mūniceps,burgess, stemmūnicip-, M., F.Singular: N.mūniceps, G.mūnicipis, D.mūnicipī, Ac.mūnicipem, Ab.mūnicipe. Plural: N.mūnicipēs, G.mūnicipum, D.mūnicipibus, Ac.mūnicipēs, Ab.mūnicipibus.480.Examples of stems in-b-or-p-, with nominative-s, genitive-bisor-pis, are:-ebs,-ibiscaelebs,unmarried, adjective, the only stem in-b-.——,-apisdapis, G., F.,feast, N. and D. S., and G. Pl. not used (430).-eps,-ipisadepsoradips, M., F.,fat, no G. Pl;forceps, M., F.,pincers;mūniceps,burgher.particeps,sharing, andprīnceps,first, adjectives.-eps,-upisauceps,fowler;manceps,contractor,mancupisormancipis.——,-ipisstipis, G., F.,small change, no N.-ops,-opisOps, F., oldOpis(Plaut.),goddess of power;opis, G., F.,help, no N., D. once only, Pl.opēs,means(418).II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.481.(1.) Stems in-l-and-n-are declined as follows:ExamplesStemscōnsul,consul,cōnsul-, M.leō,lion,leōn-, M.imāgō,likeness,imāgin-, F.nōmen,name,nōmin-, Ne.SingularNom.cōnsulleōimāgōnōmenGen.cōnsulisleōnisimāginisnōminisDat.cōnsulīleōnīimāginīnōminīAcc.cōnsulemleōnemimāginemnōmenAbl.cōnsuleleōneimāginenōminePluralNom.cōnsulēsleōnēsimāginēsnōminaGen.cōnsulumleōnumimāginumnōminumDat.cōnsulibusleōnibusimāginibusnōminibusAcc.cōnsulēsleōnēsimāginēsnōminaAbl.cōnsulibusleōnibusimāginibusnōminibus482.Examples of stems in-l-, with nominative-l, genitive-lis, are:-āl,-alissāl, M.,salt, sometimes Ne. in the singular; no G. Pl. (430).-el,-ellisfel(171,1), Ne.,gall;mel, Ne.,honey; plural onlyfella,mella.-il,-ilismūgil, M.,mullet;pūgil, M.,boxer;vigil, M.,watchman.-ōl,-ōlissōl, M.,sun, no G. Pl. (430).-ul,-uliscōnsul,consul;praesul,head dancer;exsul,exile.483.(a.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-en, genitive-inis, are:flāmen, M.,priest;pecten, M.,comb;tībīcen, M.,piper;tubicen, M.,trumpeter;sanguen, Ne.,blood. Many neuters in-men(224): as,certāmen,contest.484.(b.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-ō, genitive-ōnis, are:Many masculine concretes: as,pugiō,dagger; words of the agent (211): as,praedō,robber; and family names: as,Cicerō. Feminine abstracts in-iō(227), and many in-tiōor-siō(228): as,opīniō,notion;cōgitātiō,thought.485.(c.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-ō, genitive-inis, are:Masculines:Apollō;cardō,hinge;ōrdō,rank;turbō,whirlwind.homo, M., F.,human being;nēmō,nobody; for G. and Ab.,nūllī̆usandnūllōare generally used;margō, M., F.,brink. Feminines:grandō,hail;harundō,reed;hirundō,swallow;hirūdō,leech;testūdō,tortoise;virgō,maiden. Many in-dō,-dinis(225),-gō,-ginis(226), and-tūdō,-tūdinis(264): as,cupīdō, also M.,desire;imāgō,likeness;sōlitūdō,loneliness.486.sanguī̆s, M.,blood, stemsanguin-, takes-sin the nominative (171, 4).canis, M., F.,dog, stemcan-, andīuvenis, M., F.,young person, stemiuven-, have the nominative formed like that of-i-stems. Forsenex,old man, see500.487.(2.) Stems in-r-and-s-are declined as follows:ExamplesStemspater,father,patr-, M.dolor,pain,dolōr-, M.flōs,flower,flōr-, M.genus,race,gener-, Ne.SingularNom.paterdolorflōsgenusGen.patrisdolōrisflōrisgenerisDat.patrīdolōrīflōrīgenerīAcc.patremdolōremflōremgenusAbl.patredolōreflōregenerePluralNom.patrēsdolōrēsflōrēsgeneraGen.patrumdolōrumflōrumgenerumDat.patribusdolōribusflōribusgeneribusAcc.patrēsdolōrēsflōrēsgeneraAbl.patribusdolōribusflōribusgeneribus488.Many stems in-r-ended originally in-s-, which became-r-between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as,flōs, M.,flower, G.*flōsis,flōris;honōs, M.,honour, G.honōris, N.honor.489.(a.) Examples of stems in-r-, with nominative-r, genitive-ris, are:-ar,-arisbaccar, Ne.,a plant;iūbar, Ne., rarely M.,bright sky, no Pl.-ār,-arislār, M.,household god; G. Pl.larum; two or three timeslarium.-ār,-arrisfār(171,1), Ne.,spelt; Pl. only N. and Ac.farra.-er,-erisMasculines:acipēnser,sturgeon;agger,mound;ānser, rarely F.,goose;asser,pole;carcer,jail;later,brick;mulier, F.,woman;passer,sparrow;vōmer,ploughshare. Neuters:cadāver,corpse;tūber,swelling;ūber,breast;verberis, G.,lash, no N., generally Pl.;acer,maple, and some other plant names: see573.pauper,poor, adjective.-ter,-trisaccipiter, M.,hawk;frāter, M.,brother;māter, F.,mother;pater, M.,father.-ēr,-ērisvēr, Ne.; no Pl.-or,-orisaequor, Ne.,sea;marmor, Ne.,marble;arbor, F.,tree.-or,-ōrisolor, M.,swan;soror, F.,sister;uxor, F.,wife. Many masculines in-orfor-ōs(237): as,odor,smell; and in-tor,-tōris(205): as,amātor,lover. Also gender comparatives of adjectives: as,trīstior(346), M., F.,sadder.-ur,-orisNeuters:ebur,ivory; Pl. onlyebora;rōbur,heart of oak; Pl.rōboracommon,rōborumandrōboribustwice each. Alsofemur,thigh,femorisorfeminis, andiecur,liver,iecoris,iecineris, oriocineris.-ur,-urisaugur, M., F.,augur;furfur, M.,bran;turtur, M., F.,turtle-dove;volturorvultur, M.,vulture. Neuters:fulgur,lightning;guttur, rarely M.,throat;murmur,murmur;sulpur,sulphur.cicur,tame, adjective.-ūr,-ūrisfūr, M.,thief.490.volucris, F.,bird, stemvolucr-, has its nominative formed like that of-i-stems.491.(b.) Examples of stems in-s-, or-r-for-s-, with nominative-s, genitive-ris, are:-aes,-aerisaes, Ne.,copper,bronze; in the Pl. onlyaeraandaerumare usual.-ēs,-erisCerēs.pūbēs,mangrown;impūbēs,immature, adjectives; for the last more commonlyimpūbis, likebrevis(630).-is,-eriscinis, M.,ashes;cucumis, M.,cucumber, also with-i-stem;pulvis, M.,dust;vōmis, M.,ploughshare.-ōs,-orisarbōs, F.,tree.-ōs,-ōrisMasculines:flōs,flower;mōs,custom;rōs,dew, no G. Pl. (430);lepōs,grace;honōsorhonor,honour, and some old Latin words for later-or: as,odōsorodor,smell(489).ōs, Ne.,mouth,face, no G. Pl. (430).-us,-erisNeuters:acus,husk;foedus,treaty;fūnus,funeral;genus,race;glŏ̄mus(134),clew;holus,green stuff;latus,side;mūnus,gift;onus,burden;opus,work;pondus,weight;raudusorrūdus,piece of copper;scelus,crime;sīdus,constellation;ulcus,sore;vellus,fleece;vīscus,bowel, usually plural;volnusorvulnus,wound. AlsoVenus, F., andvetus,old, adjective.-us,-orisNeuters:corpus,body;decus,grace;dēdecus,disgrace;facinus,deed;faenus,interest;frīgus,cold;lītus,shore;nemus,grove;pectus,breast;pecus,flock;penus,store;pignus,pledge;stercus,dung;tempus,time;tergus,back. Alsolepus, M.,hare.-us,-ōrisNeuter comparatives of adjectives: as,trīstius(346),sadder.-ūs,-ūrisNeuters:crūs,leg;iūs,right, Pl.iūra, G. Pl. twice only (Plaut.; Cato), no D. or Ab. Pl.;iūs,broth,pūs,pus,rūs,country,tūs,frankincense, Pl. only N. and Ac.iūra, &c.tellūs, F.,earth.492.vās, Ne.,vessel,utensil, retains thesbetween two vowels: G.vāsis, D.vāsī, Ab.vāse, plural N. and Ac.vāsa; the G.vāsōrum, and D. and Ab.vāsis, are formed from an-o-stem,vāso-(401).mēnsis, M.,month,mēnsis, has its nominative formed like that of-i-stems; G. Pl.mēnsum, sometimesmēnsuumormēnsium.os(171, 1) Ne.,bone,ossis, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430):ossiumlate.493.The two neutersvīrus,gall,poison, andvolgusorvulgus,the crowd, have-o-stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac.volgus, G.volgī, D. and Ab.volgō. A masculine accusativevolgumis sometimes found. The Greek neuterpelagus,the deep, has also G.pelagī, D. and Ab.pelagō, Pl. N. and Ac.pelagē(508).III. STEMS IN-u-OR-v-.494.Four substantives with stems in-ū-or-v-,grūs, F.,crane,gruis;sūs, M., F.,sow,swine,suis;bōs, M., F.,ox,cow,bovis; andnix, F.,snow,nivis, follow the consonant declension; also the genitiveIovis, and the other oblique cases ofIuppiter(500). Butsūshas in the plural dative and ablativesuibus,sūbus, orsubus;bōshas in the plural genitiveboumorbovum, rarelybovom(107,c), and in the dative and ablativebōbus, or oftenerbūbus;nixhas no genitive plural in good writers (430):niviumlate, oncenivum.SINGULAR CASES.495.(1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding-sto the stem (422): as,rēg-,king, N.rēx(164,1);duc-,leader, N.dux(135, 1);custōd-,guard, N.custōs(171, 5);aetāt-,age, N.aetās(171, 5);caelib-,unmarried, N.caelebs(54);mūnicip-,burgher, N.mūniceps.hiem-,winter, the only stem in-m-, N.hiemps(167) orhiems, also takes-s.496.(2.) Stems in a continuous consonant,-l-,-n-,-r-, or-s-, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422,423): as,cōnsul-,consul, N.cōnsul;flāmin-,special priest, N.flāmen;agger-,mound, N.agger;iūr-foriūs-,right, N.iūs.Forcor,heart, see476;lacte,lac,milk,478;sanguī̆s,blood,486;-sin neuter adjectives,612.497.(a.) Stems in-ōn-drop-n-in the nominative; stems in-in-for-on-drop-n-, and end in-ō: as,leōn-,lion, N.leō;imāgin-forimāgon-,likeness, N.imāgō.498.(b.) Stems of one syllable in-r-for-s-usually retain-sin the nominative: as,flōr-forflōs-, M.,flower, N.flōs;iūr-foriūs-, Ne.,right, N.iūs. Some of more than one syllable also retain-s: see491; but in others-sis changed to-r, and in masculines a precedingōis shortened: as,odōs,smell,odor.lepōs,grace, retains-ōs.499.(c.) Four stems in-er-for-is-have the nominative singular in-is:cinis,ashes,cineris;cucumis,cucumber,cucumerisorcucumis;pulvī̆s,dust,pulveris; andvōmis, oftenervōmer,ploughshare,vōmeris.500.The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):iter,journey,itineris, stemsiter-,itiner-;Iuppiter(389)Iovis;supellēx,furniture,supellēctilis(545);senex,old man,man of forty or more,senis, stemssenec-,sen-. Forsēdēs,seat, see476;vātēs,bard,478.canis,dog, N. alsocanēs(Plaut. Enn., Lucil.),iuvenis,youngormiddle-aged person(486),volucris,bird(490), andmēnsis,month(492), have their nominatives formed like those of-i-stems.501.An old dative in-ēis sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as,aerē,money;iūrē,right. See98.502.Substantives have rarely an ablative in-īor-eilike-i-stems: as,capitī(Catull.),head, forcapite;dōtei(Plaut.),dowry, fordōte. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes-ī: asartificī manū,with artist hand; but often-e:as,ālite lāpsū,with winged glide. For-ēin old Latin there is no certain evidence.503.Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in-ī: as,meliōrī, better, formeliōre. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always-e, exceptvetus,old, which has sometimesveterī.504.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ī: as,Karthāginī,at Carthage;rūrī,a-field,in the country.PLURAL CASES.505.The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely-īs, like stems in-i-: assacerdōtīs,priests;meliōrīs,better. For-āin neuters in old Latin, see130, 2.506.The genitive plural of stems in-tāt-(262) is sometimes-ium, like that of-ī-stems: as,cīvitātium,communities;voluptātium,pleasures(Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age.mēnsis,month, hasmēnsum, but oftenmēnsuum, sometimesmēnsium.āles,bird, has sometimesālituumin hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative-būs, see2505.507.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:N.MVNICIPES;-ōfor-ōs(66):MAIO, i.e.maiōsormaior. G.-es, as early as 218B.C.:SALVTES;-us, from 186 to 100B.C.:NOMINVS;-u(66):CAESARV. D.-ei:VIRTVTEI, soon after 290B.C.;HEREDEI, 45B.C.;-ē, disappeared sooner than-eiexcept in set phrases (501), but is equally old:IVNONE;IOVRE. Ac.-e(61):APICE. Ab.-īd(426):CONVENTIONID, i.e.cōntiōne;-ei:VIRTVTEI;-ī:HEREDI. Plural: N.-īs:IOVDICIS. G.-om:POVMILIONOM;-ium:MVNICIPIVM. D.-ebus:TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac.-īs:MVNICIPIS.GREEK NOUNS.508.Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as,lampas,torch, G.lampados, Ac.lampada. Plural: N.lampades, Ac.lampadas.āēr,air, has usually the accusativeāera, andaethēr,upper air, always hasaethera. In the plural nominative and accusative,cētus,swimming monster,melos,strain of music, andpelagus(493),the deep, have-ē: as,cētē. Genitive-ōn, rare: as,epigrammatōn,epigrams. Dative and ablative-matīsfrom words in-ma,-matis: as,poēmatīs,poems(401).509.Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:Genitive-os: as,Pān,Pānos;-ūs, with nominative-ō: as,Mantō,Mantūs. Dative-i, rare: as,Mīnōidi. Accusative-a, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as,Acheronta; alwaysPāna;-ō, with feminines in-ō,-ūs: as,Dīdō. Vocative:Pallās,Pallā; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative-es: as,Arcades. Dative-sin, rare: as,Lēmniasin. Accusative-as, very common: as,Lelegas; in prose,Macedonas; also in words not Greek: as,Allobrogas(Caes.).510.Names in-eus, likeOrpheus, are usually declined like-o-stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G.Orpheos, D.OrpheiorOrphī, Ac.Orphea. Accusative rarely-ēa: as,Ī̆lonēa.511.Some names in-ēshave the genitive in-isor-īand the accusative in-emor-ēn(401): as,Sōcratēs, G.SōcratisorSōcratī, Ac. usuallySōcratem, alsoSōcratēn.AchillēsandUlixēshave in the genitive-eī,-e͡i, or-ī. Names in-clēshave rarely the accusative-clea: as,Periclea.512.Some names in-ishave forms either from a stem in-id-, or from one in-i-: as,Paris, G.Paridis, D.Paridī, Ac.Paridem,ParimorParin, V.Pari.STEMS IN -i- AND MIXED STEMS.The Third Declension.Genitive singular-is, genitive plural-i-um.513.Stems in-i-include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.For the gender of substantives, see570.514.The nominative of gender stems in-i-ends usually in-s(or-x), sometimes in-lor-r; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in-e, sometimes in-lor-r.515.Most stems in-i-have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.Such words are calledParisyllabicwords, orParisyllables: as, nominativecīvis,citizen, two syllables; genitivecīvis,of a citizen, also two syllables.516.Stems in-i-are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have-imin the accusative of some substantives, and-īin the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have-iumin the genitive,-īsoften in the accusative of gender words, and-iain the nominative and accusative neuter.I. PARISYLLABLES.517.(1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in-i-with the nominative in-isare declined as follows:ExamplesStemstussis,cough,tussi-, F.turris,tower,turri-, F.amnis,river,amni-, M.hostis,enemy,hosti-, M., F.Stem andcase endingsSingularNom.tussisturrisamnishostis-isGen.tussisturrisamnishostis-isDat.tussīturrīamnīhostī-īAcc.tussimturrim,-emamnemhostem-im,-emAbl.tussīturrī,-eamne,-īhoste-ī,-ePluralNom.tussēsturrēsamnēshostēs-ēsGen.turriumamniumhostium-iumDat.turribusamnibushostibus-ibusAcc.tussīs,-ēsturrīs,-ēsamnīs,-ēshostīs,-ēs-īs,-ēsAbl.turribusamnibushostibus-ibus518.(a.) Like the singular oftussisare declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places, likeTiberis,Hispalis. Alsocucumis, M.,cucumber(but see491), and the defectivessitis, F.,thirst, Ac.sitim, Ab.sitī, no plural; andvīs, F.,power, Ac.vim, Ab.vī. Plural (401): N.vīrēs, G.vīrium, D. and Ab.vīribus, Ac.vīrīsorvīrēs. (The D.vīis only found twice; a N. and Ac. Pl.vīsis very rare.)519.(b.) The following feminines are declined liketurris, with-imor-emin the accusative, and-īor-ein the ablative:clāvis,keyfebris,fevernāvis,vesselpuppis,sternsēmentis,plantingstrigilis,skin-scraperSo also in the oblique cases,Liger,the Liger.Arar,the Arar, has in the accusative-im, in the ablative-eor-ī.520.secūris,axe,messis,crop, andrestis,rope, also have-imor-emin the accusative, but onlysecūrī,messe, andrestein the ablative.canālis,conduit, has only-emin the accusative, and only-īin the ablative.521.(c.) The following are declined likeamnis, with-emin the accusative, and-īor-ein the ablative:
mūniceps,burgess, stemmūnicip-, M., F.
mūniceps,burgess, stemmūnicip-, M., F.
Singular: N.mūniceps, G.mūnicipis, D.mūnicipī, Ac.mūnicipem, Ab.mūnicipe. Plural: N.mūnicipēs, G.mūnicipum, D.mūnicipibus, Ac.mūnicipēs, Ab.mūnicipibus.
480.Examples of stems in-b-or-p-, with nominative-s, genitive-bisor-pis, are:
II. STEMS IN A CONTINUOUS CONSONANT.
481.(1.) Stems in-l-and-n-are declined as follows:
482.Examples of stems in-l-, with nominative-l, genitive-lis, are:
483.(a.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-en, genitive-inis, are:
flāmen, M.,priest;pecten, M.,comb;tībīcen, M.,piper;tubicen, M.,trumpeter;sanguen, Ne.,blood. Many neuters in-men(224): as,certāmen,contest.
484.(b.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-ō, genitive-ōnis, are:
Many masculine concretes: as,pugiō,dagger; words of the agent (211): as,praedō,robber; and family names: as,Cicerō. Feminine abstracts in-iō(227), and many in-tiōor-siō(228): as,opīniō,notion;cōgitātiō,thought.
485.(c.) Examples of stems in-n-, with nominative-ō, genitive-inis, are:
Masculines:Apollō;cardō,hinge;ōrdō,rank;turbō,whirlwind.homo, M., F.,human being;nēmō,nobody; for G. and Ab.,nūllī̆usandnūllōare generally used;margō, M., F.,brink. Feminines:grandō,hail;harundō,reed;hirundō,swallow;hirūdō,leech;testūdō,tortoise;virgō,maiden. Many in-dō,-dinis(225),-gō,-ginis(226), and-tūdō,-tūdinis(264): as,cupīdō, also M.,desire;imāgō,likeness;sōlitūdō,loneliness.
486.sanguī̆s, M.,blood, stemsanguin-, takes-sin the nominative (171, 4).canis, M., F.,dog, stemcan-, andīuvenis, M., F.,young person, stemiuven-, have the nominative formed like that of-i-stems. Forsenex,old man, see500.
487.(2.) Stems in-r-and-s-are declined as follows:
488.Many stems in-r-ended originally in-s-, which became-r-between two vowels, and in some words in the nominative also (154): as,flōs, M.,flower, G.*flōsis,flōris;honōs, M.,honour, G.honōris, N.honor.
489.(a.) Examples of stems in-r-, with nominative-r, genitive-ris, are:
490.volucris, F.,bird, stemvolucr-, has its nominative formed like that of-i-stems.
491.(b.) Examples of stems in-s-, or-r-for-s-, with nominative-s, genitive-ris, are:
492.vās, Ne.,vessel,utensil, retains thesbetween two vowels: G.vāsis, D.vāsī, Ab.vāse, plural N. and Ac.vāsa; the G.vāsōrum, and D. and Ab.vāsis, are formed from an-o-stem,vāso-(401).mēnsis, M.,month,mēnsis, has its nominative formed like that of-i-stems; G. Pl.mēnsum, sometimesmēnsuumormēnsium.os(171, 1) Ne.,bone,ossis, has no G. Pl. in good writers (430):ossiumlate.
493.The two neutersvīrus,gall,poison, andvolgusorvulgus,the crowd, have-o-stems, except in the nominative and accusative (401), and no plural: thus, N. and Ac.volgus, G.volgī, D. and Ab.volgō. A masculine accusativevolgumis sometimes found. The Greek neuterpelagus,the deep, has also G.pelagī, D. and Ab.pelagō, Pl. N. and Ac.pelagē(508).
III. STEMS IN-u-OR-v-.
494.Four substantives with stems in-ū-or-v-,grūs, F.,crane,gruis;sūs, M., F.,sow,swine,suis;bōs, M., F.,ox,cow,bovis; andnix, F.,snow,nivis, follow the consonant declension; also the genitiveIovis, and the other oblique cases ofIuppiter(500). Butsūshas in the plural dative and ablativesuibus,sūbus, orsubus;bōshas in the plural genitiveboumorbovum, rarelybovom(107,c), and in the dative and ablativebōbus, or oftenerbūbus;nixhas no genitive plural in good writers (430):niviumlate, oncenivum.
SINGULAR CASES.
495.(1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in a mute is formed by adding-sto the stem (422): as,
rēg-,king, N.rēx(164,1);duc-,leader, N.dux(135, 1);custōd-,guard, N.custōs(171, 5);aetāt-,age, N.aetās(171, 5);caelib-,unmarried, N.caelebs(54);mūnicip-,burgher, N.mūniceps.hiem-,winter, the only stem in-m-, N.hiemps(167) orhiems, also takes-s.
496.(2.) Stems in a continuous consonant,-l-,-n-,-r-, or-s-, and neuters have no nominative suffix (422,423): as,
cōnsul-,consul, N.cōnsul;flāmin-,special priest, N.flāmen;agger-,mound, N.agger;iūr-foriūs-,right, N.iūs.
Forcor,heart, see476;lacte,lac,milk,478;sanguī̆s,blood,486;-sin neuter adjectives,612.
497.(a.) Stems in-ōn-drop-n-in the nominative; stems in-in-for-on-drop-n-, and end in-ō: as,
leōn-,lion, N.leō;imāgin-forimāgon-,likeness, N.imāgō.
498.(b.) Stems of one syllable in-r-for-s-usually retain-sin the nominative: as,flōr-forflōs-, M.,flower, N.flōs;iūr-foriūs-, Ne.,right, N.iūs. Some of more than one syllable also retain-s: see491; but in others-sis changed to-r, and in masculines a precedingōis shortened: as,odōs,smell,odor.lepōs,grace, retains-ōs.
499.(c.) Four stems in-er-for-is-have the nominative singular in-is:cinis,ashes,cineris;cucumis,cucumber,cucumerisorcucumis;pulvī̆s,dust,pulveris; andvōmis, oftenervōmer,ploughshare,vōmeris.
500.The following have the nominative singular formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401):
iter,journey,itineris, stemsiter-,itiner-;Iuppiter(389)Iovis;supellēx,furniture,supellēctilis(545);senex,old man,man of forty or more,senis, stemssenec-,sen-. Forsēdēs,seat, see476;vātēs,bard,478.canis,dog, N. alsocanēs(Plaut. Enn., Lucil.),iuvenis,youngormiddle-aged person(486),volucris,bird(490), andmēnsis,month(492), have their nominatives formed like those of-i-stems.
501.An old dative in-ēis sometimes retained in set phrases (507): as,aerē,money;iūrē,right. See98.
502.Substantives have rarely an ablative in-īor-eilike-i-stems: as,capitī(Catull.),head, forcapite;dōtei(Plaut.),dowry, fordōte. Substantives used as adjectives have sometimes-ī: asartificī manū,with artist hand; but often-e:as,ālite lāpsū,with winged glide. For-ēin old Latin there is no certain evidence.
503.Adjectives in the comparative degree have sometimes an ablative in-ī: as,meliōrī, better, formeliōre. Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with consonant stems (624) have always-e, exceptvetus,old, which has sometimesveterī.
504.Town names and a few appellatives have a locative case in-ī: as,Karthāginī,at Carthage;rūrī,a-field,in the country.
PLURAL CASES.
505.The nominative and accusative plural masculine and feminine have rarely-īs, like stems in-i-: assacerdōtīs,priests;meliōrīs,better. For-āin neuters in old Latin, see130, 2.
506.The genitive plural of stems in-tāt-(262) is sometimes-ium, like that of-ī-stems: as,cīvitātium,communities;voluptātium,pleasures(Cic.); but chiefly in or after the Augustan age.mēnsis,month, hasmēnsum, but oftenmēnsuum, sometimesmēnsium.āles,bird, has sometimesālituumin hexameter verse. For the dative and ablative-būs, see2505.
507.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N.MVNICIPES;-ōfor-ōs(66):MAIO, i.e.maiōsormaior. G.-es, as early as 218B.C.:SALVTES;-us, from 186 to 100B.C.:NOMINVS;-u(66):CAESARV. D.-ei:VIRTVTEI, soon after 290B.C.;HEREDEI, 45B.C.;-ē, disappeared sooner than-eiexcept in set phrases (501), but is equally old:IVNONE;IOVRE. Ac.-e(61):APICE. Ab.-īd(426):CONVENTIONID, i.e.cōntiōne;-ei:VIRTVTEI;-ī:HEREDI. Plural: N.-īs:IOVDICIS. G.-om:POVMILIONOM;-ium:MVNICIPIVM. D.-ebus:TEMPESTATEBVS. Ac.-īs:MVNICIPIS.
GREEK NOUNS.
508.Greek appellatives of the consonant declension occasionally retain Greek case endings: as,lampas,torch, G.lampados, Ac.lampada. Plural: N.lampades, Ac.lampadas.āēr,air, has usually the accusativeāera, andaethēr,upper air, always hasaethera. In the plural nominative and accusative,cētus,swimming monster,melos,strain of music, andpelagus(493),the deep, have-ē: as,cētē. Genitive-ōn, rare: as,epigrammatōn,epigrams. Dative and ablative-matīsfrom words in-ma,-matis: as,poēmatīs,poems(401).
509.Greek proper names of the consonant declension are usually declined like Latin ones in old Latin and prose. From Vergil and Propertius on, Greek case endings grow more and more frequent, especially in poetry; they are best learned for every name from the dictionary; the commonest forms are:
Genitive-os: as,Pān,Pānos;-ūs, with nominative-ō: as,Mantō,Mantūs. Dative-i, rare: as,Mīnōidi. Accusative-a, common with names of persons in poetry, not in prose, more common with those of places, and even in prose: as,Acheronta; alwaysPāna;-ō, with feminines in-ō,-ūs: as,Dīdō. Vocative:Pallās,Pallā; in old Latin the nominative is commonly used instead of the vocative. Plural: Nominative-es: as,Arcades. Dative-sin, rare: as,Lēmniasin. Accusative-as, very common: as,Lelegas; in prose,Macedonas; also in words not Greek: as,Allobrogas(Caes.).
510.Names in-eus, likeOrpheus, are usually declined like-o-stems (449). They have less frequently Greek forms: as, G.Orpheos, D.OrpheiorOrphī, Ac.Orphea. Accusative rarely-ēa: as,Ī̆lonēa.
511.Some names in-ēshave the genitive in-isor-īand the accusative in-emor-ēn(401): as,Sōcratēs, G.SōcratisorSōcratī, Ac. usuallySōcratem, alsoSōcratēn.AchillēsandUlixēshave in the genitive-eī,-e͡i, or-ī. Names in-clēshave rarely the accusative-clea: as,Periclea.
512.Some names in-ishave forms either from a stem in-id-, or from one in-i-: as,Paris, G.Paridis, D.Paridī, Ac.Paridem,ParimorParin, V.Pari.
The Third Declension.
Genitive singular-is, genitive plural-i-um.
513.Stems in-i-include both substantives and adjectives, gender words and neuters.
For the gender of substantives, see570.
514.The nominative of gender stems in-i-ends usually in-s(or-x), sometimes in-lor-r; that of neuter substantives has no suffix, and ends usually in-e, sometimes in-lor-r.
515.Most stems in-i-have as many syllables in the nominative as in the genitive.
Such words are calledParisyllabicwords, orParisyllables: as, nominativecīvis,citizen, two syllables; genitivecīvis,of a citizen, also two syllables.
516.Stems in-i-are declined in the main like consonant stems, but have-imin the accusative of some substantives, and-īin the ablative of adjectives, of some gender substantives, and of neuters; in the plural they have-iumin the genitive,-īsoften in the accusative of gender words, and-iain the nominative and accusative neuter.
I. PARISYLLABLES.
517.(1.) Parisyllabic gender stems in-i-with the nominative in-isare declined as follows:
518.(a.) Like the singular oftussisare declined parisyllabic names of rivers and places, likeTiberis,Hispalis. Alsocucumis, M.,cucumber(but see491), and the defectivessitis, F.,thirst, Ac.sitim, Ab.sitī, no plural; andvīs, F.,power, Ac.vim, Ab.vī. Plural (401): N.vīrēs, G.vīrium, D. and Ab.vīribus, Ac.vīrīsorvīrēs. (The D.vīis only found twice; a N. and Ac. Pl.vīsis very rare.)
519.(b.) The following feminines are declined liketurris, with-imor-emin the accusative, and-īor-ein the ablative:
clāvis,keyfebris,fevernāvis,vesselpuppis,sternsēmentis,plantingstrigilis,skin-scraper
clāvis,key
febris,fever
nāvis,vessel
puppis,stern
sēmentis,planting
strigilis,skin-scraper
So also in the oblique cases,Liger,the Liger.Arar,the Arar, has in the accusative-im, in the ablative-eor-ī.
520.secūris,axe,messis,crop, andrestis,rope, also have-imor-emin the accusative, but onlysecūrī,messe, andrestein the ablative.canālis,conduit, has only-emin the accusative, and only-īin the ablative.
521.(c.) The following are declined likeamnis, with-emin the accusative, and-īor-ein the ablative: