679.The intensive pronounipse,himself, stemsipso-,ipsā-, is declined likeille(666), but has the nominative and accusative neuter singularipsum.680.In dramatic verse,ipsehas rarely the first syllable short, and often has the older formipsus. Plautus has these forms: N. F.eapse, Ac.eumpse,eampse, Ab.eōpse,eāpse, equivalent toipsa, &c. Soreāpseforrē ipsā.THE RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE PRONOUN.(1.)quīANDquis.681.The stemqui-, orquo-,quā-, is used in three ways: as a relative,who,which; as an interrogative,who? which? what?as an indefinite,any.682.(a.) The relativequī,who,which, is declined as follows:Singular.Plural.Masc.Fem.Neut.Masc.Fem.Neut.Nom.quīquaequodquīquaequaeGen.cuiuscuiuscuiusquōrumquārumquōrumDat.cuicuicuiquibusquibusquibusAcc.quemquamquodquōsquāsquaeAbl.quōquāquōquibusquibusquibus683.(b.) The interrogative adjectivequī,quae,quod,which? what?is declined like the relativequī(682).684.The interrogative substantive has in the nominative singularquis,quid,who? what?the rest is likequī(682).In old Latin,quisis both masculine and feminine, but a separate feminine formquaeis used three or four times.685.quisinterrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives: as,quis senātor?what senator?Andquīis sometimes used substantively: as,quī prīmus Ameriam nūntiat?who is the first to bring the tidings to Ameria?686.(c.) The indefinitequisorquī,one,any, has the following forms:quisandquidmasculine and neuter substantives,quīandquodadjectives; feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonlyqua, alsoquae. The rest is likequī(682).687.quis,quem,quid, andquibuscome from the stemqui-; the other parts come fromquo-,quā-.quaestands for an olderquai(690). Forquidandquod, see659.688.Old forms of the genitive singular arequoius, and of the dativequoiei,quoiī, orquoi, also in derivatives ofquīorquis. A genitive pluralquōiūmis old and rare. The dative and ablative plural is sometimesquīsfromquo-,quā-. A nominative plural interrogative and indefinitequēsis rare (Pacuv.).689.The ablative or locative is sometimesquī, from the stemqui-: as an interrogative,how?as a relative,wherewith,whereby, masculine, feminine, or neuter, in old Latin sometimes with a plural antecedent; especially referring to an indefinite person, and withcumattached,quīcum; and as an indefinite,somehow.690.Other case forms ofquīorquisand their derivatives are found in inscriptions, as follows:N.QVEI, prevalent in republican inscriptions; alsoQVI; onceQVE. G.QVOIVS, regularly in republican inscriptions;cviivs, cviivs, cviivs(23), onceQVIVS(20). D.QVOIEI, QVOI; once F.QVAI. Ab.QVEI. Plural: N. M.QVEI, but after 120B.C., occasionallyQVI;QVES, indefinite; F. and Ne.QVAI. G.QVOIVM.DERIVATIVES OFquīANDquis.691.The derivatives ofquīandquishave commonlyquisandquidas substantives, andquīandquodas adjectives. Forms requiring special mention are named below:692.quisquis,whoever,whatever,everybody who,everything which, an indefinite relative, has only these forms in common use: N. M.quisquis, sometimes F. in old Latin, Ne. N. and Ac.quicquidorquidquid, Ab. M. and Ne. as adjectivequōquō.Rare forms are: N. M.quīquī, Ac.quemquem, once Ab. F.quāquā, as adverbquīquī, once D.quibusquibus. A short form of the genitive occurs inquoiquoimodīorcuicuimodī,of whatsoever sort.aliquisoraliquī,aliqua, oncealiquae(Lucr.),aliquidoraliquod,some one,some; Ab. M. sometimes, Ne. oftenaliquī(689). Pl. Ne. N. and Ac. onlyaliqua; D. and Ab. sometimesaliquīs(668).ecquisorecquī,ecquaorecquae,ecquidorecquod,any?Besides the nominative only these forms are found: D. eccui, Ac.ecquem,ecquam,ecquid, Ab. M. and Ne.ecquō. Pl. N.ecquī, Ac. M.ecquōs, F.ecquās.quīcumque,quaecumque,quodcumque,whoever,whichever,everybody who,everything which. Thecumqueis sometimes separated fromquīby an intervening word. An older form isquīquomque, &c.quīdam,quaedam,quiddamorquoddam,a,a certain,some one,so and so; Ac.quendam,quandam. Pl. G.quōrundam,quārundam.quīlibet,quaelibet,quidlibetorquodlibet,any you please.quisnam, rarelyquīnam,quaenam,quidnamorquodnam,who ever? who in the world?Sometimesnam quis, &c.quispiam,quaepiam,quippiam,quidpiamorquodpiam,any,any one; Ab. alsoquīpiam(689), sometimes as adverb,in any way.quisquam,quicquamorquidquam,anybody at all,anything at all, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective,any at all. There is no distinctive feminine form, andquisquamandquemquamare rarely, and in old Latin, used as a feminine adjective. Ab. alsoquīquam(689), sometimes as adverb,in any way at all. No plural.quisque,quaeque,quicque,quidqueorquodque,each. Sometimesūnusis prefixed:ūnusquisque; both parts are declined.quisqueandquemqueare sometimes feminine. Ab. S.quīque(689) rare, Ab. Pl.quīsque(688) once (Lucr.).quīvīs,quaevīs,quidvīsorquodvīs,which you will; Ab. alsoquīvīs(689).(2.)uter.693.uter,utra,utrum,whether? which of the two?has the genitive singularutrīus, and the dative singularutrī.The rest is likeaeger(617).uteris sometimes relative,whichsoever, or indefinite,either of the two.DERIVATIVES OFuter.694.The derivatives ofuterare declined likeuter; they are:neuter,neither of the two, genitiveneutrīus, always withī(657). When used as a grammatical term,neuter, the genitive is alwaysneutrī: as,generis neutrī,of neither gender.utercumque,utracumque,utrumcumque,whichever of the two,either of the two.uterlibet,whichever you please.uterque,whichsoever,both. G. alwaysutriusque(657).utervīs,whichever you wish.alteruter, F.altera utra, Ne.alterutrumoralterum utrum,one or the other, G.alterīus utrīus, once latealterutrīus, D.alterutrī, Ac. M.alterutrumoralterum utrum, F.alterutramonce (Plin.) oralteram utram, Ab.alterutrōoralterō utrō, F.alterā utrā. No Pl., except D.alterutrīsonce (Plin.).CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS.695.Pronouns often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:Kind.Interrogative.Indefinite.Demonstrative,Determinative, &c.Relative.Simplequis,quī,who?quis,quī,aliquishīc,iste,illeis,quisquequīAlternativeuter,which of the two?uter,alteruteruterqueuter,quīNumberquot,how many?(431)aliquottotquotQuantityquantus,how large?(613)aliquantus,quantusvīstantusquantusQualityquālis,of what sort?(630)quālislibettālisquālisTHE ADVERB,THE CONJUNCTION, AND THE PREPOSITION.I. NOUNS AS ADVERBS.696.Adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific meaning. Many of these words were still felt to be live cases, even in the developed period of the language; with others the consciousness of their noun character was lost.697.Three cases are used adverbially: the accusative, the ablative, and the locative.698.The rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition. The preposition may either accompany its usual case: as,adamussim, admodum, īlicō; or it may be loosely prefixed, with more of the nature of an adverb than of a preposition, to a case with which it is not ordinarily used: as,examussim, intereā. Sometimes it stands after the noun: as,parumper,a little while. Besides the three cases named above, other forms occur, some of which are undoubtedly old case endings, though they can no longer be recognized as such: see710.(1.) Accusative.(a.)Accusative of Substantives.699.domum,homeward, home;rūs,afield;forās,out of doors(*forā-); vicem,instead;partim,in part; oldnoenumornoenu, commonnōn, forne-oenum, i.e.ūnum,not one, naught, not;admodum,to a degree, very;adamussim, examussim,to aT;adfatim,to satiety;invicem,in turn, each other.700.Many adverbs in-timand-simdenote manner (549): as,cautim,warily,statim,at once,sēnsim,perceptibly, gradually;ōstiātim,door by door,virītim,man by man,fūrtim,stealthily.(b.)Accusative of Adjectives and Pronouns.701.Neuters: all comparative adverbs in-ius(361): as,doctius,more learnedly; sominus,less,magis,more(363).prīmum,first,secundum, secondly, &c.;tum,then(to-,that):commodum,just in time;minimum,at least,potissimum,in preference,postrēmum,at last,summum,at most;versum,toward,rursum, russum, rūsum,back;facile,easily,impūne,scotfree,recēns,lately,semel,once(simili-),simul,together(simili-). Plural:cētera,for the rest;quia,because(qui-); in old Latinfrūstra,in vain(fraud-).702.Feminines:bifāriam,twofold;cōram,face to face(com-orco-, *ōrā-);tam,so(tā-,that);quam,as, how. Plural:aliās,on other occasions.(2.) Ablative.(a.)Ablative of Substantives.703.domō,from home,rūre,from the country;hodiē,to-day(ho-,diē-),volgō,publicly,vespere,by twilight,noctū,by nights,nights,lūce,by light,tempore,in times,betimes;sponte,voluntarily,forte,by chance;quotannīs,yearly;grātiīsorgrātīs,for nothing,ingrātiīsoringrātīs,against one’s will;īlicō,on the spot(169, 4;170, 2),forīs,out of doors(*forā-).(b.)Ablative of Adjectives and Pronouns.704.Many adverbs in-ōare formed from adjectives of time: as,perpetuō,to the end,crēbrō,frequently,rārō,seldom,repentīnō,suddenly,sērō,late,prīmō,at first. Many denote manner: as,arcānō,privily,sēriō,in earnest. Some are formed from participles: as,auspicātō,with auspices taken;compositō,by agreement. A plural is rare:alternīs,alternately.705.Instead of-ō, neuter ablatives commonly have-ē: as,longē,far,doctē,wisely. So also superlatives:facillimē,most easily, ancientlyFACILVMED(362). Consonant stems have-e: as,repente,suddenly.706.From pronouns some end in-ī(689): as,quī,how?indefinite,quī,somehow;atquī,but somehow;quī-quam,in any way at all.707.Feminines: many in-ā:ūnā,together;circā,around;contrā,against(com-,347);extrā,outside(ex,347); in classical Latin,frūstrā,in vain(fraud-). So, especially, adverbs denoting the ‘route by which:’hāc,this way;rēctā,straightway.(3.) Locative.708.In-ī, from names of towns and a few other words:Karthāginī,at Carthage;Rōmae, forRōmāī,at Rome;domī,athome;illī, commonlyillī-c,there(illo-),istī, commonlyistī-c,where you are,hī-c,here(ho-); oldsei, commonsī,at that,in that case,so,if;sīc,so(sī,-ce).709.In-bī̆, from some pronouns:ibī̆,there(i-);ubī̆(for*quobī̆,146),where;alicubī̆,somewhere;sī-cubi,if anywhere,nē-cubi,lest anywhere.Other Endings.710.Besides the above, other endings are also found in words of this class: as,-sinabs,from,ex,out of; similarlyus-que,in every case,ever,us-quam,anywhere at all.-tushas the meaning of an ablative: as,intus,from within,within;antīquitus,from old times,anciently;funditus,from the bottom,entirely.-ōdenotes the ‘place to which’ in adverbs from pronoun stems: as,eō,thither;quō,whither;illō, orillūc, forilloi-ce,thither, afterhūc;hōc, commonlyhūc, perhaps forhoi-ce(99)hither.-imdenotes the ‘place from which:’ as,istim, commonlyistinc,from where you are;illim, commonlyillinc,from yonder;hinc,hence;exim,thereupon; also-de: as,unde,whence(quo-,146),sī-cunde,if from any place,nē-cunde,lest from anywhere.-ter: as comparative (347):praeter,further,beyond,inter,between; denoting manner:ācriter,sharply;amanter,affectionately; rarely from-o-stems: as,firmiter,steadfastly.CORRELATIVE ADVERBS.711.Adverbs derived from pronoun stems often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:Interrogative.Indefinite.Demonstrative,Determinative, &c.Relative.Placeubī̆,where?alicubī̆usquamuspiamubivīshīc, istīc, illīcibī̆, ibī̆demubī̆quō,whither?aliquōquōlibetquōvīshūc, istūc, illūceō, eōdemquōquorsum,whitherward?aliquōvorsumhorsum, istorsumquorsumunde,whence?alicundeundelibethinc, istinc, illincinde, indidemundeTimequandō,when?aliquandōumquamnunc, tum, tuncquomorcumquotiēns,how often?aliquotiēnstotiēnsquotiēnsWayquā,by what way?aliquāquāvīshāc, istāc, illāceā, eādemquāMannerutīorut,how?aliquāita, sīcutīorut(146)Degreequam,how?aliquamtamquamII. SENTENCES AS ADVERBS.712.Some adverbs are condensed sentences: as,īlicet,you may go, straightway(īre licet);scīlicet,you may know, obviously, of course(scīre licet);vidē̆licet,you can see, plainly(vidēre licet);nūdiustertius,now is the third day, day before yesterday(num dius, i.e.diēs,tertius);forsitan,maybe(fors sit an);mīrum quantum,strange how much, astonishingly;nesciō quō pactō,nesciō quōmodo,somehow or other, unfortunately.
679.The intensive pronounipse,himself, stemsipso-,ipsā-, is declined likeille(666), but has the nominative and accusative neuter singularipsum.
680.In dramatic verse,ipsehas rarely the first syllable short, and often has the older formipsus. Plautus has these forms: N. F.eapse, Ac.eumpse,eampse, Ab.eōpse,eāpse, equivalent toipsa, &c. Soreāpseforrē ipsā.
(1.)quīANDquis.
681.The stemqui-, orquo-,quā-, is used in three ways: as a relative,who,which; as an interrogative,who? which? what?as an indefinite,any.
682.(a.) The relativequī,who,which, is declined as follows:
683.(b.) The interrogative adjectivequī,quae,quod,which? what?is declined like the relativequī(682).
684.The interrogative substantive has in the nominative singularquis,quid,who? what?the rest is likequī(682).
In old Latin,quisis both masculine and feminine, but a separate feminine formquaeis used three or four times.
685.quisinterrogative is sometimes used adjectively with appellatives: as,quis senātor?what senator?Andquīis sometimes used substantively: as,quī prīmus Ameriam nūntiat?who is the first to bring the tidings to Ameria?
686.(c.) The indefinitequisorquī,one,any, has the following forms:
quisandquidmasculine and neuter substantives,quīandquodadjectives; feminine singular nominative and neuter plural nominative and accusative commonlyqua, alsoquae. The rest is likequī(682).
687.quis,quem,quid, andquibuscome from the stemqui-; the other parts come fromquo-,quā-.quaestands for an olderquai(690). Forquidandquod, see659.
688.Old forms of the genitive singular arequoius, and of the dativequoiei,quoiī, orquoi, also in derivatives ofquīorquis. A genitive pluralquōiūmis old and rare. The dative and ablative plural is sometimesquīsfromquo-,quā-. A nominative plural interrogative and indefinitequēsis rare (Pacuv.).
689.The ablative or locative is sometimesquī, from the stemqui-: as an interrogative,how?as a relative,wherewith,whereby, masculine, feminine, or neuter, in old Latin sometimes with a plural antecedent; especially referring to an indefinite person, and withcumattached,quīcum; and as an indefinite,somehow.
690.Other case forms ofquīorquisand their derivatives are found in inscriptions, as follows:
N.QVEI, prevalent in republican inscriptions; alsoQVI; onceQVE. G.QVOIVS, regularly in republican inscriptions;cviivs, cviivs, cviivs(23), onceQVIVS(20). D.QVOIEI, QVOI; once F.QVAI. Ab.QVEI. Plural: N. M.QVEI, but after 120B.C., occasionallyQVI;QVES, indefinite; F. and Ne.QVAI. G.QVOIVM.
DERIVATIVES OFquīANDquis.
691.The derivatives ofquīandquishave commonlyquisandquidas substantives, andquīandquodas adjectives. Forms requiring special mention are named below:
692.quisquis,whoever,whatever,everybody who,everything which, an indefinite relative, has only these forms in common use: N. M.quisquis, sometimes F. in old Latin, Ne. N. and Ac.quicquidorquidquid, Ab. M. and Ne. as adjectivequōquō.
Rare forms are: N. M.quīquī, Ac.quemquem, once Ab. F.quāquā, as adverbquīquī, once D.quibusquibus. A short form of the genitive occurs inquoiquoimodīorcuicuimodī,of whatsoever sort.
aliquisoraliquī,aliqua, oncealiquae(Lucr.),aliquidoraliquod,some one,some; Ab. M. sometimes, Ne. oftenaliquī(689). Pl. Ne. N. and Ac. onlyaliqua; D. and Ab. sometimesaliquīs(668).
ecquisorecquī,ecquaorecquae,ecquidorecquod,any?Besides the nominative only these forms are found: D. eccui, Ac.ecquem,ecquam,ecquid, Ab. M. and Ne.ecquō. Pl. N.ecquī, Ac. M.ecquōs, F.ecquās.
quīcumque,quaecumque,quodcumque,whoever,whichever,everybody who,everything which. Thecumqueis sometimes separated fromquīby an intervening word. An older form isquīquomque, &c.
quīdam,quaedam,quiddamorquoddam,a,a certain,some one,so and so; Ac.quendam,quandam. Pl. G.quōrundam,quārundam.
quīlibet,quaelibet,quidlibetorquodlibet,any you please.
quisnam, rarelyquīnam,quaenam,quidnamorquodnam,who ever? who in the world?Sometimesnam quis, &c.
quispiam,quaepiam,quippiam,quidpiamorquodpiam,any,any one; Ab. alsoquīpiam(689), sometimes as adverb,in any way.
quisquam,quicquamorquidquam,anybody at all,anything at all, generally a substantive, less frequently an adjective,any at all. There is no distinctive feminine form, andquisquamandquemquamare rarely, and in old Latin, used as a feminine adjective. Ab. alsoquīquam(689), sometimes as adverb,in any way at all. No plural.
quisque,quaeque,quicque,quidqueorquodque,each. Sometimesūnusis prefixed:ūnusquisque; both parts are declined.quisqueandquemqueare sometimes feminine. Ab. S.quīque(689) rare, Ab. Pl.quīsque(688) once (Lucr.).
quīvīs,quaevīs,quidvīsorquodvīs,which you will; Ab. alsoquīvīs(689).
(2.)uter.
693.uter,utra,utrum,whether? which of the two?has the genitive singularutrīus, and the dative singularutrī.
The rest is likeaeger(617).uteris sometimes relative,whichsoever, or indefinite,either of the two.
DERIVATIVES OFuter.
694.The derivatives ofuterare declined likeuter; they are:
neuter,neither of the two, genitiveneutrīus, always withī(657). When used as a grammatical term,neuter, the genitive is alwaysneutrī: as,generis neutrī,of neither gender.
utercumque,utracumque,utrumcumque,whichever of the two,either of the two.
uterlibet,whichever you please.
uterque,whichsoever,both. G. alwaysutriusque(657).
utervīs,whichever you wish.
alteruter, F.altera utra, Ne.alterutrumoralterum utrum,one or the other, G.alterīus utrīus, once latealterutrīus, D.alterutrī, Ac. M.alterutrumoralterum utrum, F.alterutramonce (Plin.) oralteram utram, Ab.alterutrōoralterō utrō, F.alterā utrā. No Pl., except D.alterutrīsonce (Plin.).
695.Pronouns often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
quis,quī,who?
uter,which of the two?
quot,how many?(431)
quantus,how large?(613)
quālis,of what sort?(630)
696.Adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions are chiefly noun or pronoun cases which have become fixed in a specific form and with a specific meaning. Many of these words were still felt to be live cases, even in the developed period of the language; with others the consciousness of their noun character was lost.
697.Three cases are used adverbially: the accusative, the ablative, and the locative.
698.The rather indeterminate meaning of the accusative and the ablative is sometimes more exactly defined by a preposition. The preposition may either accompany its usual case: as,adamussim, admodum, īlicō; or it may be loosely prefixed, with more of the nature of an adverb than of a preposition, to a case with which it is not ordinarily used: as,examussim, intereā. Sometimes it stands after the noun: as,parumper,a little while. Besides the three cases named above, other forms occur, some of which are undoubtedly old case endings, though they can no longer be recognized as such: see710.
(1.) Accusative.
(a.)Accusative of Substantives.
699.domum,homeward, home;rūs,afield;forās,out of doors(*forā-); vicem,instead;partim,in part; oldnoenumornoenu, commonnōn, forne-oenum, i.e.ūnum,not one, naught, not;admodum,to a degree, very;adamussim, examussim,to aT;adfatim,to satiety;invicem,in turn, each other.
700.Many adverbs in-timand-simdenote manner (549): as,cautim,warily,statim,at once,sēnsim,perceptibly, gradually;ōstiātim,door by door,virītim,man by man,fūrtim,stealthily.
(b.)Accusative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
701.Neuters: all comparative adverbs in-ius(361): as,doctius,more learnedly; sominus,less,magis,more(363).prīmum,first,secundum, secondly, &c.;tum,then(to-,that):commodum,just in time;minimum,at least,potissimum,in preference,postrēmum,at last,summum,at most;versum,toward,rursum, russum, rūsum,back;facile,easily,impūne,scotfree,recēns,lately,semel,once(simili-),simul,together(simili-). Plural:cētera,for the rest;quia,because(qui-); in old Latinfrūstra,in vain(fraud-).
702.Feminines:bifāriam,twofold;cōram,face to face(com-orco-, *ōrā-);tam,so(tā-,that);quam,as, how. Plural:aliās,on other occasions.
(2.) Ablative.
(a.)Ablative of Substantives.
703.domō,from home,rūre,from the country;hodiē,to-day(ho-,diē-),volgō,publicly,vespere,by twilight,noctū,by nights,nights,lūce,by light,tempore,in times,betimes;sponte,voluntarily,forte,by chance;quotannīs,yearly;grātiīsorgrātīs,for nothing,ingrātiīsoringrātīs,against one’s will;īlicō,on the spot(169, 4;170, 2),forīs,out of doors(*forā-).
(b.)Ablative of Adjectives and Pronouns.
704.Many adverbs in-ōare formed from adjectives of time: as,perpetuō,to the end,crēbrō,frequently,rārō,seldom,repentīnō,suddenly,sērō,late,prīmō,at first. Many denote manner: as,arcānō,privily,sēriō,in earnest. Some are formed from participles: as,auspicātō,with auspices taken;compositō,by agreement. A plural is rare:alternīs,alternately.
705.Instead of-ō, neuter ablatives commonly have-ē: as,longē,far,doctē,wisely. So also superlatives:facillimē,most easily, ancientlyFACILVMED(362). Consonant stems have-e: as,repente,suddenly.
706.From pronouns some end in-ī(689): as,quī,how?indefinite,quī,somehow;atquī,but somehow;quī-quam,in any way at all.
707.Feminines: many in-ā:ūnā,together;circā,around;contrā,against(com-,347);extrā,outside(ex,347); in classical Latin,frūstrā,in vain(fraud-). So, especially, adverbs denoting the ‘route by which:’hāc,this way;rēctā,straightway.
(3.) Locative.
708.In-ī, from names of towns and a few other words:Karthāginī,at Carthage;Rōmae, forRōmāī,at Rome;domī,athome;illī, commonlyillī-c,there(illo-),istī, commonlyistī-c,where you are,hī-c,here(ho-); oldsei, commonsī,at that,in that case,so,if;sīc,so(sī,-ce).
709.In-bī̆, from some pronouns:ibī̆,there(i-);ubī̆(for*quobī̆,146),where;alicubī̆,somewhere;sī-cubi,if anywhere,nē-cubi,lest anywhere.
710.Besides the above, other endings are also found in words of this class: as,
-sinabs,from,ex,out of; similarlyus-que,in every case,ever,us-quam,anywhere at all.-tushas the meaning of an ablative: as,intus,from within,within;antīquitus,from old times,anciently;funditus,from the bottom,entirely.-ōdenotes the ‘place to which’ in adverbs from pronoun stems: as,eō,thither;quō,whither;illō, orillūc, forilloi-ce,thither, afterhūc;hōc, commonlyhūc, perhaps forhoi-ce(99)hither.-imdenotes the ‘place from which:’ as,istim, commonlyistinc,from where you are;illim, commonlyillinc,from yonder;hinc,hence;exim,thereupon; also-de: as,unde,whence(quo-,146),sī-cunde,if from any place,nē-cunde,lest from anywhere.-ter: as comparative (347):praeter,further,beyond,inter,between; denoting manner:ācriter,sharply;amanter,affectionately; rarely from-o-stems: as,firmiter,steadfastly.
711.Adverbs derived from pronoun stems often correspond with each other in meaning and form; some of the commonest correlatives are the following:
ubī̆,where?
quō,whither?
quorsum,whitherward?
unde,whence?
quandō,when?
quomorcum
quotiēns,how often?
quā,by what way?
utīorut,how?
utīorut(146)
712.Some adverbs are condensed sentences: as,
īlicet,you may go, straightway(īre licet);scīlicet,you may know, obviously, of course(scīre licet);vidē̆licet,you can see, plainly(vidēre licet);nūdiustertius,now is the third day, day before yesterday(num dius, i.e.diēs,tertius);forsitan,maybe(fors sit an);mīrum quantum,strange how much, astonishingly;nesciō quō pactō,nesciō quōmodo,somehow or other, unfortunately.