avis,birdbīlis,bilecīvis,citizenclassis,fleetfūstis,clubignis,fire522.(d.) Most parisyllabic stems in-i-, with the nominative in-is, are declined likehostis: as,ēnsis, M.,glaive;piscis, M.,fish;aedis, F.,temple, Pl.house(418);vītis, F.,vine; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in-i-‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in-ī.523.(2.) Parisyllables in-i-with the nominative in-ēshave their other cases like those ofhostis: such are:caedēs,bloodshed;cautēs,rock;clādēs,disaster;indolēs,native disposition, no Pl.;lābēs,fall;mōlēs,pile;nūbēs,cloud;prōlēs,offspring, no Pl.;pūbēs,young population, no Pl.;rūpēs,crag;saepēs,hedge;strāgēs,slaughter;subolēs,offspring;tābēs,wasting, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine:verrēs,boar;volpēsorvulpēs,fox.524.famēs,hunger, has G. twicefamī(Cato, Lucil.), Ab. alwaysfamē(603), no Pl.;plēbēs,commons, N. alsoplēbsorplēps, has G.plēbe͡i(603),plēbīorplēbis, no Pl.525.(3.) A few stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, are declined as follows:imber,shower, stemimbri-, M.Singular: N.imber, G.imbris, D.imbrī, Ac.imbrem, Ab.imbrī, oftenerimbre. Plural: N.imbrēs, G.imbrium, D.imbribus, Ac.imbrīsorimbrēs, Ab.imbribus. So alsolunterorlinter, F. (M.),tub,boat,ūter, M.,leather bag, andventer, M.,belly, but with only-ein the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in-bri-,-cri-,-tri-, N.-er(628); these last have in the Ab. always-ī.526.(4.) Parisyllabic neuters in-i-with the nominative in-eare declined as follows:ExamplesStemssedīle,seat,sedīli-, Ne.mare,sea,mari-, Ne.Stem andcase endingsSingularPluralSingularPluralS.Pl.Nom.sedīlesedīliamaremaria-e-iaGen.sedīlissedīliummaris-is-iumDat.sedīlīsedīlibusmarī-ī-ibusAcc.sedīlesedīliamaremaria-e-iaAbl.sedīlīsedīlibusmarī-ī-ibus527.marehas rarely the ablativemarein verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitivemarumis once quoted (Naev.), and the ablativemaribusis once used by Caesar.528.Examples of parisyllabic neuters in-i-, with the nominative in-e, genitive-is, are:ancīle,sacred shield;aplustre,ancient;conclāve,suite of rooms;īnsīgne,ensign;praesaepe,stall;rēte,net, Ab.rēte. Also the neuter of adjectives in-i-‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in-īle,-āle,-āre, originally adjectives (313,314): as,būbīle,ox-stall;fōcāle,neckcloth;cocleāre,spoon.II. IMPARISYLLABLES.529.Sometimes a plural stem in-i-is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in-l, or-r, or rarely in-s. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually-ī.530.Imparisyllabic stems in-i-are declined as follows:ExamplesStemsarx,citadel,arci-, F.pars,part,parti-, F.urbs,city,urbi-, F.animal,animalanimāli-, Ne.SingularNom.arxparsurbsanimalGen.arcispartisurbisanimālisDat.arcīpartīurbīanimālīAcc.arcempartemurbemanimalAbl.arceparteurbeanimālīPluralNom.arcēspartēsurbēsanimāliaGen.arciumpartiumurbiumanimāliumDat.arcibuspartibusurbibusanimālibusAcc.arcīs,-ēspartīs,-ēsurbīs,-ēsanimāliaAbl.arcibuspartibusurbibusanimālibus531.Examples of stems in-ci-, with nominative-x, genitive-cis, are:-āx,-ācisfornāx, F.,furnace. Many adjectives (284): as,audāx,daring.-aex,-aecisfaex, F.,dregs, no G. Pl. (430).-ex,-icissupplex,suppliant, Ab.-ī, sometimes-e, G. Pl.supplicum. Adjectives:duplex,twofold;multiplex,manifold;quadruplex,fourfold;septemplex,sevenfold;simplex,simple;triplex,threefold. The foregoing have Ab.-ī: as,duplicī;dupliceonce (Hor.),septemplicetwice (Ov.; Stat.); G. Pl.-ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia.-īx,-īcisfēlīx,happy;pernīx,nimble, adjectives. Also many feminines of the agent in-trīx(205): as,victrīx,victorious; these sometimes have a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.: as,victrīcia; in the G. Pl. they have-ium, or, as substantives,-um: as,nūtrīcum,nurses.-lx,-lciscalx, F. (M.),heel;calx, M., F.,limestone, no G. Pl. (430);falx, F.,sickle.-nx,-ncislanx, F.,platter, no G. Pl. (430);deūnx, M.,eleven twelfths;quīncunx, M.,five twelfths.-ox,-ocispraecox,over-ripe, older stempraecoqui-: as, G.praecoquis; rarely with-o-stem (401): as,praecoquam.-ōx,-ōciscelōx, F.,clipper.atrōx,savage;ferōx,wild;vēlōx,swift, adjectives.-rx,-rcisarx, F.,citadel, G. Pl. rare and late;merx, F.,ware, N. in old Latin sometimesmercēsormers.-ux,-ucisAdjectives:trux,savage, Ab.-īor-e, G. Pl.-ium;redux,returning, Ab.-īor-e(558); no G. Pl. and no Ne. N. or Ac. (430).-aux,——fauce, F., Ab.,throat, N.fauxonce only and late, generally Pl.-ūx,-ūcislūx, F. (581),light, Ab. sometimes-ī, no G. Pl. (430).532.(a.) Examples of stems in-di-, with nominative-s, genitive-dis, are:-ēs,-edisCompounds ofpēs,foot:compede, F., Ab.,fetter, no N., G. Pl.compedium; adjectives: as,ālipēs,wing-footed,bipēs,two-legged,quadrupēs,four-footed, &c., Ab.-ī, Pl. G.-umonly (563), Ne. N. and Ac.-ia, rare and late.-ns,-ndisFeminines:frōns,foliage;glāns,acorn;iūglāns,walnut.-rs,-rdisconcors,like-minded, adjective, and other compounds ofcor, Ab.-ī(559) Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia, G. Pl. not usual:discordium,at variance, andvēcordium,frantic, once each.-aus,-audisfraus, F.,deceit, G. Pl.fraudium, laterfraudum.533.(b.) Examples of stems in-ti-, with nominative-s(-x), genitive-tis, are:-ās,-ātisArpīnās,of Arpinum, and adjectives from other town names;optimātēs,good men and true, G. Pl.-ium, less often-um;penātēs,gods of the household store.-es,-etisAdjectives:hebes,dull;teres,cylindrical, Ab.-ī(559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl.hebetia,teretia, late and rare;perpes,lasting through, Ab.perpetī, late only;praepes,swift-winged, Ab.-īor-e, G. Pl.-um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.-ēs,-ētislocuplēs,rich, adjective, Ab. usually-eof a person,-īoften of a thing, G. Pl.locuplētium, sometimeslocuplētum, Ne. Pl.locuplētiaonce.-īs,-ītislīs,contention;dīs,rich, adjective, Ab. always-ī(559), Pl. G.-ium, once-um(Sen.), Ne. N. and Ac.-ia.Quirīs,Samnīs.-ls,-ltispuls,pottage, no G. Pl. (430).-ns,-ntisMasculines:dēns,tooth:fōns,fountain;pōns,bridge;mōns,mountain, N. oncemontis(Enn.); factors of twelve:sextāns,one sixth;quadrāns,triēns,dōdrāns,dēxtāns. Feminines:frōns,forehead;gēns,clan;mēns,mind. Present participles: as,regēns,guiding. Many adjectives: as,ingēns,gigantic, Ab.-ī(559);Vēiēns,of Vei; compounds ofmēns: as,āmēns,out of one’s head; ofdēns: as,tridēns, Ab.-ī, as substantive usually-e.-eps,-ipitisAdjective compounds ofcaput,head:anceps(543),two-headed, once olderancipēs(Plaut.);biceps,two-headed;triceps,three-headed;praeceps,head-first, oldpraecipēs(Plaut.; Enn.), Ab.-ī(559), no G. Pl., Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia.-rs,-rtisFeminines:ars,art;cohors,cohort;fors,chance;mors,death;pars,part;sors,lot, N. twicesortis(Plaut.; Ter.). Adjectives:cōnsors,sharing,exsors,not sharing, no G. Pl.;expers,without part;iners,unskilled,sollers,all-skilled, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia.-x,-ctisnox, F.,night; Ab. alsonoctū(401); an old adverb form isnox,nights.534.(a.) Stems in-bi-, with nominative-bs(149), genitive-bis, are:trabs, F.,beam, older N.trabēs(Enn.);plēbs, F.,commons, N. sometimesplēps, for the olderplēbēs(603), no Pl.;urbs, F.,city.535.(b.) Stems in-pi-, with nominative-ps, genitive-pis, are:inops,poor, adjective, Ab.-ī(559), G. Pl.-um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430);stirps, F. (M.),trunk.536.Examples of stems in-li-, with nominative-l, genitive-lis, are:-al,-ālisNeuters, originally adjective (546):animal,animal;bacchānal,shrineorfeast of Bacchus;cervīcal,bolster;puteal,well-curb;toral,valance;tribūnal,tribunal;vectīgal,indirect tax. Only N. or Ac.:cubital,elbow-cushion;minūtal,minced-fish;capital,capitālia,death,capital crime.-il,-ilisvigil,wide-awake, adjective, Ab.-ī, as substantive-e(561), G. Pl.vigilum(563), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).537.(a.) Examples of stems in-ri-, with nominative-r, genitive-ris, are:-ar,-ārisNeuters, originally adjective (546):calcar,spur;columbar,dove-cote;exemplar,pattern;lacūnar,panel-ceiling;pulvīnar,couch;subligar,tights;torcular,wine-press.-ār,-arisAdjectives:pār,equal;dispār,impār,unequal, for Ab., see561; G. Pl.-ium, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia;compār,co-mate, as substantive has G. Pl.-um.-er,-erisAdjectives:dēgener,degenerate, Ab.-ī(559), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430);ūber,fruitful,Ab.-ī, late-e, Ne. Pl.ūberaonce only (Acc.).-or,-orisAdjectives:memor,remembering;immemor,forgetful, Ab.-ī(559), G. Pl.memorum(636) once only (Verg.), no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430).-or,-ōrisAdjective compounds ofcolor: as,concolor,of like shade,discolor,of different shade, both with Ab.-īonly;versicolor,pied, Ab.-ī, rarely-e, Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia; the G. Pl. of these words is not usual, butversicōlorumonce.538.(b.) Stems in-ri-, with nominative-sof the stem, genitive-ris, areglīs, F.,dormouse,glīris;mās, M.,male,maris;mūs, F.,mouse,mūris.539.The only imparisyllabic stem in-si-isās(171, 1), M.,unit, an as, G.assis, with its compoundsbēs,two thirds, G.bessis, andsēmis,half an as,half, G.sēmissis.SINGULAR CASES.540.(1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in-i-is usually formed by adding-sto the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in-ēs(236,401): as,amni-,river, N.amnis;aedi-,temple, N.aedis;brevi-,short, N.brevis. With N.-ēs:nūbi-,cloud, N.nūbēs; for other examples, see523.541.Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as,vallēsandvallis,valley, equally common;aedis,temple, lateraedēs; forcaedēs,slaughter,clādēs,disaster, andmōlēs,pile,caedis, &c., occur exceptionally.542.A few stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, drop-i-in the nominative. The endingsbrs,crs,trs, then change to-ber,-cer,-ter(111,b): as,imbrī-,shower, N.imber(525).543.Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost-i-of the stem before-sin the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).Thus,monti-,mountain, andsorti-,lot, have N.mōnsandsorsfor an oldermontisandsortis; butdēns,tooth, andregēns,ruling, have as original stemsdent-andregent-. Adjectives in-cipiti-have N.-ceps(533).544.A few adjective stems in-li-or-ri-drop-i-in the nominative without taking-s(536,537): as,vigili-,wide-awake, N.vigil;pari-,equal, N.pār; so alsoArarandLiger. Three substantives in-ri-for-si-likewise drop-i-, and end in the original-s(538):glīri-forglīsi-,dormouse, N.glīs;mās,male;mūs,mouse.545.Forcarō, F.,flesh,carnis(Ab.-ī, usually-e, no G. Pl.) see135, 2.supellēx, F.,furniture,supellēctilis(Ab.-īor-e, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).546.(2) Neuter stems in-i-have no nominative suffix, and end in-efor-i-of the stem (107,b): as,mari-,sea, N.mare;brevi-,short, N.breve. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in-āleand-āre, the-eis dropped and theāshortened: as,animāle,living thing,animal(536);exemplāre(Lucr.),pattern,exemplar(537). Some neuter adjectives end in-lor-r(536,537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in-s(612).547.The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has-em, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in-ishave-imonly, and some have either-imor-em.548.(a.) Accusatives in-imAresitim,tussim,vim,thirst,cough,strengthAndbūrim,cucumim.ploughtail,cucumber549.The accusative in-imis found in many adverbs (700): as,partim,in part; in some adverbial expressions: as,adamussim,examussim,to a T,adfatim,to satiety,ad ravim,to hoarseness; in some names of rivers and cities: as,Tiberim,Hispalim; and in some Greek words (565).550.(b.) Six have the accusative commonly in-im, sometimes in-em:febrim,-em,feverpelvim,-em,basinpuppim,-em,sternrestim,-em,ropesecūrim,-em,axeturrim,-em,tower551.Six have the accusative commonly in-em, sometimes in-im:bipennem,-im,two-edged axeclāvem,-im,keymessem,-im,cropnāvem,-im,shipsēmentem,-im,plantingstrigilem,-im,skin-scraper552.In the ablative, gender substantives have usually-e, and neuters and adjectives have-ī: as,hoste,enemy;marī,sea;ācrī,sharp,brevī,short,audācī,daring.553.(1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in-is, a few have only-īin the ablative, and many have either-īor-e.554.(a.) These ablatives have only-ī:secūrī,sitī,tussī,vī,axe,thirst,cough,strengthcanālī,cucumī,conduit,cucumberSome names of rivers and cities have only-ī: as,Tiberī,Hispalī. The locative also ends in-ī: as,Neāpolī,at Neapolis.555.(b.) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in-ishave-īor-e:amne,-ī,riverave,-ī,birdbīle,-ī,bilecīvī,-e,citizenclasse,-ī,fleetclāvī,-e,keyfebrī,-e,feverfūstī,-e,clubignī,-e,firenāvī,-e,shiporbī,-e,circlepuppī,-e,sternsēmentī,-e,plantingstrigilī,-e,skin-scraperturrī,-e,tower556.A few other words in-ishave occasionally an ablative in-ī: as,anguis,snake,collis,hill,fīnis,end,postis,post,unguis,nail, &c.sors,lot,imber,shower, andlūx,light, have also-eor-ī;supellēx,furniture, hassupellēctilīor-e;Ararhas-eor-ī;Liger,-īor-e.557.Neuter names of towns with the nominative in-ehave-ein the ablative: as,Praeneste.rēte,net, has onlyrēte;mare,sea, has rarelymare(527).558.(2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in-i-(630) often have-ein the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,adfīnī,-e,connection by marriage;aedīle,-ī,aedile;familiārī,-e,friend. But some, even as substantives, have-ī: as,aequālī,of the same age,cōnsulārī,ex-consul,gentīlī,tribesman. Adjectives of place in-ēnsis(330) usually have-ī, but sometimes-e: as,Tarquiniēnse. Proper names have usually-e: as,Iuvenāle.559.Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in-i-(632), have commonly-īin the ablative. The following ablatives have only-ī:āmentī,frenzied,ancipitī,two-headed,praecipitī,head-first,concolōrī,of like hue,concordī,harmonious,discordī,at variance,sōcordī,imperceptive,dēgenerī,degenerate,dītī,rich,teretī,rounded,ingentī,huge,inopī,without means,memorī,remembering,immemorī,forgetful.560.Present participles, when used as adjectives, have-īin the ablative, otherwise-e: as,ā sapientī virō,by a wise man;adulēscente,youth, substantive;Rōmulō rēgnante,in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute (1362).561.Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have-ein the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,cōnsortī,sharing,parī,equal,vigilī,wide-awake,fēlīcī,happy, as adjectives; butcōnsorte, &c., as substantives; in prose,imparī,disparī,unequal; in verse,impare,dispare. Proper names have-e: as,Fēlīce.PLURAL CASES.562.In the plural, gender nominatives have-ēs, rarely-īsor-eīs, and gender accusatives have-īsor-ēsindifferently, sometimes-eis; after about 50A.D.,-ēswas the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add-ato the stem, making-ia; for-iā́in old Latin, cf.2505.563.In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in-nt(i)-, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally-um: as,amantum,lovers;rudentum,rigging;agrestum,country folk;caelestum,heaven’s tenantry.apis,bee, has commonly-um;caedēs,slaughter, andfraus,deceit, have rarely-um. For-umin some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see636; for-bū́sin the dative and ablative in old Latin, see2505.564.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:N. without-is:VECTIGAL, i.e.vectīgālis, adjective;-efor-is(66,41):MILITARE, i.e.mīlitāris, adjective;-ēs(540):AIDILES, i.e.aedīlis;CIVES, i.e.cīvis. G.-us, from 186 to 100B.C.:PARTVS, i.e.partis. D.-ei:VRBEI. Ac.-i(61):PARTI, i.e.partem;-e:AIDE, i.e.aedem. Ab.-ei:FONTEI;-e:SERVILE, i.e.servīlī. Plural: N.-ēs:FINES;-eis:FINEIS;-īs:FINIS.GREEK NOUNS.565.Greek stems in-i-are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in-im, and ablative in-ī. But the accusative sometimes has-n: as,poēsin,poetry,Charybdin; similarlyCapyn; and a vocative occurs: as,Charybdi. The plural genitiveMetamorphōseōn, and as ablativeMetamorphōsesin, occur as titles of books.CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN-i-.566.Parisyllables with nominatives in-is,-ēs, or-e, and a few in-er; and imparisyllables with nominatives in-al, and in-arfor-āre, have stems in-i-.Butcanis,iuvenis(486),volucris(490),mēnsis(492),sēdēs(476), andvātēs(478), have consonant stems.567.Under-i-stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an-i-form in the plural:568.(a.) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in-is, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in-sor-xpreceded by any consonant exceptp. Butcōniūnx(472) andcaelebs(480) have consonant stems.569.(b.) The following monosyllables:ās,unit,an as,faex,dregs,fraus,deceit,glīs,dormouse,līs,strife,lūx,light,mās,male,mūs,mouse,nox,night,stirps,trunk,vīs,strength. Alsofauce,throat, andcompede,fetter, both Ab., no N., andfornāx,furnace.GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND-i-STEMS.570.The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.MASCULINE.571.Imparisyllables in-esor-ēsand substantives in-er,-ō,-or, and-ōsare masculine: as,caespes,sod;pēs,foot;agger,mound;sermō,speech;pallor,paleness;flōs,flower.572.These imparisyllables in-esor-ēsare feminine:merges,sheaf,seges,crop,teges,mat;requiēsandquiēs,rest;compedēs, plural,fetters;mercēs,reward.aes,copper,bronze, is neuter.573.These substantives in-erare neuter:cadāver,corpse,iter,way,tūber,swelling,truffle,ūber,udder,verberis,lash, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in-er: as,acer,maple,cicer,chickpea,papāver,poppy,piper,pepper,siler,osier,siser,skirret,sūber,corktree.linter,tub,boat, is feminine, once masculine.vēr,spring, is neuter.574.Substantives in-ō, with genitive-inis(485), are feminine; as,imāgō,imāginis,likeness; alsocarō,carnis,flesh, and words of action in-iōand-tiō(227,228). Butcardō,hinge,ōrdō,rank, andturbō,whirlwind, are masculine.margō,brink, andcupīdō,desire, are sometimes masculine.575.These substantives in-orare neuter:ador,spelt,aequor,sea,marmor,marble,cor,heart.arbor,tree, is feminine.576.These substantives in-ōsare feminine:cōs,whetstone,arbōs,tree,dōs,dowry.ōs,ōris,mouth,face, is neuter, alsoos,ossis,bone.FEMININE.577.Parisyllables in-ēs, and substantives in-ās,-aus,-is,-spreceded by a consonant, and-x, are feminine: as,nūbēs,cloud;aetās,age;laus,praise;nāvis,ship;urbs,city;pāx,peace.578.ās,assis,penny, is masculine.vās,vessel,utensil, and the defectivesfās,right, andnefās,wrong, are neuter.579.Substantives in-nisare masculine; also twenty-nine others in-is, as follows:axis,callis,caulis,anguis,axle,path,cabbage,snakefascis,fūstis,lapis,sanguī̆s,bundle,club,stone,bloodpiscis,postis,pulvī̆s,ēnsis,fish,post,dust,glaivetorquis,torris,unguis,mēnsis,twisted collar,firebrand,nail,monthvectis,vermis,vōmis,collis,lever,worm,ploughshare,hillglīs,canālis, alsofollis,dormouse,conduit,ballcassēs,sentēs,veprēs,orbis,nets,brambles,thorns, plurals,circlecucumis, and sometimescorbis.cucumber,basketbūrim,ploughtail, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as,amnis,anguis,callis,canālis,cinis,fīnis,fūnis,torquis,veprēs, &c.580.Four in-spreceded by a consonant are masculine:dēns,tooth,fōns,fountain,pōns,bridge,mōns,mountain; also factors of twelve:sextāns,one sixth,quadrāns,triēns,dōdrāns,dēxtāns;rudēns,rope, once.adeps,fat, andforceps,pincers, are masculine or feminine.stirps,stock, is sometimes masculine.581.calix,cup,fornix,arch, andtrādux,vinelayer, are masculine; also substantives in-ūnxand-ex; exceptnex,murder, andprecī,prayer, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarelygrex,herd.cortex,bark,forfex,scissors,silex,flint, andobice,barrier, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine.calx,heel, andcalx,lime, are sometimes masculine, alsolūx,light, in the ablative in old Latin.NEUTER.582.Substantives in-c,-e,-l,-n,-t, in-ar,-ur,-us, and-ūs, are neuter: as,lac,milk;mare,sea;animal,animal;carmen,song;caput,head;calcar,spur;fulgur,lightning;corpus,body;iūs,right.583.sōl,sun,pecten,comb,liēn,spleen,rēnēs,kidneys, plural, andfurfur,bran, are masculine. So usuallysāl,salt, but sometimes neuter in the singular.fār,spelt, is neuter.584.pecus,beast, is feminine; alsotellūs,earth, and the substantives in-ūswhich have-ūdis(475) or-ūtis(477) in the genitive: as,palūs,marsh;iuventūs,youth.STEMS IN-u-.The Fourth Declension.Genitive singular-ūs, genitive plural-u-um.585.Stems in-u-are substantive only, and mostly masculine.586.There are only three neuters in common use,cornū,horn,genū,knee, andverū,a spit. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablativepecū,flock; plural nominative and accusativeartua,limbs(Plaut.);OSSVA,bones(inscr.).587.The nominative of stems in-u-ends, including the stem vowel, in-u-sin gender words, and in lengthened-ūof the stem in neuters.588.Most substantives in-u-are masculines in-tu-or-su-, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine:acus,pin,needle,domus,house,manus,hand,porticus,colonnade;tribus,tribe; and the pluralsīdūs,ides, andquīnquātrūs,feast of Minerva; rarelypenus,store, andspecus,cave.589.Stems in-u-are declined as follows:ExamplesStemsflūctus,wave,flūctu-, M.cornū,horn,cornu-, Ne.Stem andcase endingsSingularM.Ne.Nom.flūctus,a(orthe)wavecornū-us-ūGen.flūctūs,a wave’s,of a wavecornūs-ūs-ūsDat.flūctuī,-ū,toorfor a wavecornū-uī,-ū-ūAcc.flūctum,a wavecornū-um-ūAbl.flūctū,from,with, orby a wavecornū-ū-ūPluralNom.flūctūs, (the)wavescornua-ūs-uaGen.flūctuum,waves’,of wavescornuum-uum-uumDat.flūctibus,toorfor wavescornibus-ibus-ibusAcc.flūctūs,wavescornua-ūs-uaAbl.flūctibus,from,with, orby wavescornibus-ibus-ibusSINGULAR CASES.590.In the genitive, the uncontracted form-uissometimes occurs: as,anuis,old woman(Ter.). A genitive in-tīis rather common: as,adventī,arrival;ōrnātī,embellishment(Ter.);senātī,senate. In the dative,-ūis regularly found for-uīin neuters and often in gender words.PLURAL CASES.591.In the genitive plural, a shorter form in-umis occasionally found: as,passum,steps(Plaut., Mart.);currum,chariots(Verg.);EXERCITVM. The quantity of theuand the origin of this ending are uncertain.592.In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain-u-bus:acus,pin,needle,arcus,bow,partus,birth,tribus,tribe. The following have-u-busor-i-bus(28):artūs, plural,joints,lacus,lake,portus,haven,specus,cave,genū,knee,verū,a spit. All other words have-i-busonly.593.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:G.-uos:SENATVOS;-ū(66)SENATV;-uus, in the imperial age (29, 1):EXERCITVVS. D.-uei(29, 2):SENATVEI. Ac.-u(61):MANV. Ab.-uu(29, 1):ARBITRATVV;-uō, once, by some thought to be for-ūd(426);MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N.-uus(29, 1):MAGISTRATVVS.594.domus,house, F., has stems of two forms,domu-anddomo-(401); it is declined as follows: N.domus, G.domūs, rarelydomī, D.domuīordomō, Ac.domum, Ab.domōordomū, Locativedomī, rarelydomuī. Plural: N.domūs, G.domuum, laterdomōrum, D. and Ab.domibus, Ac.domōs, less commonlydomūs.595.Some other substantives have an-u-stem in some of their cases, and an-o-stem in others: seeangiportus,arcus,caestus,colus,cornū,cornus,cupressus,fīcus,fretus,gelus,laurus,murtus,penus,pīnus,quercus,rīctus,tonitrus, in the dictionary.STEMS IN-ē-.The Fifth Declension.Genitive singular-ē̆ī, genitive plural-ē-rum.596.Stems in-ē-are substantive only, and feminine.597.diēs,day, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common whendiēsdenotes length of time or a set day.merīdiēs,midday, is masculine and singular only.598.The nominative of stems in-ē-ends, including the stem vowel, in-ē-s.599.Stems in-ē-are of two classes:600.(1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them:rēs,thing,spēs,hope,diēs,day, andfidēs,faith.Of this class,rēsanddiēshave a plural throughout;spēshas only the nominative and accusative plural, andfidēshas no plural.601.Stems in-ē-of the first class are declined as follows:ExamplesStemsrēs,thing,rē-, F.diēs,day,diē-, M.Stem andcase endingsSingularNom.rēs,a(orthe)thingdiēs-esGen.rĕ̄i,re͡i,a thing’s,of a thingdiēī,die͡i-ē̆ī,-ēī,-e͡iDat.rĕ̄i,re͡i,toorfor a thingdiēī,die͡i-ē̆ī,-ēī,-e͡iAcc.rem,a thingdiem-emAbl.rē,from,with, orby a thingdiē-ēPluralNom.rēs,(the)thingsdiēs-ēsGen.rērum,things’,of thingsdiērum-ērumDat.rēbus,toorfor thingsdiēbus-ēbusAcc.rēs,thingsdiēs-ēsAbl.rēbus,from,with, orby thingsdiēbus-ēbus
avis,birdbīlis,bilecīvis,citizenclassis,fleetfūstis,clubignis,fire
avis,bird
bīlis,bile
cīvis,citizen
classis,fleet
fūstis,club
ignis,fire
522.(d.) Most parisyllabic stems in-i-, with the nominative in-is, are declined likehostis: as,
ēnsis, M.,glaive;piscis, M.,fish;aedis, F.,temple, Pl.house(418);vītis, F.,vine; and a great many others. Also gender forms of adjectives in-i-‘of two endings’ (630), except the ablative singular, which ends in-ī.
523.(2.) Parisyllables in-i-with the nominative in-ēshave their other cases like those ofhostis: such are:
caedēs,bloodshed;cautēs,rock;clādēs,disaster;indolēs,native disposition, no Pl.;lābēs,fall;mōlēs,pile;nūbēs,cloud;prōlēs,offspring, no Pl.;pūbēs,young population, no Pl.;rūpēs,crag;saepēs,hedge;strāgēs,slaughter;subolēs,offspring;tābēs,wasting, no Pl., feminines; and some others. Masculine:verrēs,boar;volpēsorvulpēs,fox.
524.famēs,hunger, has G. twicefamī(Cato, Lucil.), Ab. alwaysfamē(603), no Pl.;plēbēs,commons, N. alsoplēbsorplēps, has G.plēbe͡i(603),plēbīorplēbis, no Pl.
525.(3.) A few stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, are declined as follows:
imber,shower, stemimbri-, M.
imber,shower, stemimbri-, M.
Singular: N.imber, G.imbris, D.imbrī, Ac.imbrem, Ab.imbrī, oftenerimbre. Plural: N.imbrēs, G.imbrium, D.imbribus, Ac.imbrīsorimbrēs, Ab.imbribus. So alsolunterorlinter, F. (M.),tub,boat,ūter, M.,leather bag, andventer, M.,belly, but with only-ein the Ab.; and the masculine of adjectives in-bri-,-cri-,-tri-, N.-er(628); these last have in the Ab. always-ī.
526.(4.) Parisyllabic neuters in-i-with the nominative in-eare declined as follows:
527.marehas rarely the ablativemarein verse: in the plural only the nominative and accusative are usual; but a genitivemarumis once quoted (Naev.), and the ablativemaribusis once used by Caesar.
528.Examples of parisyllabic neuters in-i-, with the nominative in-e, genitive-is, are:
ancīle,sacred shield;aplustre,ancient;conclāve,suite of rooms;īnsīgne,ensign;praesaepe,stall;rēte,net, Ab.rēte. Also the neuter of adjectives in-i-‘of two endings’ (630), and some words in-īle,-āle,-āre, originally adjectives (313,314): as,būbīle,ox-stall;fōcāle,neckcloth;cocleāre,spoon.
II. IMPARISYLLABLES.
529.Sometimes a plural stem in-i-is combined, in the singular, with a stem in a mute, in-l, or-r, or rarely in-s. These mixed stems thus become imparisyllables. Gender stems of this class are like consonant stems in the singular, except the ablative of adjectives, which has usually-ī.
530.Imparisyllabic stems in-i-are declined as follows:
531.Examples of stems in-ci-, with nominative-x, genitive-cis, are:
532.(a.) Examples of stems in-di-, with nominative-s, genitive-dis, are:
533.(b.) Examples of stems in-ti-, with nominative-s(-x), genitive-tis, are:
534.(a.) Stems in-bi-, with nominative-bs(149), genitive-bis, are:
trabs, F.,beam, older N.trabēs(Enn.);plēbs, F.,commons, N. sometimesplēps, for the olderplēbēs(603), no Pl.;urbs, F.,city.
535.(b.) Stems in-pi-, with nominative-ps, genitive-pis, are:
inops,poor, adjective, Ab.-ī(559), G. Pl.-um, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac. (430);stirps, F. (M.),trunk.
536.Examples of stems in-li-, with nominative-l, genitive-lis, are:
537.(a.) Examples of stems in-ri-, with nominative-r, genitive-ris, are:
538.(b.) Stems in-ri-, with nominative-sof the stem, genitive-ris, areglīs, F.,dormouse,glīris;mās, M.,male,maris;mūs, F.,mouse,mūris.
539.The only imparisyllabic stem in-si-isās(171, 1), M.,unit, an as, G.assis, with its compoundsbēs,two thirds, G.bessis, andsēmis,half an as,half, G.sēmissis.
SINGULAR CASES.
540.(1.) The nominative singular of gender stems in-i-is usually formed by adding-sto the stem (422). But many gender substantives have the nominative in-ēs(236,401): as,
amni-,river, N.amnis;aedi-,temple, N.aedis;brevi-,short, N.brevis. With N.-ēs:nūbi-,cloud, N.nūbēs; for other examples, see523.
541.Some substantives form the nominative in both these ways: as,vallēsandvallis,valley, equally common;aedis,temple, lateraedēs; forcaedēs,slaughter,clādēs,disaster, andmōlēs,pile,caedis, &c., occur exceptionally.
542.A few stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, drop-i-in the nominative. The endingsbrs,crs,trs, then change to-ber,-cer,-ter(111,b): as,imbrī-,shower, N.imber(525).
543.Of gender imparisyllables, some have lost-i-of the stem before-sin the nominative; others have originally a consonant stem in the nominative (529-535).
Thus,monti-,mountain, andsorti-,lot, have N.mōnsandsorsfor an oldermontisandsortis; butdēns,tooth, andregēns,ruling, have as original stemsdent-andregent-. Adjectives in-cipiti-have N.-ceps(533).
544.A few adjective stems in-li-or-ri-drop-i-in the nominative without taking-s(536,537): as,vigili-,wide-awake, N.vigil;pari-,equal, N.pār; so alsoArarandLiger. Three substantives in-ri-for-si-likewise drop-i-, and end in the original-s(538):glīri-forglīsi-,dormouse, N.glīs;mās,male;mūs,mouse.
545.Forcarō, F.,flesh,carnis(Ab.-ī, usually-e, no G. Pl.) see135, 2.supellēx, F.,furniture,supellēctilis(Ab.-īor-e, no Pl.), has the nominative formed from a different stem from that of the other cases (401).
546.(2) Neuter stems in-i-have no nominative suffix, and end in-efor-i-of the stem (107,b): as,
mari-,sea, N.mare;brevi-,short, N.breve. In some words, originally neuter adjectives in-āleand-āre, the-eis dropped and theāshortened: as,animāle,living thing,animal(536);exemplāre(Lucr.),pattern,exemplar(537). Some neuter adjectives end in-lor-r(536,537); and some ‘of one ending’ end in-s(612).
547.The accusative singular of gender substantives usually has-em, like consonant stems (424); but a few substantives with the nominative in-ishave-imonly, and some have either-imor-em.
548.(a.) Accusatives in-im
549.The accusative in-imis found in many adverbs (700): as,partim,in part; in some adverbial expressions: as,adamussim,examussim,to a T,adfatim,to satiety,ad ravim,to hoarseness; in some names of rivers and cities: as,Tiberim,Hispalim; and in some Greek words (565).
550.(b.) Six have the accusative commonly in-im, sometimes in-em:
febrim,-em,feverpelvim,-em,basinpuppim,-em,sternrestim,-em,ropesecūrim,-em,axeturrim,-em,tower
febrim,-em,fever
pelvim,-em,basin
puppim,-em,stern
restim,-em,rope
secūrim,-em,axe
turrim,-em,tower
551.Six have the accusative commonly in-em, sometimes in-im:
bipennem,-im,two-edged axeclāvem,-im,keymessem,-im,cropnāvem,-im,shipsēmentem,-im,plantingstrigilem,-im,skin-scraper
bipennem,-im,two-edged axe
clāvem,-im,key
messem,-im,crop
nāvem,-im,ship
sēmentem,-im,planting
strigilem,-im,skin-scraper
552.In the ablative, gender substantives have usually-e, and neuters and adjectives have-ī: as,
hoste,enemy;marī,sea;ācrī,sharp,brevī,short,audācī,daring.
553.(1.) Of gender substantives with the nominative in-is, a few have only-īin the ablative, and many have either-īor-e.
554.(a.) These ablatives have only-ī:
Some names of rivers and cities have only-ī: as,Tiberī,Hispalī. The locative also ends in-ī: as,Neāpolī,at Neapolis.
555.(b.) These ablatives of gender substantives with the nominative in-ishave-īor-e:
amne,-ī,riverave,-ī,birdbīle,-ī,bilecīvī,-e,citizenclasse,-ī,fleetclāvī,-e,keyfebrī,-e,feverfūstī,-e,clubignī,-e,firenāvī,-e,shiporbī,-e,circlepuppī,-e,sternsēmentī,-e,plantingstrigilī,-e,skin-scraperturrī,-e,tower
amne,-ī,river
ave,-ī,bird
bīle,-ī,bile
cīvī,-e,citizen
classe,-ī,fleet
clāvī,-e,key
febrī,-e,fever
fūstī,-e,club
ignī,-e,fire
nāvī,-e,ship
orbī,-e,circle
puppī,-e,stern
sēmentī,-e,planting
strigilī,-e,skin-scraper
turrī,-e,tower
556.A few other words in-ishave occasionally an ablative in-ī: as,anguis,snake,collis,hill,fīnis,end,postis,post,unguis,nail, &c.sors,lot,imber,shower, andlūx,light, have also-eor-ī;supellēx,furniture, hassupellēctilīor-e;Ararhas-eor-ī;Liger,-īor-e.
557.Neuter names of towns with the nominative in-ehave-ein the ablative: as,Praeneste.rēte,net, has onlyrēte;mare,sea, has rarelymare(527).
558.(2.) Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in-i-(630) often have-ein the ablative when they are used as substantives, and sometimes in verse, when a short vowel is needed: as,
adfīnī,-e,connection by marriage;aedīle,-ī,aedile;familiārī,-e,friend. But some, even as substantives, have-ī: as,aequālī,of the same age,cōnsulārī,ex-consul,gentīlī,tribesman. Adjectives of place in-ēnsis(330) usually have-ī, but sometimes-e: as,Tarquiniēnse. Proper names have usually-e: as,Iuvenāle.
559.Adjectives ‘of one ending’ with stems in-i-(632), have commonly-īin the ablative. The following ablatives have only-ī:
āmentī,frenzied,ancipitī,two-headed,praecipitī,head-first,concolōrī,of like hue,concordī,harmonious,discordī,at variance,sōcordī,imperceptive,dēgenerī,degenerate,dītī,rich,teretī,rounded,ingentī,huge,inopī,without means,memorī,remembering,immemorī,forgetful.
560.Present participles, when used as adjectives, have-īin the ablative, otherwise-e: as,
ā sapientī virō,by a wise man;adulēscente,youth, substantive;Rōmulō rēgnante,in the reign of Romulus, ablative absolute (1362).
561.Other adjectives ‘of one ending’ occasionally have-ein the ablative when used as substantives or as epithets of persons, or in verse when a short syllable is needed: as,
cōnsortī,sharing,parī,equal,vigilī,wide-awake,fēlīcī,happy, as adjectives; butcōnsorte, &c., as substantives; in prose,imparī,disparī,unequal; in verse,impare,dispare. Proper names have-e: as,Fēlīce.
PLURAL CASES.
562.In the plural, gender nominatives have-ēs, rarely-īsor-eīs, and gender accusatives have-īsor-ēsindifferently, sometimes-eis; after about 50A.D.,-ēswas the prevalent ending for both cases. Neuters add-ato the stem, making-ia; for-iā́in old Latin, cf.2505.
563.In the genitive plural, present participles, some substantive stems in-nt(i)-, and some adjectives ‘of two endings’ (631) have occasionally-um: as,
amantum,lovers;rudentum,rigging;agrestum,country folk;caelestum,heaven’s tenantry.apis,bee, has commonly-um;caedēs,slaughter, andfraus,deceit, have rarely-um. For-umin some adjectives ‘of one ending,’ see636; for-bū́sin the dative and ablative in old Latin, see2505.
564.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. without-is:VECTIGAL, i.e.vectīgālis, adjective;-efor-is(66,41):MILITARE, i.e.mīlitāris, adjective;-ēs(540):AIDILES, i.e.aedīlis;CIVES, i.e.cīvis. G.-us, from 186 to 100B.C.:PARTVS, i.e.partis. D.-ei:VRBEI. Ac.-i(61):PARTI, i.e.partem;-e:AIDE, i.e.aedem. Ab.-ei:FONTEI;-e:SERVILE, i.e.servīlī. Plural: N.-ēs:FINES;-eis:FINEIS;-īs:FINIS.
GREEK NOUNS.
565.Greek stems in-i-are usually declined like Latin ones, with the accusative in-im, and ablative in-ī. But the accusative sometimes has-n: as,poēsin,poetry,Charybdin; similarlyCapyn; and a vocative occurs: as,Charybdi. The plural genitiveMetamorphōseōn, and as ablativeMetamorphōsesin, occur as titles of books.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEMS IN-i-.
566.Parisyllables with nominatives in-is,-ēs, or-e, and a few in-er; and imparisyllables with nominatives in-al, and in-arfor-āre, have stems in-i-.
Butcanis,iuvenis(486),volucris(490),mēnsis(492),sēdēs(476), andvātēs(478), have consonant stems.
567.Under-i-stems may also conveniently be grouped the following classes, which have usually a consonant form in the singular, and an-i-form in the plural:
568.(a.) Imparisyllabic adjectives with the genitive in-is, except comparatives and the dozen with consonant stems (624), and imparisyllables with a nominative in-sor-xpreceded by any consonant exceptp. Butcōniūnx(472) andcaelebs(480) have consonant stems.
569.(b.) The following monosyllables:ās,unit,an as,faex,dregs,fraus,deceit,glīs,dormouse,līs,strife,lūx,light,mās,male,mūs,mouse,nox,night,stirps,trunk,vīs,strength. Alsofauce,throat, andcompede,fetter, both Ab., no N., andfornāx,furnace.
GENDER OF CONSONANT STEMS AND-i-STEMS.
570.The gender of many of these substantives is determined by their meaning (404-412); that of participles used as substantives follows the gender of the substantive understood; Greek substantives follow the Greek gender. The gender of other words may be conveniently arranged for the memory according to the nominative endings as follows.
MASCULINE.
571.Imparisyllables in-esor-ēsand substantives in-er,-ō,-or, and-ōsare masculine: as,
caespes,sod;pēs,foot;agger,mound;sermō,speech;pallor,paleness;flōs,flower.
572.These imparisyllables in-esor-ēsare feminine:merges,sheaf,seges,crop,teges,mat;requiēsandquiēs,rest;compedēs, plural,fetters;mercēs,reward.aes,copper,bronze, is neuter.
573.These substantives in-erare neuter:cadāver,corpse,iter,way,tūber,swelling,truffle,ūber,udder,verberis,lash, genitive, no nominative; also names of plants in-er: as,acer,maple,cicer,chickpea,papāver,poppy,piper,pepper,siler,osier,siser,skirret,sūber,corktree.linter,tub,boat, is feminine, once masculine.vēr,spring, is neuter.
574.Substantives in-ō, with genitive-inis(485), are feminine; as,imāgō,imāginis,likeness; alsocarō,carnis,flesh, and words of action in-iōand-tiō(227,228). Butcardō,hinge,ōrdō,rank, andturbō,whirlwind, are masculine.margō,brink, andcupīdō,desire, are sometimes masculine.
575.These substantives in-orare neuter:ador,spelt,aequor,sea,marmor,marble,cor,heart.arbor,tree, is feminine.
576.These substantives in-ōsare feminine:cōs,whetstone,arbōs,tree,dōs,dowry.ōs,ōris,mouth,face, is neuter, alsoos,ossis,bone.
FEMININE.
577.Parisyllables in-ēs, and substantives in-ās,-aus,-is,-spreceded by a consonant, and-x, are feminine: as,
nūbēs,cloud;aetās,age;laus,praise;nāvis,ship;urbs,city;pāx,peace.
578.ās,assis,penny, is masculine.vās,vessel,utensil, and the defectivesfās,right, andnefās,wrong, are neuter.
579.Substantives in-nisare masculine; also twenty-nine others in-is, as follows:
būrim,ploughtail, accusative only, is also masculine. A few of the above are sometimes feminine: as,amnis,anguis,callis,canālis,cinis,fīnis,fūnis,torquis,veprēs, &c.
580.Four in-spreceded by a consonant are masculine:dēns,tooth,fōns,fountain,pōns,bridge,mōns,mountain; also factors of twelve:sextāns,one sixth,quadrāns,triēns,dōdrāns,dēxtāns;rudēns,rope, once.adeps,fat, andforceps,pincers, are masculine or feminine.stirps,stock, is sometimes masculine.
581.calix,cup,fornix,arch, andtrādux,vinelayer, are masculine; also substantives in-ūnxand-ex; exceptnex,murder, andprecī,prayer, dative, no nominative, which are feminine; also rarelygrex,herd.cortex,bark,forfex,scissors,silex,flint, andobice,barrier, ablative, no nominative, are either masculine or feminine.calx,heel, andcalx,lime, are sometimes masculine, alsolūx,light, in the ablative in old Latin.
NEUTER.
582.Substantives in-c,-e,-l,-n,-t, in-ar,-ur,-us, and-ūs, are neuter: as,
lac,milk;mare,sea;animal,animal;carmen,song;caput,head;calcar,spur;fulgur,lightning;corpus,body;iūs,right.
583.sōl,sun,pecten,comb,liēn,spleen,rēnēs,kidneys, plural, andfurfur,bran, are masculine. So usuallysāl,salt, but sometimes neuter in the singular.fār,spelt, is neuter.
584.pecus,beast, is feminine; alsotellūs,earth, and the substantives in-ūswhich have-ūdis(475) or-ūtis(477) in the genitive: as,palūs,marsh;iuventūs,youth.
The Fourth Declension.
Genitive singular-ūs, genitive plural-u-um.
585.Stems in-u-are substantive only, and mostly masculine.
586.There are only three neuters in common use,cornū,horn,genū,knee, andverū,a spit. But some cases of other neuters are used: as, ablativepecū,flock; plural nominative and accusativeartua,limbs(Plaut.);OSSVA,bones(inscr.).
587.The nominative of stems in-u-ends, including the stem vowel, in-u-sin gender words, and in lengthened-ūof the stem in neuters.
588.Most substantives in-u-are masculines in-tu-or-su-, often defective in case (235). The following words are feminine:acus,pin,needle,domus,house,manus,hand,porticus,colonnade;tribus,tribe; and the pluralsīdūs,ides, andquīnquātrūs,feast of Minerva; rarelypenus,store, andspecus,cave.
589.Stems in-u-are declined as follows:
SINGULAR CASES.
590.In the genitive, the uncontracted form-uissometimes occurs: as,anuis,old woman(Ter.). A genitive in-tīis rather common: as,adventī,arrival;ōrnātī,embellishment(Ter.);senātī,senate. In the dative,-ūis regularly found for-uīin neuters and often in gender words.
PLURAL CASES.
591.In the genitive plural, a shorter form in-umis occasionally found: as,passum,steps(Plaut., Mart.);currum,chariots(Verg.);EXERCITVM. The quantity of theuand the origin of this ending are uncertain.
592.In the dative and ablative plural, the following retain-u-bus:acus,pin,needle,arcus,bow,partus,birth,tribus,tribe. The following have-u-busor-i-bus(28):artūs, plural,joints,lacus,lake,portus,haven,specus,cave,genū,knee,verū,a spit. All other words have-i-busonly.
593.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
G.-uos:SENATVOS;-ū(66)SENATV;-uus, in the imperial age (29, 1):EXERCITVVS. D.-uei(29, 2):SENATVEI. Ac.-u(61):MANV. Ab.-uu(29, 1):ARBITRATVV;-uō, once, by some thought to be for-ūd(426);MAGISTRATVO. Plural: N.-uus(29, 1):MAGISTRATVVS.
594.domus,house, F., has stems of two forms,domu-anddomo-(401); it is declined as follows: N.domus, G.domūs, rarelydomī, D.domuīordomō, Ac.domum, Ab.domōordomū, Locativedomī, rarelydomuī. Plural: N.domūs, G.domuum, laterdomōrum, D. and Ab.domibus, Ac.domōs, less commonlydomūs.
595.Some other substantives have an-u-stem in some of their cases, and an-o-stem in others: seeangiportus,arcus,caestus,colus,cornū,cornus,cupressus,fīcus,fretus,gelus,laurus,murtus,penus,pīnus,quercus,rīctus,tonitrus, in the dictionary.
The Fifth Declension.
Genitive singular-ē̆ī, genitive plural-ē-rum.
596.Stems in-ē-are substantive only, and feminine.
597.diēs,day, is always masculine in the plural, and commonly in the singular; but the feminine is common whendiēsdenotes length of time or a set day.merīdiēs,midday, is masculine and singular only.
598.The nominative of stems in-ē-ends, including the stem vowel, in-ē-s.
599.Stems in-ē-are of two classes:
600.(1.) Stems of the first class have one or two syllables; there are four of them:rēs,thing,spēs,hope,diēs,day, andfidēs,faith.
Of this class,rēsanddiēshave a plural throughout;spēshas only the nominative and accusative plural, andfidēshas no plural.
601.Stems in-ē-of the first class are declined as follows: