602.fidēsis declined likerēs; it has once a genitivefidēs(Plaut.). Forrēī,reī, orre͡i, andfidēī,fideī, orfide͡i, see127, 4.diēshas rarely a genitivediēs(Enn.) ordiī(Verg.).spēshas only the genitive and dativespe͡iin verse. A genitive or dative in-ēis sometimes found: as,rē,diē,fidē.603.A few cases of other words sometimes follow this class (401): as,plēbēs(524),commons, G.plēbe͡iorplēbī;famēs(524),hunger, Ab. alwaysfamē;requiēs(477),rest, G.requiē(Sall.), Ac.requiem, Ab.requiē;tābēs(523),waste, Ab.tābē,*contāgēs,contact, Ab.contāgē(Lucr.), &c.604.(2.) Stems of the second class are formed by the suffix-iē-or-tiē-, and have three or more syllables.This class, which is parallel to stems in-iā-, has usually no genitive, dative, or plural. Many stems, especially those in-tiē-, have also a collateral form in-iā-, and the genitive and dative, when used at all, are commonly from a stem in-iā-.605.Stems in-ē-of the second class are declined as follows:lūxuriēs,extravagance, stemlūxuriē-, F.Nom.lūxuriēs,Acc.lūxuriem,Abl.lūxuriē.606.A few examples of the genitive of these stems are found: as,perniciī,perniciēs, orperniciē,ruin(Cic.);rabiēs,fury(Lucr.);aciē,edge of battle(Sall., Caes., auct. B. Afr.),faciē,make(Plaut., Lucil.),speciē,looks(Caes.);aciēī(auct. B. Afr.). And a very few of the dative: as,aciēītwice (Caes.);perniciēī,perniciī(Nep.);perniciē(Liv.).607.ēluviēs,offscouring,wash, has the nominative of the plural, andglaciēs,ice, has the accusative of the plural. Five words only have the nominative and accusative plural:seriēs,aciēs,row,edge,speciēs,faciēs,look,make,effigiēs,likeness.THE ADJECTIVE.608.Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together.609.Adjective stems end in-o-and-ā-, in a consonant, or in-i-.610.An accusative plural of a stem in-u-,anguimanūs,with a serpent for a hand, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems in-ē-.611.Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘of three endings,’ ‘of two endings,’ or ‘of one ending.’By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus,bonus,bona,bonum,good, andācer,ācris,ācre,sharp, are ‘of three endings’ (409);brevis,breve,short, is ‘of two endings’ (410); andaudāx,bold, is ‘of one ending’ (410).612.Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in-s, retain the-sirrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular: as, N. M. and F.audāx, N. and Ac. Ne. alsoaudāx.STEMS IN-o-AND-ā-.613.Most adjectives with stems in-o-and-ā-are declined as follows:ExampleStemsM.bonus, F.bona, Ne.bonum,goodbono-,bonā-.Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.bonusbonabonumbonibonaebonaGen.bonībonaebonībonōrumbonārumbonōrumDat.bonōbonaebonōbonīsbonīsbonīsAcc.bonumbonambonumbonōsbonāsbonaAbl.bonōbonābonōbonīsbonīsbonīsVoc.bone614.Stems in-io-and-iā-have no consonantiin cases ending in-ior-īs(153, 3): asplēbēius,plebeian, G. S. M. and Ne., and N. Pl. M.plēbēī, D. and Ab. Pl.plēbēīs.615.Stems in-ro-preceded by a long vowel retain-usin the nominative singular masculine and are declined likebonus(453): as,sevērus,stern; alsoferus,merus,wild,unmixedmōrigerus,complaisantpraeposterus,reversedproperus,hastyprōsperus,luckytriquetrus,three-cornered616.(1.) Some stems in-ro-preceded by a short vowel end in-rin the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are declined as follows:ExampleStemsM.līber, F.lībera, Ne.līberum,free,lībero-,līberā-.Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.līberlīberalīberumlīberīlīberaelīberaGen.līberīlīberaelīberīlīberōrumlīberārumlīberōrumDat.līberōlīberaelīberōlīberīslīberīslīberīsAcc.līberumlīberamlīberumlīberōslīberāslīberaAbl.līberōlīberālīberōlīberīslīberīslīberīsSuch are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in-ferand-ger,bearing,carrying,having: as,caelifer,heaven-upholding;corniger,horned; also the following:(alter,618),asper,other,roughlacer,līber,torn,freegibber,miser,hump-backed,forlornsatur,sēmifer,full,half-beasttener,Trēver,tender,Treverandexter,right, hasdextera,dexterum, ordextra,dextrum, G.dexterī, ordextrī, &c.sinister,left, has usuallysinistra, &c., rarelysinisteram(Plaut., Ter.).asperhas a plural accusativeasprōs(Stat.), and ablativeasprīs(Verg.).617.(2.) Other stems in-ro-have a vowel beforeronly in the nominative singular masculine-er(454); they are declined as follows:ExampleStemsM.aeger, F.aegra, Ne.aegrum,ill,aegro-,aegrā-.Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.aegeraegraaegrumaegrīaegraeaegraGen.aegrīaegraeaegrīaegrōrumaegrārumaegrōrumDat.aegrōaegraeaegrōaegrīsaegrīsaegrīsAcc.aegrumaegramaegrumaegrōsaegrāsaegraAbl.aegrōaegrāaegrōaegrīsaegrīsaegrīs618.Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form-ī̆usin the genitive singular and-īin the dative singular, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:alius,anothersōlus,alonetōtus,wholeūnus,oneūllus,any at allnūllus,noalter,the otheruter,which of the twoneuter,neither619.Of the above words, those with the nominative in-usare declined likeūnus(638). Butaliushas N. and Ac. Ne.aliud(659); for the G.,alterī̆usis mostly used, except in the combinationalīus modī,of another sort; the N. M. is rarelyalis, Ne.alid, D. rarelyalī.alteris declined likelīber(616), except in the genitive singularalterī̆us(127, 6) and dativealterī. Foruterand its derivatives, see693.620.The ordinary genitive and dative of-o-and-ā-stems, from some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D.aliae,sōlae,alterae, D.aliō,alterae, &c.CONSONANT STEMS.OF TWO ENDINGS.621.The only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives (346); they are declined as follows:ExampleStemsM. and F.trīstior, Ne.trīstius,sadder,trīstiōr-,trīstius-.Singular.Plural.Masc. and Fem.Neut.Masc. and Fem.Neut.Nom.trīstiortrīstiustrīstiōrēstrīstiōraGen.trīstiōristrīstiōristrīstiōrumtrīstiōrumDat.trīstiōrītrīstiōrītrīstiōribustrīstiōribusAcc.trīstiōremtrīstiustrīstiōrestrīstiōraAbl.trīstiōretrīstiōretrīstiōribustrīstiōribus622.The ablative rarely has-īfor-e: as,meliōrī(503); the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have-īs: as,meliōrīs(505).623.plūs,more, has in the singular only Ne. N. and Ac.plūs, G.plūris, and Ab.plūre. Plural: N. M. and F.plūrēs, Ne.plūra, G.plūrium, D. and Ab.plūribus, Ac. M. and F.plūrēsorplūrīs, Ne.plūra.complūrēs,a good many, plural only, has N. M. and F.complūrēs, Ne. N. and Ac.complūriaorcomplūra, G.complūrium, D. and Ab.complūribus, Ac. M. and F.complūrēsorcomplūrīs.OF ONE ENDING.624.A dozen adjectives ‘of one ending,’ mostly words applying to persons, with consonant stems throughout, have no nominative or accusative neuter plural; they are:caelebs,compos,unmarried,master of*dēses,dīves,lazy,richparticeps,prīnceps,sharing,firstpūbēs,impūbēs,mangrown,immaturesōspes,superstes,safe,survivingpauper,cicur,poor,tame625.When these adjectives have a neuter, it is the same as the gender forms, except in the accusative singular; they are declined as follows:M. F. and Ne.dīves,rich, stemdīvit-.Singular: N.dīves, G.dīvitis, D.dīvitī, Ac. M. and F.dīvitem, Ne.dīves, Ab.dīvite. Plural: N. and Ac. M. and F.dīvitēs, G.dīvitum, D. and Ab.dīvitibus.626.The pluralcaelitēs,heavenly,occupants of heaven, is also declined like the plural ofdīves; the singular Ab.caeliteoccurs a couple of times.vetus,old, G.veteris, is also declined likedīves, but has a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.vetera; the Ab. S. is regularlyvetere, butveterīis sometimes used.STEMS IN-i-.OF THREE ENDINGS.627.A dozen adjectives with stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, have a distinctive form in-erfor the masculine nominative singular; they are:celeber,throngedsalūber,healthyācer,keenalacer,livelyvolucer,wingedcampester,of a plainequester,cavalry-palūster,of a swamppedester,foot-puter,rottensilvester,woodyterrester,land-So alsoceler, swift. The names of months,September,Octōber,November,December, are also adjectives with stems in-bri-, but are not used in the neuter. Other adjectives with stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular: as,muliebris,mediocris,inlūstris.628.These adjectives are declined as follows:ExampleStemM.ācer, F.ācris, Ne.ācre,sharpācri-.Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.ācerācrisācreācresācresācriaGen.ācrisācrisācrisācriumācriumācriumDat.ācrīācrīācrīācribusācribusācribusAcc.ācremācremācremācrīs,-ēsacrīs,-ēsācriaAbl.ācrīācrīācrīācribusācribusācribus629.In all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in-i-‘of two endings’ (630). But the ablative always has-ī, never-e, and the genitive plural always has-ium, never-um. Incelerthe secondebelongs to the stem: M.celer, F.celeris, Ne.celere; the genitive plural, which iscelerum, is found only as a substantive. Most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in-is, like adjectives ‘of two endings’ (630), and in old Latin the nominative-eris rarely feminine.OF TWO ENDINGS.630.Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in-i-are declined as follows:ExampleStemM. and F.brevis, Ne.breve,shortbrevi-.Singular.Plural.Masc. and Fem.Neut.Masc. and Fem.Neut.Nom.brevisbrevebrevēsbreviaGen.brevisbrevisbreviumbreviumDat.brevībrevībrevibusbrevibusAcc.brevembrevebrevīs,-ēsbreviaAbl.brevībrevībrevibusbrevibus631.The ablative is sometimes-ewhen these adjectives are used substantively or in verse (558). The genitive plural is rarely-umfor-ium(563).OF ONE ENDING.632.Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ have a consonant form of the stem in the singular, except usually in the ablative (633), and an-i-stem in the plural; they are declined as follows:ExamplesStemsM. F. and Ne.audāx,bold,audāc(i)-M. F. Ne.regēns,ruling,regent(i)-SingularMasc. & Fem.Neut.Masc. & Fem.Neut.Nom.audāxaudāxregēnsregēnsGen.audācisaudācisregentisregentisDat.audācīaudācīregentīregentīAcc.audācemaudāxregentemregēnsAbl.audācīaudācīregente,-īregente,-īPluralMasc. & Fem.Neut.Masc. & Fem.Neut.Nom.audācēsaudāciaregentēsregentiaGen.audāciumaudāciumregentiumregentiumDat.audācibusaudācibusregentibusregentibusAcc.audācīs,-ēsaudāciaregentīs,-ēsregentiaAbl.audācibusaudācibusregentibusregentibus633.Present participles have-īin the ablative, when they are used as adjectives, otherwise-e(560). For-īor-ein other words, see559,561. For-iumor-umin the genitive plural,563.634.Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ in-i-are declined as above (632); some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases, as follows:635.(1.)trux(531),savage, has Ab.-īor-e, G. Pl.-ium, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.redux(531),returning, has Ab.-īor-e, no G. Pl. or Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.hebes,dull,teres,cylindrical(533), and compounds ofcaput,head, asanceps, (533),two-headed, have Ab.-ī, no G. Pl.; a Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.-iais rare. Forlocuplēs,rich, see533.636.(2.) The following have-īin the ablative, but-umof consonant stems in the genitive plural, and no nominative or accusative neuter plural:inops(535),without means,vigil(536),wide-awake,memor(537),remembering,dēgener,degenerate, ūber (537),prolific, has Ab.-ī, twice-e, Ne. Pl. once-a(Acc.). Compounds ofpēs, as,bipēs(532),two-legged, have a late and rare Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia.THE NUMERAL ADJECTIVE.637.Of the cardinals,ūnus,duo,trēs, and the hundreds exceptcentumare declined. The other cardinals are not declined.638.ūnus,one, is declined as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.ūnusūnaūnumūnīūnaeūnaGen.ūnīusūnīusūnīusūnōrumūnārumūnōrumDat.ūnīūnīūnīūnīsūnīsūnīsAcc.ūnumūnamūnumūnōsūnāsūnaAbl.ūnōūnāūnōūnīsūnīsūnīsVoc.ūneIn verse, the genitive singular is oftenūnius.639.duo,two, andtrēs,three, are declined as follows:Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc. & Fem.Neut.Nom.duoduaeduotrēstriaGen.duōrumduārumduōrumtriumtriumDat.duōbusduābusduōbustribustribusAcc.duoorduōsduāsduotrēsortrīstriaAbl.duōbusduābusduōbustribustribus640.In dramatic verse,du͡o, &c., is common. In the genitive plural,duosometimes hasduū̆m(462).ambō,both, is declined likeduo, but has-ōin the nominative and accusative, and onlyambōrumandambārumin the genitive plural. For the formsduo,ambō, see415;duōbus,duābus,464,442.641.Hundreds are declined like the plural ofbonus(613): as,ducentī,ducentae,ducenta,two hundred, G.ducentōrumorducentū̆m(462), &c.642.The adjectivemīlle,thousand, is not declined. The substantive has in the singular only N. Ac. Ab.mīlle, or Ab.mīllī; plural: N. and Ac.mīllia(mīlia), G.mīllium(mīlium), D. and Ab.mīllibus(mīlibus).643.Ordinals, asprīmus,first, and distributives, asbīnī,two each, are declined likebonus(613). But distributives seldom have a singular, and often have the genitive plural-ū̆m(462): as,bīnū̆m.THE PRONOUN.(A.) THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.644.The pronoun of the first person,ego,I, of the second person,tū,thou, and the reflexive pronoun,suī,sē,himself,herself,itself,themselves, are declined as follows:ego,Itu,thousui,selfSing.Plur.Sing.Plur.Sing. & Plur.Nom.egonōstūvōsGen.meīnostrum, -trītuīvestrū̆m, -trīsuīDat.mihī̆, minōbīstibī̆vōbīssibī̆Acc.mēnōstēvōssēAbl.mēnōbīstēvōbīssē645.The nominativesegoandtū, and the accusativesmē,tēandsē, have no case ending. The last vowel ofegois rarely long in Plautus, long or short in Lucilius. The nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases, and the plurals ofegoandtūhave a different stem from that of the singular.646.meī,tuī, andsuī, which are often monosyllables in old verse, were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives, used substantively. An old genitivemīsis quoted, andtīsoccurs rarely in Plautus.647.The relation of the ending-bīsinvōbīsto-bī̆intibī̆may be due to analogy withillīs, illī.nōbīsis formed aftervōbīs.648.In old Latin, the ablative ismēd, tēd, sēd(426), which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative. But by Terence’s time the-dwas no longer used (143).649.Older forms forvestrū̆mandvestrīarevostrūmandvostrī. The genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive: that in-ībeing the neuter singular, that in-ū̆mthe masculine or feminine plural. In old Latin,nostrōrum,nostrārum,vostrōrum,vostrārumalso occur.650.Emphasis is given (1.) by reduplication (189): Ac. and Ab.mēmē,tētē, rare;sēsē, very common. (2.) by-teadded to the N. oftū:tūte. (3.) by-metadded to any case but the genitive plural: as,egomet; buttūhas onlytūtemetortūtimet.651.In inscriptions, the dativesMIHEI,TIBEI, andSIBEIoccur, so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short; andMIHE,TIBE. Plural: D. and Ab.VOBEIS. Ac.ENOSin an old hymn;SEESE(29, 1).THE PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE.652.The possessives ofego,tū, andsuī, aremeus,mine,tuus,thine, andsuus,his, her, its, their(own), declined likebonus(613), except thatmeushasmīin the vocative singular masculine (459); those ofnōsandvōsarenoster,our, andvoster, latervester,your, declined likeaeger(617).653.Old forms aretuos,tuom, andsuos,suom(452). In old verseme͡us,me͡i, &c.,tu͡os,tu͡i, &c.,su͡os,su͡i, &c., often occur.sōsforsuōs,sāsforsuās, andsīsforsuīs, are old and rare.654.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:MEEIS, MIEIS, monosyllable;TOVAM; SVEI, SOVOM, SOVO, SVVO, SOVEIS, SVEIS, SVIEIS.655.Emphasis is given (1.) by-metadded tosuō,suā,suōs, and tomeaandsua, neuter plural: as,suōmet; (2.) by-pte, which is oftenest found with the ablative: as,suōpte.(B.) OTHER PRONOUNS.656.Some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in-ī̆usand dative singular in-ī, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.These are:iste,ille,ipse,uter, and their derivatives. Some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative: see618.657.In verse, the-ī-of the genitive is often shortened, and always inutriusque; butneutrīusis not found with short i. In dramatic verse, the genitive singular ofiste,ille, oripse, is often two syllables.658.hīc, is,quīorquis, and their derivatives have the genitive singular in-ius, thus:huius,eius, andquoiusorcuius; in dramatic verse, these genitives are often one syllable. Their datives arehuicforhoice,ē̆īore͡i, andquoiorcui.659.Six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in-d:id,illud,istud,quid,quod,aliud, and derivatives. In manuscripts,-tis sometimes found for-d: as,it,illut,istut, &c.; sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire. Inhocfor*hod-ceand inistucandillucfor*istud-ce,*illud-ce, thedhas vanished (166, 1;171, 1).THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.660.The demonstrative pronouns arehīc,this,this near me;iste,istic,that,that near you; andille,illic,yonder,that.661.The demonstrative pronounhīc,this,this near me, is declined as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.hīchaechochīhaehaecGen.huiushuiushuiushōrumhārumhōrumDat.huichuichuichīshīshīsAcc.hunchanchochōshāshaecAbl.hōchāchōchīshīshīs662.The stem ofhīcisho-,hā-; to most of its cases a demonstrative-cfor-ceis attached. The masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an-i-:hīcfor*ho-i-ce(108,a);haecforha-i-ce(96).hunc,hanc, are for*hom-ce,*ham-ce. For the quantity of the first syllable ofhuius, see153, 2; ofhoc,171, 1.663.Old forms with the full ending-ceare rare except after-s: Plural Ne. Acc.haece(Enn.); G. F.hārumce(Cato); also G.hōrunc,hārunc(Pl., T.);hōsce, D. and Ab.hīsce(Pl., T.). After 100B.C., the full form-ceis not found, except occasionally after-s:huiusce,hōsce,hāsce,hīsce. Before-neinterrogative it is retained in the weakened form-ci-: as,hīcine. Buthīcne,hocne,huicne, &c., are found, though rarely.664.The nominativehicorhicinefound in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for*ho-c,*he-c(103,a). A nominative plural femininehaecis found in writers of all ages. Other and rare forms are: Pl. N. M.hīsce(461), D. or Ab.hībus.665.Other case forms ofhīcare found in inscriptions, as follows:N. M.HEC,HIC. G.HOIVS,HVIIVS(23),HVIVS,HOIVSCE,HOIVSQVE,HVIVSQVE. D.HOICE,HOIC,HOI,HVIC,HVI. Ac. M.HONC,HOC; F.HANCE; Ne.HOCE,HVC. Ab. M. and Ne.HOCE; F.HACE, oftener thanHACin republican inscriptions;HAACE(29, 1). Loc.HEICE,HEIC. Plural: N. M.HEISCE,HEIS, orHEI,HISCEorHIS;HI, not before Augustus; Ne. N. and Ac.HAICE,HAECE. G.HORVNC. D. and Ab.HEISCE,HIBVS. Ac. F.HASCE.666.The demonstrative pronounsiste,that,that near you, andille,yonder, are declined alike, as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.illeillailludillīillaeillaGen.illī̆usillī̆usillī̆usillōrumillārumillōrumDat.illīillīillīillīsillīsillīsAcc.illumillamilludillōsillāsillaAbl.illōillāillōillīsillīsillīs667.The first syllable ofisteandilleis often short in the dramatists. Old forms ofisteare: N.istus, G.istī, inistīmodī, D. F.istae. The initialiofisteand ofistic(669), is sometimes not written: as,sta rēs(Cic.),stūc perīculum(Ter.). Old forms ofilleare: N.olus(81);ollusorolle, &c.: as, D. S. or N. Pl.ollī, D. Pl.ollīs. G.illī, inillīmodī, D. F.illae. The dramatists haveeccistam,eccilla,eccillud,eccillum,eccillam, forecce istam, &c., andellum,ellam, forem illum, &c.668.Other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions, as follows:D. F.ILLAE. Plural: N. M.ILLEI. G.OLORVM(81). D. and Ab.OLLEIS,ILLEIS.669.isticandillic, compounded ofiste,ille, and-ceor-c, are declined alike, as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.illicillaecillucillīcillaecillaecAcc.illuncillancillucillōsceillāsceillaecAbl.illōcillācillōcillīsceillīsceillīsce670.Rare forms are: N. and Ac. Ne.istoc,illoc, G.illīusce, D.illīc, Ab. F.istāce,illāce. Plural: N. M.illīsce(461),illīc, Ac.illōsce,illāsce. Before-neinterrogative,-cebecomes-ci-: N.illicine,istucine, Ac.illancine, Ab.istōcine,istācinē. Pl. Ac.istōscine.THE DETERMINATIVE PRONOUN.671.The determinative pronounis,that,the aforesaid,the one, is declined as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.iseaideī,iī, orīeaeeaGen.eiuseiuseiuseōrumeārumeōrumDat.ē̆īē̆īē̆īeīs,iīs, orīseīs,iīs, orīseīs,iīs, orīsAcc.eumeamideōseāseaAbl.eōeāeōeīs,iīs, orīseīs,iīs, orīseīs,iīs, orīs672.isandid(659) are formed from a stem-i-, and the other parts from a stemeo-,eā-. The genitive is sometimes written in Cicero and Plautuseiius; for the quantity of the first syllable ofeius, see153, 2; forĕ̄i, see127, 3, and127, 4.673.In old verse, the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short. Old and rare forms are: D. F.eae, Ac. M.imorem. Pl. D, and Ab.ī̆bus, F.eābus(442). In dramatic verse,e͡um,e͡am,e͡i,e͡o,e͡a, ande͡i,e͡orum,e͡arum,e͡os,e͡as,e͡is, are often found; alsoeccum,eccam,eccōs,eccās,ecca, forecce eum, &c.674.Other case forms ofisare found in inscriptions, as follows:N.EIS, 124B.C.G.EIVS,EIIVS,EIIVSorEIIVS(23). D.EIEI, 123B.C.;EEI,IEI;EI, 123B.C., and common in all periods. Plural: N.EEIS,EIS,IEIS, till about 50B.C.;EEI,EI,IEI. D. and Ab.EEIS,EIEIS,IEIS,IS; after the republic,IIS,IIS.675.A rare and old pronoun equivalent toisissum,sam, accusative singular,sōs, accusative plural, andsīs, dative plural.THE PRONOUN OF IDENTITY.676.The pronoun of identity,īdem,the same, is declined as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.īdemeademidemeīdemorīdemeaedemeademGen.eiusdemeiusdemeiusdemeōrundemeārundemeōrundemDat.eīdemeīdemeīdemeīsdemorīsdemeīsdemorīsdemeīsdemorīsdemAcc.eundemeandemidemeōsdemeāsdemeademAbl.eōdemeādemeōdemeīsdemorīsdemeīsdemorīsdemeīsdemorīsdem677.In manuscripts and editions, the plural nominative masculine is often writteniīdem, and the dative and ablativeiīsdem. The singular nominative masculine is rarelyeisdemorisdem(Plaut., Enn.),eidem(Cic., Varr.), neuterīdem(Plaut.). In verse,eundem,e͡andem,e͡idem,e͡odem,e͡adem, ande͡idem,e͡aedem,e͡orundem,e͡osdem,e͡asdem, are often found.678.Other case forms ofīdemare found in inscriptions, as follows:N. M.EISDEM, 123B.C.,ISDEM, 59B.C., both common till Caesar’s time;EIDEM; Ne.EIDEM, 71B.C.D.IDEM. Plural: N. M.EISDEM,ISDEM,EIDEM, till Caesar’s time;IIDEM, once only. D. and Ab.ISDEM, very rarelyIISDEM.THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.
602.fidēsis declined likerēs; it has once a genitivefidēs(Plaut.). Forrēī,reī, orre͡i, andfidēī,fideī, orfide͡i, see127, 4.diēshas rarely a genitivediēs(Enn.) ordiī(Verg.).spēshas only the genitive and dativespe͡iin verse. A genitive or dative in-ēis sometimes found: as,rē,diē,fidē.
603.A few cases of other words sometimes follow this class (401): as,plēbēs(524),commons, G.plēbe͡iorplēbī;famēs(524),hunger, Ab. alwaysfamē;requiēs(477),rest, G.requiē(Sall.), Ac.requiem, Ab.requiē;tābēs(523),waste, Ab.tābē,*contāgēs,contact, Ab.contāgē(Lucr.), &c.
604.(2.) Stems of the second class are formed by the suffix-iē-or-tiē-, and have three or more syllables.
This class, which is parallel to stems in-iā-, has usually no genitive, dative, or plural. Many stems, especially those in-tiē-, have also a collateral form in-iā-, and the genitive and dative, when used at all, are commonly from a stem in-iā-.
605.Stems in-ē-of the second class are declined as follows:
lūxuriēs,extravagance, stemlūxuriē-, F.Nom.lūxuriēs,Acc.lūxuriem,Abl.lūxuriē.
lūxuriēs,extravagance, stemlūxuriē-, F.
Nom.lūxuriēs,Acc.lūxuriem,Abl.lūxuriē.
606.A few examples of the genitive of these stems are found: as,perniciī,perniciēs, orperniciē,ruin(Cic.);rabiēs,fury(Lucr.);aciē,edge of battle(Sall., Caes., auct. B. Afr.),faciē,make(Plaut., Lucil.),speciē,looks(Caes.);aciēī(auct. B. Afr.). And a very few of the dative: as,aciēītwice (Caes.);perniciēī,perniciī(Nep.);perniciē(Liv.).
607.ēluviēs,offscouring,wash, has the nominative of the plural, andglaciēs,ice, has the accusative of the plural. Five words only have the nominative and accusative plural:
seriēs,aciēs,row,edge,speciēs,faciēs,look,make,effigiēs,likeness.
seriēs,aciēs,row,edge,
speciēs,faciēs,look,make,
effigiēs,likeness.
608.Adjectives are declined like substantives, and it has been shown already how their cases are formed. But they differ from substantives in having different forms in some of their cases to denote different genders; it is convenient therefore to put their complete declension together.
609.Adjective stems end in-o-and-ā-, in a consonant, or in-i-.
610.An accusative plural of a stem in-u-,anguimanūs,with a serpent for a hand, is once used (Lucr.). There are no adjective stems in-ē-.
611.Adjectives are often conveniently said to be ‘of three endings,’ ‘of two endings,’ or ‘of one ending.’
By the ‘ending’ is meant the ending of the nominative singular: thus,bonus,bona,bonum,good, andācer,ācris,ācre,sharp, are ‘of three endings’ (409);brevis,breve,short, is ‘of two endings’ (410); andaudāx,bold, is ‘of one ending’ (410).
612.Adjectives ‘of one ending’ which form a gender nominative in-s, retain the-sirrationally in the nominative and accusative neuter singular: as, N. M. and F.audāx, N. and Ac. Ne. alsoaudāx.
613.Most adjectives with stems in-o-and-ā-are declined as follows:
614.Stems in-io-and-iā-have no consonantiin cases ending in-ior-īs(153, 3): asplēbēius,plebeian, G. S. M. and Ne., and N. Pl. M.plēbēī, D. and Ab. Pl.plēbēīs.
615.Stems in-ro-preceded by a long vowel retain-usin the nominative singular masculine and are declined likebonus(453): as,sevērus,stern; also
ferus,merus,wild,unmixedmōrigerus,complaisantpraeposterus,reversedproperus,hastyprōsperus,luckytriquetrus,three-cornered
ferus,merus,wild,unmixed
mōrigerus,complaisant
praeposterus,reversed
properus,hasty
prōsperus,lucky
triquetrus,three-cornered
616.(1.) Some stems in-ro-preceded by a short vowel end in-rin the nominative singular masculine and have no vocative (454); they are declined as follows:
Such are: compounds, chiefly poetical, ending in-ferand-ger,bearing,carrying,having: as,caelifer,heaven-upholding;corniger,horned; also the following:
(alter,618),asper,other,roughlacer,līber,torn,freegibber,miser,hump-backed,forlornsatur,sēmifer,full,half-beasttener,Trēver,tender,Treveran
(alter,618),asper,other,rough
lacer,līber,torn,free
gibber,miser,hump-backed,forlorn
satur,sēmifer,full,half-beast
tener,Trēver,tender,Treveran
dexter,right, hasdextera,dexterum, ordextra,dextrum, G.dexterī, ordextrī, &c.sinister,left, has usuallysinistra, &c., rarelysinisteram(Plaut., Ter.).asperhas a plural accusativeasprōs(Stat.), and ablativeasprīs(Verg.).
617.(2.) Other stems in-ro-have a vowel beforeronly in the nominative singular masculine-er(454); they are declined as follows:
618.Nine adjectives or adjective pronouns have the pronoun form-ī̆usin the genitive singular and-īin the dative singular, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike; they are the following:
alius,anothersōlus,alonetōtus,wholeūnus,oneūllus,any at allnūllus,noalter,the otheruter,which of the twoneuter,neither
alius,another
sōlus,alone
tōtus,whole
ūnus,one
ūllus,any at all
nūllus,no
alter,the other
uter,which of the two
neuter,neither
619.Of the above words, those with the nominative in-usare declined likeūnus(638). Butaliushas N. and Ac. Ne.aliud(659); for the G.,alterī̆usis mostly used, except in the combinationalīus modī,of another sort; the N. M. is rarelyalis, Ne.alid, D. rarelyalī.alteris declined likelīber(616), except in the genitive singularalterī̆us(127, 6) and dativealterī. Foruterand its derivatives, see693.
620.The ordinary genitive and dative of-o-and-ā-stems, from some of the above words, is sometimes found: G. and D.aliae,sōlae,alterae, D.aliō,alterae, &c.
OF TWO ENDINGS.
621.The only consonant stems of two endings are comparatives (346); they are declined as follows:
622.The ablative rarely has-īfor-e: as,meliōrī(503); the accusative plural masculine and feminine rarely have-īs: as,meliōrīs(505).
623.plūs,more, has in the singular only Ne. N. and Ac.plūs, G.plūris, and Ab.plūre. Plural: N. M. and F.plūrēs, Ne.plūra, G.plūrium, D. and Ab.plūribus, Ac. M. and F.plūrēsorplūrīs, Ne.plūra.complūrēs,a good many, plural only, has N. M. and F.complūrēs, Ne. N. and Ac.complūriaorcomplūra, G.complūrium, D. and Ab.complūribus, Ac. M. and F.complūrēsorcomplūrīs.
OF ONE ENDING.
624.A dozen adjectives ‘of one ending,’ mostly words applying to persons, with consonant stems throughout, have no nominative or accusative neuter plural; they are:
caelebs,compos,unmarried,master of*dēses,dīves,lazy,richparticeps,prīnceps,sharing,firstpūbēs,impūbēs,mangrown,immaturesōspes,superstes,safe,survivingpauper,cicur,poor,tame
caelebs,compos,unmarried,master of
*dēses,dīves,lazy,rich
particeps,prīnceps,sharing,first
pūbēs,impūbēs,mangrown,immature
sōspes,superstes,safe,surviving
pauper,cicur,poor,tame
625.When these adjectives have a neuter, it is the same as the gender forms, except in the accusative singular; they are declined as follows:
M. F. and Ne.dīves,rich, stemdīvit-.
M. F. and Ne.dīves,rich, stemdīvit-.
Singular: N.dīves, G.dīvitis, D.dīvitī, Ac. M. and F.dīvitem, Ne.dīves, Ab.dīvite. Plural: N. and Ac. M. and F.dīvitēs, G.dīvitum, D. and Ab.dīvitibus.
626.The pluralcaelitēs,heavenly,occupants of heaven, is also declined like the plural ofdīves; the singular Ab.caeliteoccurs a couple of times.vetus,old, G.veteris, is also declined likedīves, but has a Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.vetera; the Ab. S. is regularlyvetere, butveterīis sometimes used.
OF THREE ENDINGS.
627.A dozen adjectives with stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, have a distinctive form in-erfor the masculine nominative singular; they are:
celeber,throngedsalūber,healthyācer,keenalacer,livelyvolucer,wingedcampester,of a plainequester,cavalry-palūster,of a swamppedester,foot-puter,rottensilvester,woodyterrester,land-
celeber,thronged
salūber,healthy
ācer,keen
alacer,lively
volucer,winged
campester,of a plain
equester,cavalry-
palūster,of a swamp
pedester,foot-
puter,rotten
silvester,woody
terrester,land-
So alsoceler, swift. The names of months,September,Octōber,November,December, are also adjectives with stems in-bri-, but are not used in the neuter. Other adjectives with stems in-bri-,-cri-, or-tri-, have no distinctive form for the masculine nominative singular: as,muliebris,mediocris,inlūstris.
628.These adjectives are declined as follows:
629.In all cases but the masculine nominative singular these adjectives are just like those in-i-‘of two endings’ (630). But the ablative always has-ī, never-e, and the genitive plural always has-ium, never-um. Incelerthe secondebelongs to the stem: M.celer, F.celeris, Ne.celere; the genitive plural, which iscelerum, is found only as a substantive. Most of these adjectives have now and then a masculine in-is, like adjectives ‘of two endings’ (630), and in old Latin the nominative-eris rarely feminine.
OF TWO ENDINGS.
630.Adjectives ‘of two endings’ with stems in-i-are declined as follows:
631.The ablative is sometimes-ewhen these adjectives are used substantively or in verse (558). The genitive plural is rarely-umfor-ium(563).
OF ONE ENDING.
632.Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ have a consonant form of the stem in the singular, except usually in the ablative (633), and an-i-stem in the plural; they are declined as follows:
633.Present participles have-īin the ablative, when they are used as adjectives, otherwise-e(560). For-īor-ein other words, see559,561. For-iumor-umin the genitive plural,563.
634.Most adjectives ‘of one ending’ in-i-are declined as above (632); some of them have peculiarities in some of their cases, as follows:
635.(1.)trux(531),savage, has Ab.-īor-e, G. Pl.-ium, no Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.redux(531),returning, has Ab.-īor-e, no G. Pl. or Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.hebes,dull,teres,cylindrical(533), and compounds ofcaput,head, asanceps, (533),two-headed, have Ab.-ī, no G. Pl.; a Ne. Pl. N. or Ac.-iais rare. Forlocuplēs,rich, see533.
636.(2.) The following have-īin the ablative, but-umof consonant stems in the genitive plural, and no nominative or accusative neuter plural:inops(535),without means,vigil(536),wide-awake,memor(537),remembering,dēgener,degenerate, ūber (537),prolific, has Ab.-ī, twice-e, Ne. Pl. once-a(Acc.). Compounds ofpēs, as,bipēs(532),two-legged, have a late and rare Ne. Pl. N. and Ac.-ia.
637.Of the cardinals,ūnus,duo,trēs, and the hundreds exceptcentumare declined. The other cardinals are not declined.
638.ūnus,one, is declined as follows:
In verse, the genitive singular is oftenūnius.
639.duo,two, andtrēs,three, are declined as follows:
640.In dramatic verse,du͡o, &c., is common. In the genitive plural,duosometimes hasduū̆m(462).ambō,both, is declined likeduo, but has-ōin the nominative and accusative, and onlyambōrumandambārumin the genitive plural. For the formsduo,ambō, see415;duōbus,duābus,464,442.
641.Hundreds are declined like the plural ofbonus(613): as,ducentī,ducentae,ducenta,two hundred, G.ducentōrumorducentū̆m(462), &c.
642.The adjectivemīlle,thousand, is not declined. The substantive has in the singular only N. Ac. Ab.mīlle, or Ab.mīllī; plural: N. and Ac.mīllia(mīlia), G.mīllium(mīlium), D. and Ab.mīllibus(mīlibus).
643.Ordinals, asprīmus,first, and distributives, asbīnī,two each, are declined likebonus(613). But distributives seldom have a singular, and often have the genitive plural-ū̆m(462): as,bīnū̆m.
644.The pronoun of the first person,ego,I, of the second person,tū,thou, and the reflexive pronoun,suī,sē,himself,herself,itself,themselves, are declined as follows:
645.The nominativesegoandtū, and the accusativesmē,tēandsē, have no case ending. The last vowel ofegois rarely long in Plautus, long or short in Lucilius. The nominative ego has a different stem from that of its other cases, and the plurals ofegoandtūhave a different stem from that of the singular.
646.meī,tuī, andsuī, which are often monosyllables in old verse, were originally the genitive of the neuter possessives, used substantively. An old genitivemīsis quoted, andtīsoccurs rarely in Plautus.
647.The relation of the ending-bīsinvōbīsto-bī̆intibī̆may be due to analogy withillīs, illī.nōbīsis formed aftervōbīs.
648.In old Latin, the ablative ismēd, tēd, sēd(426), which forms are also used irrationally for the accusative. But by Terence’s time the-dwas no longer used (143).
649.Older forms forvestrū̆mandvestrīarevostrūmandvostrī. The genitive plural was originally a genitive of the possessive: that in-ībeing the neuter singular, that in-ū̆mthe masculine or feminine plural. In old Latin,nostrōrum,nostrārum,vostrōrum,vostrārumalso occur.
650.Emphasis is given (1.) by reduplication (189): Ac. and Ab.mēmē,tētē, rare;sēsē, very common. (2.) by-teadded to the N. oftū:tūte. (3.) by-metadded to any case but the genitive plural: as,egomet; buttūhas onlytūtemetortūtimet.
651.In inscriptions, the dativesMIHEI,TIBEI, andSIBEIoccur, so written in verse sometimes even when the last syllable is short; andMIHE,TIBE. Plural: D. and Ab.VOBEIS. Ac.ENOSin an old hymn;SEESE(29, 1).
652.The possessives ofego,tū, andsuī, aremeus,mine,tuus,thine, andsuus,his, her, its, their(own), declined likebonus(613), except thatmeushasmīin the vocative singular masculine (459); those ofnōsandvōsarenoster,our, andvoster, latervester,your, declined likeaeger(617).
653.Old forms aretuos,tuom, andsuos,suom(452). In old verseme͡us,me͡i, &c.,tu͡os,tu͡i, &c.,su͡os,su͡i, &c., often occur.sōsforsuōs,sāsforsuās, andsīsforsuīs, are old and rare.
654.Other case forms are found in inscriptions, as follows:
MEEIS, MIEIS, monosyllable;TOVAM; SVEI, SOVOM, SOVO, SVVO, SOVEIS, SVEIS, SVIEIS.
655.Emphasis is given (1.) by-metadded tosuō,suā,suōs, and tomeaandsua, neuter plural: as,suōmet; (2.) by-pte, which is oftenest found with the ablative: as,suōpte.
656.Some pronouns have a peculiar genitive singular in-ī̆usand dative singular in-ī, for masculine, feminine, and neuter alike.
These are:iste,ille,ipse,uter, and their derivatives. Some other words of a pronoun character also have this form of the genitive and dative: see618.
657.In verse, the-ī-of the genitive is often shortened, and always inutriusque; butneutrīusis not found with short i. In dramatic verse, the genitive singular ofiste,ille, oripse, is often two syllables.
658.hīc, is,quīorquis, and their derivatives have the genitive singular in-ius, thus:huius,eius, andquoiusorcuius; in dramatic verse, these genitives are often one syllable. Their datives arehuicforhoice,ē̆īore͡i, andquoiorcui.
659.Six words have a peculiar neuter nominative and accusative singular in-d:id,illud,istud,quid,quod,aliud, and derivatives. In manuscripts,-tis sometimes found for-d: as,it,illut,istut, &c.; sometimes also in inscriptions of the empire. Inhocfor*hod-ceand inistucandillucfor*istud-ce,*illud-ce, thedhas vanished (166, 1;171, 1).
660.The demonstrative pronouns arehīc,this,this near me;iste,istic,that,that near you; andille,illic,yonder,that.
661.The demonstrative pronounhīc,this,this near me, is declined as follows:
662.The stem ofhīcisho-,hā-; to most of its cases a demonstrative-cfor-ceis attached. The masculine and feminine nominative singular and nominative and accusative neuter plural take an-i-:hīcfor*ho-i-ce(108,a);haecforha-i-ce(96).hunc,hanc, are for*hom-ce,*ham-ce. For the quantity of the first syllable ofhuius, see153, 2; ofhoc,171, 1.
663.Old forms with the full ending-ceare rare except after-s: Plural Ne. Acc.haece(Enn.); G. F.hārumce(Cato); also G.hōrunc,hārunc(Pl., T.);hōsce, D. and Ab.hīsce(Pl., T.). After 100B.C., the full form-ceis not found, except occasionally after-s:huiusce,hōsce,hāsce,hīsce. Before-neinterrogative it is retained in the weakened form-ci-: as,hīcine. Buthīcne,hocne,huicne, &c., are found, though rarely.
664.The nominativehicorhicinefound in the dramatists and rarely later is probably for*ho-c,*he-c(103,a). A nominative plural femininehaecis found in writers of all ages. Other and rare forms are: Pl. N. M.hīsce(461), D. or Ab.hībus.
665.Other case forms ofhīcare found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. M.HEC,HIC. G.HOIVS,HVIIVS(23),HVIVS,HOIVSCE,HOIVSQVE,HVIVSQVE. D.HOICE,HOIC,HOI,HVIC,HVI. Ac. M.HONC,HOC; F.HANCE; Ne.HOCE,HVC. Ab. M. and Ne.HOCE; F.HACE, oftener thanHACin republican inscriptions;HAACE(29, 1). Loc.HEICE,HEIC. Plural: N. M.HEISCE,HEIS, orHEI,HISCEorHIS;HI, not before Augustus; Ne. N. and Ac.HAICE,HAECE. G.HORVNC. D. and Ab.HEISCE,HIBVS. Ac. F.HASCE.
666.The demonstrative pronounsiste,that,that near you, andille,yonder, are declined alike, as follows:
667.The first syllable ofisteandilleis often short in the dramatists. Old forms ofisteare: N.istus, G.istī, inistīmodī, D. F.istae. The initialiofisteand ofistic(669), is sometimes not written: as,sta rēs(Cic.),stūc perīculum(Ter.). Old forms ofilleare: N.olus(81);ollusorolle, &c.: as, D. S. or N. Pl.ollī, D. Pl.ollīs. G.illī, inillīmodī, D. F.illae. The dramatists haveeccistam,eccilla,eccillud,eccillum,eccillam, forecce istam, &c., andellum,ellam, forem illum, &c.
668.Other case forms of ille are found in inscriptions, as follows:
D. F.ILLAE. Plural: N. M.ILLEI. G.OLORVM(81). D. and Ab.OLLEIS,ILLEIS.
669.isticandillic, compounded ofiste,ille, and-ceor-c, are declined alike, as follows:
670.Rare forms are: N. and Ac. Ne.istoc,illoc, G.illīusce, D.illīc, Ab. F.istāce,illāce. Plural: N. M.illīsce(461),illīc, Ac.illōsce,illāsce. Before-neinterrogative,-cebecomes-ci-: N.illicine,istucine, Ac.illancine, Ab.istōcine,istācinē. Pl. Ac.istōscine.
671.The determinative pronounis,that,the aforesaid,the one, is declined as follows:
672.isandid(659) are formed from a stem-i-, and the other parts from a stemeo-,eā-. The genitive is sometimes written in Cicero and Plautuseiius; for the quantity of the first syllable ofeius, see153, 2; forĕ̄i, see127, 3, and127, 4.
673.In old verse, the genitive singular rarely has the first syllable short. Old and rare forms are: D. F.eae, Ac. M.imorem. Pl. D, and Ab.ī̆bus, F.eābus(442). In dramatic verse,e͡um,e͡am,e͡i,e͡o,e͡a, ande͡i,e͡orum,e͡arum,e͡os,e͡as,e͡is, are often found; alsoeccum,eccam,eccōs,eccās,ecca, forecce eum, &c.
674.Other case forms ofisare found in inscriptions, as follows:
N.EIS, 124B.C.G.EIVS,EIIVS,EIIVSorEIIVS(23). D.EIEI, 123B.C.;EEI,IEI;EI, 123B.C., and common in all periods. Plural: N.EEIS,EIS,IEIS, till about 50B.C.;EEI,EI,IEI. D. and Ab.EEIS,EIEIS,IEIS,IS; after the republic,IIS,IIS.
675.A rare and old pronoun equivalent toisissum,sam, accusative singular,sōs, accusative plural, andsīs, dative plural.
676.The pronoun of identity,īdem,the same, is declined as follows:
eīsdemorīsdem
eīsdemorīsdem
eīsdemorīsdem
eīsdemorīsdem
eīsdemorīsdem
eīsdemorīsdem
677.In manuscripts and editions, the plural nominative masculine is often writteniīdem, and the dative and ablativeiīsdem. The singular nominative masculine is rarelyeisdemorisdem(Plaut., Enn.),eidem(Cic., Varr.), neuterīdem(Plaut.). In verse,eundem,e͡andem,e͡idem,e͡odem,e͡adem, ande͡idem,e͡aedem,e͡orundem,e͡osdem,e͡asdem, are often found.
678.Other case forms ofīdemare found in inscriptions, as follows:
N. M.EISDEM, 123B.C.,ISDEM, 59B.C., both common till Caesar’s time;EIDEM; Ne.EIDEM, 71B.C.D.IDEM. Plural: N. M.EISDEM,ISDEM,EIDEM, till Caesar’s time;IIDEM, once only. D. and Ab.ISDEM, very rarelyIISDEM.