīfrom stems in-io-not before Tiberius:COLLEGII. Ac.-om(107,c):VOLCANOM;-o(61):OPTVMO VIRO;-u:GREMIV. Ab.-od, not after 186B.C.(426):POPLICOD,PREIVATOD. Plural: N.-ei, always common (98):VIREI;FILEI; -ēs,-eis,-īs(461):ATILIES;COQVES;LEIBEREIS, i.e.līnerī;MAGISTREIS;MAGISTRIS;-ē, rare:PLOIRVME, i.e.plūrumī. G.-ōmor-ō(61)ROMANOM;ROMANO;-ōro(61):DVONORO. D. and Ab.-eis, the only form down to about 130B.C.(98):ANTIQVEIS;PROXSVMEIS;-ēs, twice:CAVATVRINES.GREEK NOUNS.466.Greek stems in-o-are generally declined like Latin nouns, but in the singular sometimes have-osin the nominative,-onin the nominative or accusative neuter, rarely-ūin the genitive, or-ōin the feminine ablative. Plural, nominative sometimes-oe, masculine or feminine, and genitive, chiefly in book-titles,-ōn: as,NominativeĪlios;ĪlionorĪlium. GenitiveMenandrū,of Menander. Ablative feminine adjectivelectīcā octōphorō,in a sedan with eight bearers. Plural: nominativeAdelphoe,the Brothers;canēphoroe,basket-bearers, feminine. GenitiveGeōrgicōn liber,book of Husbandry. ForAndrogeōs,Athŏ̄sandPanthūs, see the dictionary.CONSONANT STEMS.The Third Declension.Genitive singular-is, genitive plural-um.467.Consonant stems are mostly substantive, and include both gender words and neuters.Comparatives and a few other words are adjective. For the gender of substantives, see570.468.The nominative of consonant stems ends in-s(or-x); or in-n(-ō),-l,-r, or-sof the stem, rarely in-cor-t.469.Most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive.Such words are calledImparisyllabicwords orImparisyllables: as, nominativerēx,king, one syllable; genitiverēgis,of a king, two syllables.470.Many consonant stems have a double form: one form used in the nominative singular (neuters have this form in the accusative also), another form in the other cases: as,iūdex,juror, stem of nominativeiūdec-(136, 2), of other casesiūdic-;flāmen(103,a),special priest,flāmin-(103,a);virgō,maid,virgin-(105,g);auceps(107,d),fowler,aucup-(104,c);ebur(107,c),ivory,ebor-;genus,race,gener-(145;107,c);trīstius(346),sadder,trīstiōr-(346);corpus(107,c),body,corpor-(105,i);pater(135, 2),father,patr-. In such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem.I. MUTE STEMS.471.(1.) Stems in a guttural mute,-g-or-c-, are declined as follows:ExamplesStemsrēx,king,rēg-, M.dux,leader,duc-, M.iūdex,juror,iūdic-, M., F.CaseendingsSingularNom.rēx,a(orthe)kingduxiūdex-s(-x)Gen.rēgis,a king’s,of a kingducisiūdicis-isDat.rēgī,toorfor a kingducīiūdicī-īAcc.rēgem,a kingducemiūdicem-emAbl.rēge,from,with, orby a kingduceiūdice-ePluralNom.rēgēs, (the)kingsducēsiūdicēs-ēsGen.rēgum,kings’,of kingsducumiūdicum-umDat.rēgibus,toorfor kingsducibusiūdicibus-ibusAcc.rēgēs,kingsducēsiūdicēs-ēsAbl.rēgibus,from,with, orby kingsducibusiūdicibus-ibusIn the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and-ain the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.472.(a.) Examples of stems in-g-, with nominative-x, genitive-gis, are:-ex,-egisgrex, M., (F.),herd;aquilex, M.,spring-hunter,hydraulic engineer.-ēx,-ēgisrēx, M.,king;interrēx,regent;lēx, F.,law; and N. and Ac.exlēx,exlēgem,beyond the law, adjective.-ex,-igisrēmex, M.,oarsman.-ī̆x,-ī̆gisstrī̆x, F.,screech-owl.-ūnx,-ūgisconiūnx(122,e) orconiux, M., F.,spouse.-ūx,-ūgisfrūx, F.,fruit.473.(b.) Examples of stems in-c-, with nominative-x, genitive-cis, are:-ax,-acisfax, F.,torch, no G. Pl. in good writers(430).-āx,-ācispāx, F.,peace, Pl. only N. and Ac.pācēs;līmāx, F.,snail.-ex,-ecisfaenisex, M.,haycutter;nex, F.,murder;precī, D., F.,prayer, no N., usually plural.-ēx,-ēcisvervēx, M.,wether;allēx, F.,fish-pickle, alsoallēc, Ne.-ex,-icisMasculines mostly:apex,point;cārex, F.,rush;caudexorcōdex,block,book;cīmex,bug;cortex, M., F.,bark;culex,gnat;forfex, M., F.,shears;frutex,shrub;īlex, F.,holm-oak;illex, M., F.,seducer;imbrex,tile;latex,fluid;mūrex,purple-shell;obice, Ab., M., F.,bar, no N.;paelex, F.,concubine,pollex,thumb;pūlex,flea;pūmex,pumice-slone;rāmex,blood-vessel;rumex,sorrel;silex, M., F.,flint;sōrex,shrew-mouse;vortexorvertex,whirl;vītex, F.,a shrub. Also some compounds: as,iūdex,juror;artifex,artisan;auspex,bird-viewer.-ix,-icisFeminines mostly:appendix,addition;calix, M.,cup;filix,fern;fulix,gull;fornix, M.,arch;larix,larch;pix,pitch, no G. Pl. (430);salix,willow;vārix,swollen vein;vicis, G.,change, no N., D., or G. Pl. (430).-īx,-īcisFeminines:cervīx,neck;cicātrīx,scar;cornīx,crow;cŏ̄turnīx(62),quail;lōdīx,blanket;rādīx,root;struīx,heap. Alsocoxendīx,hip, latercoxendix,coxendicis.-ōx,-ōcisvōx, F.,voice.-ux,-uciscrux, F.,cross;dux, M., F.,leader;nux, F.,nut-tree,nut;trādux, M.,vinelayer.474.(2.) Stems in a dental mute,-d-or-t-, are declined as follows:Examplescustōs,keeper,custōd-, M.aetās,age,aetāt-, F.virtūs,virtue,virtūt-, F.mīles,soldier,mīlit-, M.SingularNom.custōsaetāsvirtūsmīlesGen.custōdisaetātisvirtūtismīlitisDat.custōdīaetātīvirtūtīmīlitīAcc.custōdemaetātemvirtūtemmīlitemAbl.custōdeaetātevirtūtemīlitePluralNom.custōdēsaetātēsvirtūtēsmīlitēsGen.custōdumaetātumvirtūtummīlitumDat.custōdibusaetātibusvirtūtibusmīlitibusAcc.custōdēsaetātēsvirtūtēsmīlitēsAbl.custōdibusaetātibusvirtūtibusmīlitibus475.(a.) Examples of stems in-d-, with nominative-s, genitive-dis, are:-as,-adisvas, M., F.,personal surety, no G. Pl. (430).-aes,-aedispraes, M.,bondsman.-es,-idisobses, M., F.,hostage;praeses, M., F.,overseer.*dēses,slothful, adjective.-ēs,-edispēs, M.,foot.-ēs,-ēdishērēs, M., F.,heir;exhērēs,disinherited, adjective;mercēs, F.,reward.-is,-idisFeminines:capis,cup;cassis,helmet;cuspis,spear-point;prōmulsis,appetizer;lapis, M.,stone.-ōs,-ōdiscustōs, M., F.,guard.-aus,-audislaus, F.,praise.-us,-udispecus, F.,beast,head of cattle.-ūs,-ūdisFeminines:incūs,anvil;palūs,swamp, nominative once in Horacepalus, as from an-o-stem;subscūs,dovetail.476.sēdēs, F.,seat, has an-s-stem, namely-ēs(236), in the nominative, andsēd-in the other cases (401); G. Pl.sēdum, oncesēdium(Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in-d-, with nominative-r, genitive-dis, iscor(171, 2),heart,cordis, no G. Pl. (430).477.(b.) Examples of stems in-t-, with nominative-s, genitive-tis, are:-as,-atisanas, F.,duck; G. Pl. alsoanitum(Cic.), and Ac. Pl.anitēs(Plaut.).-ās,-ātisaetās, F.,age; also numerous other feminines in-tās(262).-es,-etisinterpres, M., F.,go-between;seges, F.,crop;teges, F.,mat.-es,-itisMasculines mostly:ames,net-pole;antistes, M., F.,overseer;caespes,sod;comes, M., F.,companion;eques,horseman;fōmes,tinder;gurges,whirlpool;hospes, M., F.,guest-friend;līmes,path;merges, F.,sheaf;mīles, M., F.,soldier;palmes,vine-sprout;pedes,man afoot,infantry;poples,hough;stīpes,trunk;termes,bough;trāmes,by-path;dīves,rich;sōspes,safe;superstes,surviving;caelite, Ab.,occupant of heaven, no N., adjectives.-ēs,-etisabiēs, F.,fir;ariēs, M.,ram;pariēs, M.,wall.-ēs,-ētisFeminines:quiēsandrequiēs,rest, no D., Ac. oftenrequiem, Ab. usuallyrequiē(603);inquiēs,unrest, N. only.-os,-otiscompos,master of, adjective.-ōs,-ōtisnepōs, M.,grandson,profligate;sacerdōs, M.,priest;cōs, F.,whetstone, no G. Pl. (130);dōs, F.,dowry, no G. Pl. in good writers (430);dōtumonce (Val. Max.), anddōtiumin the jurists.-ūs,-ūtisFeminines:iuventūs,youth;salūs,existence;senectūs,old age;servitūs,slavery, all singular only; andvirtūs,virtue, with a plural.478.vātēs,bard, has an-s-stem, namely-ēs(236), in the nominative, andvāt-in the other cases (401); G. Pl.vātum, but thricevātium(Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in-t-, with nominative-t, genitive-tis, iscaput,head,capitis, and its compoundsocciput,back of the headandsinciput,jole.lac, Ne.,milk,lactis, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusativelacte,lactonce in Varro (171, 2); acc.lactemoccurs in Petronius once and later.479.(3.) Stems in a labial mute,-b-or-p-, are declined as follows:
429.Some pronouns and a few adjectives have some peculiar case endings; see618-694.
430.Many nouns are defective in case.
Thus, many monosyllables have no genitive plural: as,aes,copper,cor,heart,cōs,whetstone,dōs,dowry,ōs,face,pāx,peace,pix,pitch,rōs,dew,sāl,salt,lūx,light; many words have no genitive, dative, or ablative plural: as,hiemps,winter; especially neuters: as,fār,spelt,fel,gall,mel,honey,pūs,matter,rūs,country,tūs,frankincense. Many words in-tu-(-su-) have only the ablative (235). For-ē-stems, see600. Other words more or less defective areexlēx,exspēs,fāsandnefās,īnfitiās,inquiēs,īnstar,luēs,nēmō,opisandvicisgenitives,pondōandsponteablatives,secus,vīs. Many adjectives ‘of one ending’ want the nominative and accusative neuter plural and genitive plural.
431.Some adjectives are altogether indeclinable: as,frūgī,thrifty, an old dative;nēquam,naughty, an old accusative;quot,how many;tot,so many; and most numerals (637). These adjectives are attached to any case of a substantive without varying their own forms.
The First Declension.
Genitive singular-ae, genitive plural-ā-rum.
432.Stems in-ā-include substantives and adjectives; both substantives and adjectives are feminine.
433.Names of males are masculine (405): as,scrība,writer; alsoHadria,the Adriatic, and rarelydamma,deer, andtalpa,mole.
434.The nominative of stems in-ā-ends in the shortened stem vowel-a.
435.Stems in-ā-are declined as follows:
SINGULAR CASES.
436.-ā-of the stem was shortened in the nominative and accusative singular at an early period (130,132). A few apparent examples of the nominative in-ā, found in the oldest writers, seem due to metrical causes: as,aquilā́(Enn.). But-āoccurs in Greek proper names (445). A couple of old masculine nominatives in-āsare quoted (422):pāricīdās,murderer, andhosticapās,taker of enemies. In the accusative singular-āmoccurs once:inimīcitiā́m(Enn.).
437.The genitive sometimes ends (1.) in-āīin poetry: as,aulāī,of the hall;pīctāī,embroidered; (2.) in-ās: as,molās,of a mill. This genitive is rare, but was always kept up in the wordfamiliāswithpaterormāter, sometimes withfīliusorfīlia:pater familiās,the goodman,māter familiās,the housewife. Butpater familiae, or in the pluralpatrēs familiārum, is equally common.
438.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ae: as,Rōmae,at Rome,in Rome;mīlitiae,in war,in the field,in the army.
PLURAL CASES.
439.Compounds ending with-cola,inhabiting, and-gena,born, and patronymics, sometimes have the genitive plural in-ū̆min poetry: as,caelicolū̆m,of occupants of heaven;Graiugenū̆m,of Greek-born men;Aeneadū̆m,of Aeneas’s sons; also names of peoples: as,Lapithū̆m,of the Lapithae. With these last-ū̆moccurs even in prose: as,Crotōniātū̆m,of the Crotona people. Others in-ŭmaredrachmŭm,amphorū̆m.
440.In the dative and ablative plural,-eissometimes occurs (443): as,tueis ingrātieis,against your will(Plaut.). Nouns in-iahave rarely a singleī: as,pecūnīs,by moneys(Cic.);taenīs,with fillets(Verg.);nōnīs Iūnīs,on the fifth of June(Cic.). See24.
441.In the dative and ablative plural, words in-āia, or plural-āiae, have-āīs, and those in-ēiahave-ēīs(127, 7): asKAL. MAIS,on the calends of May(inscr.);Bāīs,at Bajae(Hor.);plēbēīs,plebeian.
442.The dative and ablative plural sometimes end in-ābus, particularly indeābus,goddesses, andfīliābus,daughters, to distinguish them fromdeīs,gods, andfīliīs,sons.ambae,both, andduae,two, regularly haveambābusandduābus.
443.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
G.-ai, which may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in pronunciation:PVLCHRAI;LAVERNAI;-āēs, after 80B.C., chiefly in proper names, mostly Greek:HERAES; rarely in appellatives:DOMINAES;-ēs:MINERVES;-ā,VESTA;COIRA, i.e.Cūrae. D.-ai, in all periods (96):FILIAI;-ā:FORTVNA;-ē(96):FORTVNE. Ac.-a(61):TAVRASIA;MAGNA SAPIENTIA. Ab.-ād(426):PRAIDAD. Loc.-ai:ROMAI. Plural: N.-ai(96):TABELAIDATAI;-ā, rare:MATRONA;-ē, rare and provincial (96):MVSTE, i.e.mystae. D. and Ab.-eis, very often (98):SCRIBEIS; D.-ās, once:DEVAS CORNISCAS, i.e.dīvīs Cornīscīs. Ab.-ēsonce (98):NVGES, i.e.nūgīs.
GREEK NOUNS.
444.Greek appellatives always take a Latin form in the dative singular and in the plural, and usually throughout: thus,poēta, M.,poet, andaula, F.,court, are declined likemēnsa. Masculines have sometimes a nominative-ēsand accusative-ēn: as,anagnōstēs,reader,anagnōstēn; rarely an ablative-ē: as,sophistē,sophist. Greek feminines in-ēsometimes have Greek forms in late writers: as, N.grammaticē,philology, G.grammaticēs, Ac.grammaticēn, Ab.grammaticē(Quintil.).
445.Greek proper names sometimes have the following forms. Nominative masculine-ās,-ēs: as,Prūsiās,Atrīdēs; feminine-ā: as,Gelā,Phaedrā;-ē: as,Circē. Genitive feminine-ēs: as,Circēs. Accusative masculine-ān,-dēn: as,Aenēān,Pēlīdēn; feminine-ēn: as,Circēn. Ablative feminine-ē: as,Tīsiphonē. Vocative-āor-a: as,Atrīdā,Atrīda,Thyesta;-tē: as,Boōtē;-dē: as,Aeacidē.
The Second Declension.
Genitive singular-ī, genitive plural-ō-rum.
446.Stems in-o-include substantives and adjectives, masculine or neuter.
447.Most names of plants in-usare feminine (407); also the following:alvosoralvus,belly,colus,distaff,domus,house,humus,ground,vannus,fan.
448.The nominative of masculines ends, including the stem vowel, in-o-s, or usually-u-s; some end in-r; neuters end in-o-m, or usually-u-m.
449.(1.) Stems in-o-with the nominative in-usor-umare declined as follows:
450.deus,god, is declined as follows: N.deus, G.deī, D. and Ab.deō, Ac.deum. Plural: N.deī,di͡i, commonlydī, G.deōrumordeŭm, D. and Ab.deīs,di͡is, commonlydīs, Ac.deōs.
451.(2.) Stems in-o-with the nominative in-ror in-āius,-ēius, or-ōiusare declined as follows:
SINGULAR CASES.
452.-usand-umwere originally-osand-om. But-uswas used in the earliest times,-umsomewhat later, and both became prevalent between 218 and 55B.C.(107,c). Afteruorv, however, the-osand-omwere retained till toward 50A.D.(107,c); also afterqu; but-cusand-cumoften displaced-quosand-quom(157): as,equos,equom, orecus,ecum,horse;antīquos,antīquom, orantīcus,antīcum,ancient. In the vocative-ewas always used, and is retained by Plautus inpuere,thou boy.
453.Words in-ruswith a long penult, as,sevērus,stern, and the following substantives with a short penult are declined likedomimus(449):
erus,masteriūniperus,junipernumerus,numberumerus,shoulderuterus,womb
erus,master
iūniperus,juniper
numerus,number
umerus,shoulder
uterus,womb
For adjective stems in-ro-with nominative-rus, see615.
454.Masculine stems in-ro-preceded by a short vowel or a mute, except those above (453), drop-osin the nominative, and have no vocative: as, stempuero-, N.puer,boy(111,b). Most masculines in-ro-have a vowel beforeronly in the nominative-er(111,b): asagro-, N.ager. But in compounds ending in-ferand-ger,carrying,having, and the following, the vowel before-ris a part of the stem, and is found in all the cases:
adulter,Līber,paramour,Libergener,socer,son-in-law,father-in-lawpuer,vir,boy,manlīberī,vesper,children,evening
adulter,Līber,paramour,Liber
gener,socer,son-in-law,father-in-law
puer,vir,boy,man
līberī,vesper,children,evening
ForMulciber,Hibēr, andCeltibē̆r, see the dictionary; for adjective stems in-ro-with nominative-r, see616. Oncesocerus(Pl.).
455.nihilum,nothing, usually drops-umin the nominative and accusative, becomingnihilornīl, and similarlynōn,not, may be fornoenum,naught(99).famulis used forfamulus,slave, by Ennius and Lucretius, once each (111,b).
456.Substantives ending in-iusor-ium(but never adjectives), have commonly a single-īin the genitive singular: as,
Vergilius, G.Vergílī(87);fīlius,son, G.fīlī;cōnūbium,marriage, G.cōnūbī.
457.Vergil has once a genitive-iī,fluviī,river’s. Propertius has-iītwo or three times; with Ovid, Seneca, and later writers,-iīis common: as,gladiī,of a sword; even in proper names, which were the last to take-iī: as,Tarquiniī; but family names almost always retain a single-ī. Locatives have-iī: as,Iconiī(Cic.).
458.Proper names ending in-āius,-ēius, or-ōiushave-āī,-ēī, or-ōīin the genitive and vocative singular and nominative plural, and-āīs,-ēīs, or-ōīsin the dative and ablative plural (127, 7): as,
Gāius, G., V., and N. Pl.Gāī, D. and Ab. Pl.Gāīs;Pompēī,Pompēīs;Bōī,Bōīs. In verse-ēīof the vocative is sometimes made one syllable (120): as,Pompe͡i;Volte͡i(Hor.).
459.Latin proper names in-iushave the vocative in-īonly: as,
Vergilius, V.Vergílī;Mercurius, V.Mercúrī(87). So, also,fīlius,fīlī,son;genius,genī,good angel;volturius,volturī,vulture;meus,mī,my.
460.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ī: as,Ephesī,in Ephesus;humī,on the ground;bellī,in war.
PLURAL CASES.
461.In the nominative plural masculine,-eisometimes occurs (465): as,nātei geminei,twins born(Plaut.);-eisor-īsis rare (465): as,Sardeis,Sardians;oculīs,eyes; not infrequentlyhīsce,these here(Plaut.); masculine stems in-io-have rarely a single-ī: as,fīlī,sons. For-āī,-ēī, or-ōī, see458. The nominative and accusative plural of neuters ended anciently in-ā(130, 2). But-āwas shortened at an early period.
462.In the common genitive plural-ōrum, the-o-of the stem is lengthened (123). A genitive plural in-ū̆m(or, afterv, in-ŏ̄m) is common fromdīvos,dīvus, anddeus,god; fromdēnārius,denar,modius,peck,nummus,money,sēstertius,sesterce, andtalentum,talent, with numerals; and from cardinals and distributives (641): as,dīvŏ̄m,divū̆m,deū̆m;mīlle sēstertiŭm;ducentū̆m;bīnŭm. Theuwas originally long (132); but it was shortened before 100A.D.
463.Other masculine substantives have occasionally this genitive: as,līberū̆m,of children; particularly in set phrases and in verse: as,centuria fabrū̆m,century of mechanics;Graiū̆m,of Greeks. With neuter substantives, asoppidū̆m, foroppidōrum,of towns, and with adjectives it is rare.
464.In the dative and ablative plural,-eisis rare (98): as,Epidamnieis(Plaut.). Stems in-io-have rarely a singleī: as,fīlīs,for sons. For-āīs,-ēīs, or-ōīs, see458.ambō,both, andduo,two, haveambōbusandduōbus(640).
465.Other case forms are found in inscriptions as follows:
N.-os,-om, withoretained (107,c):FILIOS,TRIBVNOS;POCOLOM; in proper names-o(66):CORNELIO;-u, rare:LECTV;-is, or-i, for-ius(135, 2):CAECILIS;CLAVDI; neuter-o(61):POCOLO. G. oldest form-ī:VRBANI;-ei, from 146B.C.to Augustus:POPVLEI;CONLEGEI;-iīfrom stems in-io-not before Tiberius:COLLEGII. Ac.-om(107,c):VOLCANOM;-o(61):OPTVMO VIRO;-u:GREMIV. Ab.-od, not after 186B.C.(426):POPLICOD,PREIVATOD. Plural: N.-ei, always common (98):VIREI;FILEI; -ēs,-eis,-īs(461):ATILIES;COQVES;LEIBEREIS, i.e.līnerī;MAGISTREIS;MAGISTRIS;-ē, rare:PLOIRVME, i.e.plūrumī. G.-ōmor-ō(61)ROMANOM;ROMANO;-ōro(61):DVONORO. D. and Ab.-eis, the only form down to about 130B.C.(98):ANTIQVEIS;PROXSVMEIS;-ēs, twice:CAVATVRINES.
GREEK NOUNS.
466.Greek stems in-o-are generally declined like Latin nouns, but in the singular sometimes have-osin the nominative,-onin the nominative or accusative neuter, rarely-ūin the genitive, or-ōin the feminine ablative. Plural, nominative sometimes-oe, masculine or feminine, and genitive, chiefly in book-titles,-ōn: as,
NominativeĪlios;ĪlionorĪlium. GenitiveMenandrū,of Menander. Ablative feminine adjectivelectīcā octōphorō,in a sedan with eight bearers. Plural: nominativeAdelphoe,the Brothers;canēphoroe,basket-bearers, feminine. GenitiveGeōrgicōn liber,book of Husbandry. ForAndrogeōs,Athŏ̄sandPanthūs, see the dictionary.
The Third Declension.
Genitive singular-is, genitive plural-um.
467.Consonant stems are mostly substantive, and include both gender words and neuters.
Comparatives and a few other words are adjective. For the gender of substantives, see570.
468.The nominative of consonant stems ends in-s(or-x); or in-n(-ō),-l,-r, or-sof the stem, rarely in-cor-t.
469.Most consonant stems have one syllable less in the nominative than in the genitive.
Such words are calledImparisyllabicwords orImparisyllables: as, nominativerēx,king, one syllable; genitiverēgis,of a king, two syllables.
470.Many consonant stems have a double form: one form used in the nominative singular (neuters have this form in the accusative also), another form in the other cases: as,
iūdex,juror, stem of nominativeiūdec-(136, 2), of other casesiūdic-;flāmen(103,a),special priest,flāmin-(103,a);virgō,maid,virgin-(105,g);auceps(107,d),fowler,aucup-(104,c);ebur(107,c),ivory,ebor-;genus,race,gener-(145;107,c);trīstius(346),sadder,trīstiōr-(346);corpus(107,c),body,corpor-(105,i);pater(135, 2),father,patr-. In such instances the stem of the oblique cases is taken for brevity to represent both forms of the stem.
I. MUTE STEMS.
471.(1.) Stems in a guttural mute,-g-or-c-, are declined as follows:
In the nominative and accusative, neuters have no case ending in the singular, and-ain the plural. In the other cases they have the same case endings as gender stems.
472.(a.) Examples of stems in-g-, with nominative-x, genitive-gis, are:
473.(b.) Examples of stems in-c-, with nominative-x, genitive-cis, are:
474.(2.) Stems in a dental mute,-d-or-t-, are declined as follows:
475.(a.) Examples of stems in-d-, with nominative-s, genitive-dis, are:
476.sēdēs, F.,seat, has an-s-stem, namely-ēs(236), in the nominative, andsēd-in the other cases (401); G. Pl.sēdum, oncesēdium(Vell. Pat.). The only example of a neuter stem in-d-, with nominative-r, genitive-dis, iscor(171, 2),heart,cordis, no G. Pl. (430).
477.(b.) Examples of stems in-t-, with nominative-s, genitive-tis, are:
478.vātēs,bard, has an-s-stem, namely-ēs(236), in the nominative, andvāt-in the other cases (401); G. Pl.vātum, but thricevātium(Cic.). The only example of a neuter stem in-t-, with nominative-t, genitive-tis, iscaput,head,capitis, and its compoundsocciput,back of the headandsinciput,jole.lac, Ne.,milk,lactis, has in old and late Latin nominative and accusativelacte,lactonce in Varro (171, 2); acc.lactemoccurs in Petronius once and later.
479.(3.) Stems in a labial mute,-b-or-p-, are declined as follows: