(B.) INFLECTION OF THE VERB.713.The verb is inflected by attaching person endings to the several stems.THE STEM.714.The stem contains the meaning of the verb, and also denotes the mode (mood) and the time (tense) of the action as viewed by the speaker.715.There are threeMoods,Indicative,Subjunctive, andImperative.716.There are sixTensesin the indicative, three of the present system,Present,Imperfect, andFuture; and three of the perfect system,Perfect,Pluperfect, andFuture Perfect. The subjunctive lacks the futures; the imperative has only the present.717.The meanings of the moods and tenses are best learnt from reading. No satisfactory translation can be given in the paradigms, especially of the subjunctive, which requires a variety of translations for its various uses.718.The verb has two principal stems: I. The Present stem, which is the base of the present system; II. The Perfect stem, which is the base of the perfect active system.719.The perfect system has no passive; its place is supplied by the perfect participle with a form ofsum,am, or less frequently offuī,am become.720.Many verbs have only the present system: as,maereō,mourn; some have only the perfect system: as,meminī,remember. Some verbs have a present and perfect system made up of two separate roots or stems: as, present indicativeferō,carry, perfect indicativetulī, and perfect participlelātus; presentpossum,can, perfectpotuī.THE PERSON ENDING.721.The person ending limits the meaning of the stem by pointing out the person of the subject. There are threePersons, theFirst, used of the speaker, theSecond, of what is spoken to, and theThird, of what is spoken of. The person ending furthermore indicates number and voice.722.There are twoNumbers: theSingular, used of one, and thePlural, used of more than one.723.There are twoVoices: theActive, indicating that the subject acts, and thePassive, indicating that the subject acts on himself, or more commonly is acted on by another.724.Only transitive verbs have all persons of the passive. Intransitive verbs have in the passive only the third person singular, used impersonally; the participle in this construction is neuter.725.Some verbs have only the passive person endings, but with a reflexive or an active meaning; such are calledDeponents: see798.726.The person endings are as follows:Voice.Active.Passive.Mood.Ind. & Sub.Imperative.Ind. & Sub.Imperative.Number.Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.First person.-m-musnot usednot used-r-murnot usednot usedSecond person.-s-tisnone,-tō-te,-tōte-ris,-re[-minī]-re,-tor[-minī]Third person.-t-nt-tō-ntō-tur-ntur-tor-ntor727.In the perfect indicative active, the second person singular ends in-tī, and the third person plural in-runtfor an older-ront, or in-re.-reis most used in poetry and history, and by Cato and Sallust;-runtby Cicero, and almost always by Caesar.728.In the indicative-mis not used in the present (except insum,am, andinquam,quoth I), in the perfect or future perfect, or in the future in-bō.-sis not used inesforess,thou art, and inēs,eatest(171, 1).729.In inscriptions,-dsometimes stands for-t(149, 2) in the third person singular, and sometimes-tis not used: as,FECID,made, forfēcit;DEDE,gave, fordedētordedit. And other forms of the third person plural of the indicative active are sometimes used: as, PisaurianDEDROT,DEDRO(with syncope,111) fordederunt,gave;EMERV,bought, forēmērunt; onceDEDERI, probably fordedēre(856).730.In the passive second person singular, Terence has always, Plautus commonly-re; later it is unusual in the present indicative, except in deponents; but in other tenses-reis preferred, especially in the future-bere, by Cicero,-risby Livy and Tacitus. The second person plural passive is wanting; its place is supplied by a single participial form in-minī, which is used without reference to gender, for gender words and neuters alike (297).731.Deponents have rarely-mino, in the imperative singular: as, second person,prōgredimino,step forward thou(Plaut.); in laws, as third person:FRVIMINO,let him enjoy; or-tōand-ntōfor-torand-ntor: as,ūtitō,let him use;ūtuntō,let them use. In a real passive,-ntōis rare: as,CENSENTO,let them be rated.NOUNS OF THE VERB.732.The verb is accompanied by some nouns, which are conveniently, though not quite accurately, reckoned parts of the verb; they are:Three Infinitives,Present ActiveandPassive, andPerfect Active, sometimes called theInfinitive Mood. For the future active and passive and the perfect passive, compound forms are used.TheGerundand theGerundive.TwoSupines.Three Participles,PresentandFuture Active, andPerfect Passive.PRINCIPAL PARTS.733.The several verb stems can readily be found, when once the principal parts are known; these are given in the dictionary.734.ThePrincipal Partsof a verb are thePresent Indicative Active,Present Infinitive Active,Perfect Indicative Active, andPerfect Participle: as,Pres. Indic.Pres. Infin.Perf. Indic.Perf. Part.regō,ruleregererēxīrēctuslaudō,praiselaudārelaudāvīlaudātusmoneō,advisemonēremonuīmonitusaudiō,hearaudīreaudīvīauditus735.The Principal Parts of deponents are thePresent Indicative,Present Infinitive, andPerfect Participle: as,Pres. Indic.Pres. Infin.Perf. Part.queror,complainquerīquestusmīror,wondermīrārīmīrātusvereor,fearverērīverituspartior,sharepartīrīpartītusDESIGNATION OF THE VERB.736.A verb is usually named by the present indicative active first person singular: as,regō;laudō,moneō,audiō; or by the present infinitive active: as,regere;laudāre,monēre,audīre. Deponents are named by the corresponding passive forms: as,queror;mīror,vereor,partior; orquerī;mīrārī,verērī,partīrī.737.For convenience, verbs with-erein the present infinitive active are calledVerbs in-ere; those with-āre,-ēre, or-īre,Verbs in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, respectively. In like manner deponents are designated asVerbs in-ī; orVerbs in-ārī,-ērī, or-īrī, respectively.THEME OF THE VERB.738.The several stems of the verb come from a form called theTheme. In primitives, the theme is a root; in denominatives, the theme is a noun stem.Thus,reg-inreg-ōis a root; whilevesti-investi-ō,dress, is a noun stem. The noun stem is sometimes modified in form. Oftentimes the noun stem is only presumed: as,audi-inaudi-ō.739.Some verbs have a denominative theme in the present system, and a primitive theme in the perfect system, others have the reverse.740.Most verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, or, if deponent, in-ārī,-ērī, or-īrī, are denominative; most other verbs are primitive.Thus,laudāre,monēre,audīre;mīrārī,verērī,partīrī, are denominative; whileesse,dare, (dē)lēre,regere,querī, are primitive. A few verbs, however, which have the appearance of denominatives, are thought to be primitive in their origin.ARRANGEMENT OF THE VERB.741.Verbs are divided into two classes, according to the form of the present system: I. Root verbs, and verbs in-ere, mostly primitive; II. Verbs in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, mostly denominative.742.Verbs are sometimes arranged without regard to difference of kind, in the alphabetical order of the vowel before -s of the second person singular of the present indicative active,ā,ē,i,ī: thus,laudās,monēs,regis,audīs, sometimes called thefirst,second,third, andfourth conjugationrespectively.I. Primitive Verbs.743.A few of the oldest and commonest verbs of everyday life have a bare root as stem in the present indicative or in parts of it; and some of them have other peculiarities; such are calledRoot Verbs, or by some,irregular(744-781). Most primitives are verbs in-ere, likeregō(782).(A.) ROOT VERBS.Irregular Verbs.(a.)With a Prevalent Bare Root.744.Primitives with the bare root as present indicative stem in almost all their forms aresum,am,dō,give,put, and compounds; and with the root doubled,bibō,drink,serō,sow, andsistō,set.(1.)sum,am(es-,s-).745.sum,am, is used only in the present system (720). The perfect system is supplied by forms offuī(fu-).PRINCIPAL PARTS.Pres. Indic.Pres. Infin.Perf. Indic.Perf. Part.sumesse(fuī)——INDICATIVE MOOD.Present Tense.Singular.Plural.sum,I amsumus,we arees,thou artestis,you areest,he issunt,they areImperfect Tense.eram,I waserāmus,we wereerās,thou werterātis,you wereerat,he waserant,they wereFuture Tense.erō,I shall beerimus,we shall beeris,thou wilt beeritis,you will beerit,he will beerunt,they will bePerfect Tense.fuī,I have been, orwasfuimus,we have been, orwerefuistī,thou hast been, orwertfuistis,you have been, orwerefuit,he has been, orwasfuēruntor-re,they have been, orwerePluperfect Tense.fueram,I had beenfuerāmus,we had beenfuerās,thou hadst beenfuerātis,you had beenfuerat,he had beenfuerant,they had beenFuture Perfect Tense.fuerō,I shall have beenfuerimus,we shall have beenfueris,thou wilt have beenfueritis,you will have beenfuerit,he will have beenfuerint,they will have beenSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Present Tense.Singular.Plural.sim,may I besīmus,let us besīs,mayst thou besītis,be you,may you besit,let him be,may he besint,let them be,may they beImperfect Tense.essem,I should beessēmus,we should beessēs,thou wouldst beessētis,you would beesset,he would beessent,they would bePerfect Tense.fuerim,I may have beenfuerīmus,we may have beenfuerīs,thou mayst have beenfuerītis,you may have beenfuerit,he may have beenfuerīnt,they may have beenPluperfect Tense.fuissem,I should have beenfuissēmus,we should have beenfuissēs,thou wouldst have beenfuissētis,you would have beenfuisset,he would have beenfuissent,they would have beenIMPERATIVE MOOD.esorestō,be thou,thou shalt beesteorestōte,be you,you shall beestō,he shall besuntō,they shall beNOUNS OF THE VERB.INFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.esse,to bePres.See749Perf.fuisse,to have beenPerf.——Fut.futūrus esse,to be going to beFut.futūrus,going to be746.For the first personsum, Varro mentionsesumas an archaic form. Thisewas probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the-m, and fores, see728. Forsim, &c., andsiem, &c., see841. In the imperfecteram, &c., and the futureerō, &c.,shas becomer(154).747.The indicative and imperativeesis for olderess(171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. Theeofesandestis not pronounced after a vowel or-m, and is often omitted in writing: asexperrēcta es, pronouncedexperrēctas;epistula est, pronouncedepistulast;cōnsilium est, pronouncedcōnsiliumst. In the dramatists,-spreceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a followingesorest: thus,tū servos esbecomestū servos;similis est,similist;virtūs est,virtūst;rēs est,rēst.748.Old forms are:SONT(inscr. about 120B.C.); with suffix-scō(834),escit(for*esscit),gets to be,will be,escunt; present subjunctive,siem,siēs,siet, andsient(841), common in inscriptions down to 100B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperativeestōdrare.749.The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms:sontem(accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning ofbeing,actual,the real man, and has only the secondary meaning ofguilty, andīnsōns,innocent; and-sēnsinabsēns,away,praesēns,at hand,dī cōnsentēs,gods collective; also onceINSENTIBVS.sumhas no gerund or gerundive.750.A subjunctive presentfuam,fuās,fuat, andfuantoccurs in old Latin; and an imperfectforem,forēs,foret, andforent, in all periods. The present infinitivefore,to get to be,become, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system areFVVEIT(29, 1),FVET;fūit,fūimus,fūerim,fūerit,fūerint,fūisset(Plaut., Enn.).fuīhas no perfect participle or supine.751.possum,can.Principal parts:possum,posse; (potuī, see875.)INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.possum, potes, potestpossumus, potestis, possuntImp.poteram, poterās, poteratpoterāmus, poterātis, poterantFut.poterō, poteris, poteritpoterimus, poteritis, poteruntSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.possim, possīs, possitpossīmus, possītis, possintImp.possem, possēs, possetpossēmus, possētis, possentINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.posse——752.possumis formed frompote,able, andsum, juxtaposed (166, 2;396). The separate formspotis sum, &c., orpote sum, &c., are also used, and sometimes evenpotisorpotealone takes the place of a verb; in either casepotisandpoteare indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.753.tis retained before a vowel, except inpossem, &c., forpotessem, &c., and inposse;tbeforeschanges tos(166, 2). Old forms are:possiem, &c., (748),potessem,potisset,potesse. Rare forms arePOTESTO(inscr. 58B.C.), and passives, aspotestur, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484).possumhas no participles; the perfect system,potuī, &c., is likefuī, &c. (745).(2.)dō,give,put(dā-,da-).754.There are two verbsdō, one meaninggive, and one meaningput. Thedōmeaningputis oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out bypōnō. The present system ofdōis as follows:Principal parts:dō,dare,dedī,datus.ACTIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.dō,dās,datdamus,datis,dantImp.dabam,dabās,dabatdabāmus,dabātis,dabantFut.dabō,dabis,dabitdabimus,dabitis,dabuntSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.dem,dēs,detdēmus,dētis,dentImp.darem,darēs,daretdarēmus,darētis,darentIMPERATIVE MOOD.dāordatō,datōdateordatōte,dantōINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.daredānsGERUND.Gen.dandī, &c.PASSIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.——,darisor-re,daturdamur,daminī,danturImp.dabar,dabāreor-ris,dabāturdabāmur,dabāminī,dabanturFut.dabor,dabereor-ris,dabiturdabimur,dabiminī,dabunturSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.——,dēreor-ris,dētur——,dēminī,denturImp.darer,darēreor-ris,darēturdarēmur,darēminī,darenturIMPERATIVE MOOD.dareordator,datordaminī,dantorINFINITIVE.GERUNDIVE.Pres.darīdandus755.In the present systemais short throughout in the first syllable, except indāsanddā. Fordedī,datus, and supinesdatum,datū, see859and900.756.Old forms:danuntof uncertain origin (833) fordant. From another form of the root comeduis,duit;interduō,concrēduō, perfectconcrēduī; subjunctiveduim,duīs(duās),duitandduint(841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing;crēduam,crēduāsorcrēduīs,crēduatorcrēduit.757.Real compounds ofdōhave a present system likeregō(782); in the perfect and the perfect participle,eandabecomei: as,abdō,put away,abdere,abdidī,abditus;crēdō,put trust in.perdō,fordo,destroy, andvēndō,put for sale, have gerundivesperdendus,vēndundus, and perfect participlesperditus,vēnditus; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō andvēneō.reddō,give back, has futurereddibō3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds withcircum,pessum,satis, andvēnum,dōremains without change, as in754.(3.)bibō,serō, andsistō.758.bibō,drink,serō,sow(for*si-sō,154), andsistō,set, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system likeregō(782).(b.)With the Bare Root in Parts.inquam,eō, andqueō.759.inquam,eō, andqueōhave the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).(1.)inquam,say I,quoth I.760.inquam,say I, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.inquam,inquis,inquit——,——,inquiuntFut.——,inquiēs,inquiet——,——,——761.Rare forms are: subjunctiveinquiat(Cornif.), indicative imperfectinquiēbat(Cic.), used twice each; indicative presentinquimus(Hor.), perfectinquiī(Catull.),inquīstī(Cic.), once each; imperativeinque, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2),inquitō, 3 times (Plaut.). Forinquam, see728.762.(2.)eō,go(ī-forei-,i-)Principal parts:eō,īre,iī,itum.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.eō,īs,itīmus,ītis,euntImp.ībam,ībās,ībatībāmus,ībātis,ībantFut.ībō,ībis,ībitībimus,ībitis,ībuntPerf.iī,īstī,iītorītiimus,īstis,iēruntor-rePlup.ieram,ierās,ieratierāmus,ierātis,ierantF. P.ierō,ieris,ieritierimus,ieritis,ierintSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.eam,eās,eateāmus,eātis,eantImp.īrem,īrēs,īretīrēmus,īrētis,īrentPerf.ierim,ierīs,ieritierīmus,ierītis,ierintPlup.īssem,īssēs,īssetīssēmus,īssētis,īssentIMPERATIVE MOOD.īorītō,ītōīteorītōte,euntōINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.īreiēns,Gen.euntisPerf.īsseitumFut.itūrus esseitūrusGERUND.SUPINE.Gen.eundīDat.eundōAcc.eundum——Abl.eundō——763.The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundiveeundumand participleitum; but transitive compounds, asadeō,go up to, have a complete passive: as,adeor,adīris, &c.ambiō,go round,canvass, follows denominatives in-īre(796), but has once or twice the imperfectambībat,ambībant,ambībātur(Liv., Tac., Plin.Ep.), and once the futureambībunt(Plin.); future perfectambīssit,ambīssint, once each (prol. Plaut.).764.Theīis weakened fromei(98): as,eis,eit,eite,abeis,abei(Plaut.);EITVR,ABEI,ADEITVR(inscr. 130B.C.),VENEIRE(49B.C.),PRAETEREIS. Beforeo,u, ora, the root becomese. Foruineuntis, see902.765.Old forms are:īerō(Plaut.),īī,īerant(Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186B.C.,ADIESET,ADIESENT,ADIESE, and of 146B.C.,REDIEIT(29, 2;132);INTERIEISTI. A future in-iet, astrānsiet(Sen.), is late and rare.766.A doubleiis found iniissēsandiissetonce each (Ciris, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: asrediissēs,interiisset. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as,abiisse,abiistī; also inrediistisonce (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single longīis found rarely in late writers in the singular: as,adī(Val. Fl.).767.A few examples are found of a perfect system withv, asīvī, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.(a) Examples of simple forms withvare:īvisse(Plaut.),īvit(Cato),īvī(Varro),īverat(Catull.). (b) Compound forms:exīvī(Plaut.),obīvit(Verg.),subīvit(Stat.);trānsīvisse(Claud. ap. Tac.),inīvimus,trānsīvī,trānsīvimus(Curt.),trānsīvit,trānsīverant(Sen.),exīvit(Gell.). Apparent compounds (396):īntrō īvit(C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).(3.)queō,can.768.queō,can, andnequeō,can’t, have the perfectquīvī, the rest likeeō(762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare.queōis commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).edō;volō(nōlō,mālō) andferō.(1.)edō,eat(ed-,ēd-).769.edō,eat, has a present system with a formative vowel likeregōthroughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, withdof the root changed tos, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:Principal parts:edō,ēsse,ēdī,ēsus.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.edō,ēsoredis,ēstoreditedimus,ēstisoreditis,eduntSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.edim,edīs,editoredam,edās,edatedīmus,edītis,edintoredāmus,edātis,edantImp.ēssem,ēssēs,ēssetorederem,ederēs,ederetēssēmus,——,ēssentorederēmus,ederētis,ederentIMPERATIVE MOOD.ēsorede,ēstōoreditōēsteorediteINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.ēsseedēns770.Forēs, see728; foredim, &c.,841. In the passive, the indicative presentēsturis used, and imperfect subjunctiveēssētur. The perfect participleēsusis for an olderēssus(170, 7). Supinesēssum,ēssū(Plaut.).771.comedō,eat up, has also the following root forms:comēs,comēst,comēstis;comēstō;comēsse;comēssēs,comēsset,comēssēmus. The present subjunctive has alsocomedim,comedīs,comedint. The participle perfect iscomēssus,comēsus, orcomēstus, futurecomēssūrus.exedō,eat out, hasexēstandexēsse; subjunctiveexedint.adedō,eat at, hasadēst.772.volō(nōlō,mālō) andferōhave the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, likeregō(782).volō(nōlō,mālō) lack some forms, as will be seen below.773.(2.)volō,will,wish,want,am willing(vol-,vel-).Principal parts:volō,velle,voluī,——.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.volō,vīs,voltorvultvolumus,voltisorvultis,voluntImp.volēbam,volēbās,volēbatvolēbāmus,volēbātis,volēbantFut.volam,volēs,voletvolēmus,volētis,volentPerf.voluī,voluistī,voluitvoluimus,voluistis,voluēruntor-rePlup.volueram,voluerās,volueratvoluerāmus,voluerātis,voluerantF. P.voluerō,volueris,volueritvoluerimus,volueritis,voluerintSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.velim,velīs,velitvelīmus,velītis,velintImp.vellem,vellēs,velletvellēmus,vellētis,vellentPerf.voluerim,voluerīs,volueritvoluerīmus,voluerītis,voluerintPlup.voluissem,voluissēs,voluissetvoluissēmus,voluissētis,voluissentINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.vellevolēnsPerf.voluisse774.voloforvolōis rare (2443).voltandvoltisbecamevultandvultisabout the time of Augustus (141). Forvolumus, see142;velim, &c.,841;vellem, &c.,velle,166, 8.sīs,an thou wilt, is common forsī vīs(Plaut.,Ter., Cic., Liv.).sultis,an ‘t please you, is used by Plautus forsī voltis.775.nōlō,won’t, is formed fromne-,not, andvolō, juxtaposed, andmālō,like better, abbreviated frommāvolōfor*magsvolo(779,170, 2).776.nōlō,won’t,don’t want,object,am not willing.Principal parts:nōlō,nōlle,nōluī,——.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.nōlō,nōn vīs,nōn voltorvultnōlumus,nōn voltisorvultis,nōluntImp.nōlēbam,nōlēbās,nōlēbatnōlēbāmus,nōlēbātis,nōlēbantFut.——,nōlēs,nōletnōlēmus,nōlētis,nōlentSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.nōlim,nōlīs,nōlitnōlīmus,nōlītis,nōlintImp.nōllem,nōllēs,nōlletnōllēmus,nōllētis,nōllentIMPERATIVE MOOD.nōlīornōlītō,nōlītōnōlīteornōlītōte,nōluntōINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.nōlle——777.nevīsandnevolt, fromne-,not, are found in Plautus.nōlōhas usually no participles, but oblique cases ofnōlēnsare used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system,nōluī, &c., is like that ofvolō(772).778.mālō,like better,choose rather.Principal parts:mālō,mālle,māluī,——.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.mālō,māvīs,māvoltormāvultmālumus,māvoltisormāvultis,māluntImp.mālēbam,mālēbās,mālēbatmālēbāmus,mālēbātis,mālēbantFut.——,mālēs,māletmālēmus,mālētis,mālentSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.mālim,mālīs,mālitmālīmus,mālītis,mālintImp.māllem,māllēs,mālletmāllēmus,māllētis,māllentINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.mālle——779.Old forms aremāvolō,māvolunt;māvolet;māvelim,māvelīs,māvelit;māvellem. The perfect system,māluī, &c., is like that ofvolō(772).(3.)ferō,carry(fer-).780.ferō,carry, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms oftollō,lift(tol-,tlā-). The present system offerōis as follows:Principal parts:ferō,ferre; (tulī,lātus).ACTIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.ferō,fers,fertferimus,fertis,feruntImp.ferēbam,ferēbās,ferēbatferēbāmus,ferēbātis,ferēbantFut.feram,ferēs,feretferēmus,ferētis,ferentSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.feram,ferās,feratferāmus,ferātis,ferantImp.ferrem,ferrēs,ferretferrēmus,ferrētis,ferrentIMPERATIVE MOOD.ferorfertō,fertōferteorfertōte,feruntōINFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.ferreferēnsGERUND.Gen.ferendī, &c.PASSIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE MOOD.Singular.Plural.Pres.feror,ferrisor-re,ferturferimur,feriminī,ferunturImp.ferēbar,ferēbāreor-ris,ferēbāturferēbāmur,ferēbāminī,ferēbanturFut.ferar,ferēreor-ris,ferēturferēmur,ferēminī,ferenturSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Pres.ferar,ferāreor-ris,ferāturferāmur,ferāminī,feranturImp.ferrer,ferrēreor-ris,ferrēturferrēmur,ferrēminī,ferrenturIMPERATIVE MOOD.ferreorfertor,fertorferiminī,feruntorINFINITIVE.GERUNDIVE.Pres.ferrīferendus781.Fortulī, see860; the full formtetulī, &c., is found in old Latin, andTOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound withre-isrettulīfor*retetulī(861). For the participlelātus, see169, 1.(B.) VERBS IN-ere.The Third Conjugation.782.regō,rule.PRINCIPAL PARTS.Pres. Indic.Pres. Infin.Perf. Indic.Perf. Part.regōregererēxīrēctusACTIVE VOICE.INDICATIVE MOOD.Present Tense.Singular.Plural.regō,I rule, oram rulingregimus,we rule, orare rulingregis,thou rulest, orart rulingregitis,you rule, orare rulingregit,he rules, oris rulingregunt,they rule, orare rulingImperfect Tense.regēbam,I was ruling, orI ruledregēbāmus,we were ruling, orwe ruledregēbās,thou wert ruling, orthou ruledstregēbātis,you were ruling, oryou ruledregēbat,he was ruling, orhe ruledregēbant,they were ruling, orthey ruledFuture Tense.regam,I shall ruleregēmus,we shall ruleregēs,thou wilt ruleregētis,you will rulereget,he will ruleregent,they will rulePerfect Tense.rēxī,I have ruled, orI ruledrēximus,we have ruled, orwe ruledrēxistī,thou hast ruled, orthou ruledstrēxistis,you have ruled, oryou ruledrēxit,he has ruled, orhe ruledrēxēruntor-re,they have ruled, orthey ruledPluperfect Tense.rēxeram,I had ruledrēxerāmus,we had ruledrēxerās,thou hadst ruledrēxerātis,you had ruledrēxerat,he had ruledrēxerant,they had ruledFuture Perfect Tense.rēxerō,I shall have ruledrēxerimus,we shall have ruledrēxeris,thou wilt have ruledrēxeritis,you will have ruledrēxerit,he will have ruledrēxerint,they will have ruledSUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.Present Tense.Singular.Plural.regam,may I ruleregāmus,let us ruleregās,mayst thou ruleregātis,may you ruleregat,let him ruleregant,let them ruleImperfect Tense.regerem,I should ruleregerēmus,we should ruleregerēs,thou wouldst ruleregerētis,you would ruleregeret,he would ruleregerent,they would rulePerfect Tense.rēxerim,I may have ruledrēxerīmus,we may have ruledrēxerīs,thou mayst have ruledrēxerītis,you may have ruledrēxerit,he may have ruledrēxerint,they may have ruledPluperfect Tense.rēxissem,I should have ruledrēxissēmus,we should have ruledrēxissēs,thou wouldst have ruledrēxissētis,you would have ruledrēxisset,he would have ruledrēxissent,they would have ruledIMPERATIVE MOOD.regeorregitō,rule,thou shalt ruleregiteorregitōte,rule,you shall ruleregitō,he shall rulereguntō,they shall ruleNOUNS OF THE VERB.INFINITIVE.PARTICIPLE.Pres.regere,to rulePres.regēns,rulingPerf.rēxisse,to have ruledFut.rēctūrus esse,to be going to ruleFut.rēctūrus,going to ruleGERUND.SUPINE.Gen.regendī,of rulingDat.regendō,for rulingAcc.regendum,rulingAcc.*rēctum,to rule, not usedAbl.regendō,by rulingAbl.*rēctū,in ruling, not usedVERBS IN-ere.
713.The verb is inflected by attaching person endings to the several stems.
714.The stem contains the meaning of the verb, and also denotes the mode (mood) and the time (tense) of the action as viewed by the speaker.
715.There are threeMoods,Indicative,Subjunctive, andImperative.
716.There are sixTensesin the indicative, three of the present system,Present,Imperfect, andFuture; and three of the perfect system,Perfect,Pluperfect, andFuture Perfect. The subjunctive lacks the futures; the imperative has only the present.
717.The meanings of the moods and tenses are best learnt from reading. No satisfactory translation can be given in the paradigms, especially of the subjunctive, which requires a variety of translations for its various uses.
718.The verb has two principal stems: I. The Present stem, which is the base of the present system; II. The Perfect stem, which is the base of the perfect active system.
719.The perfect system has no passive; its place is supplied by the perfect participle with a form ofsum,am, or less frequently offuī,am become.
720.Many verbs have only the present system: as,maereō,mourn; some have only the perfect system: as,meminī,remember. Some verbs have a present and perfect system made up of two separate roots or stems: as, present indicativeferō,carry, perfect indicativetulī, and perfect participlelātus; presentpossum,can, perfectpotuī.
721.The person ending limits the meaning of the stem by pointing out the person of the subject. There are threePersons, theFirst, used of the speaker, theSecond, of what is spoken to, and theThird, of what is spoken of. The person ending furthermore indicates number and voice.
722.There are twoNumbers: theSingular, used of one, and thePlural, used of more than one.
723.There are twoVoices: theActive, indicating that the subject acts, and thePassive, indicating that the subject acts on himself, or more commonly is acted on by another.
724.Only transitive verbs have all persons of the passive. Intransitive verbs have in the passive only the third person singular, used impersonally; the participle in this construction is neuter.
725.Some verbs have only the passive person endings, but with a reflexive or an active meaning; such are calledDeponents: see798.
726.The person endings are as follows:
727.In the perfect indicative active, the second person singular ends in-tī, and the third person plural in-runtfor an older-ront, or in-re.-reis most used in poetry and history, and by Cato and Sallust;-runtby Cicero, and almost always by Caesar.
728.In the indicative-mis not used in the present (except insum,am, andinquam,quoth I), in the perfect or future perfect, or in the future in-bō.-sis not used inesforess,thou art, and inēs,eatest(171, 1).
729.In inscriptions,-dsometimes stands for-t(149, 2) in the third person singular, and sometimes-tis not used: as,FECID,made, forfēcit;DEDE,gave, fordedētordedit. And other forms of the third person plural of the indicative active are sometimes used: as, PisaurianDEDROT,DEDRO(with syncope,111) fordederunt,gave;EMERV,bought, forēmērunt; onceDEDERI, probably fordedēre(856).
730.In the passive second person singular, Terence has always, Plautus commonly-re; later it is unusual in the present indicative, except in deponents; but in other tenses-reis preferred, especially in the future-bere, by Cicero,-risby Livy and Tacitus. The second person plural passive is wanting; its place is supplied by a single participial form in-minī, which is used without reference to gender, for gender words and neuters alike (297).
731.Deponents have rarely-mino, in the imperative singular: as, second person,prōgredimino,step forward thou(Plaut.); in laws, as third person:FRVIMINO,let him enjoy; or-tōand-ntōfor-torand-ntor: as,ūtitō,let him use;ūtuntō,let them use. In a real passive,-ntōis rare: as,CENSENTO,let them be rated.
732.The verb is accompanied by some nouns, which are conveniently, though not quite accurately, reckoned parts of the verb; they are:
Three Infinitives,Present ActiveandPassive, andPerfect Active, sometimes called theInfinitive Mood. For the future active and passive and the perfect passive, compound forms are used.
TheGerundand theGerundive.
TwoSupines.
Three Participles,PresentandFuture Active, andPerfect Passive.
733.The several verb stems can readily be found, when once the principal parts are known; these are given in the dictionary.
734.ThePrincipal Partsof a verb are thePresent Indicative Active,Present Infinitive Active,Perfect Indicative Active, andPerfect Participle: as,
735.The Principal Parts of deponents are thePresent Indicative,Present Infinitive, andPerfect Participle: as,
736.A verb is usually named by the present indicative active first person singular: as,regō;laudō,moneō,audiō; or by the present infinitive active: as,regere;laudāre,monēre,audīre. Deponents are named by the corresponding passive forms: as,queror;mīror,vereor,partior; orquerī;mīrārī,verērī,partīrī.
737.For convenience, verbs with-erein the present infinitive active are calledVerbs in-ere; those with-āre,-ēre, or-īre,Verbs in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, respectively. In like manner deponents are designated asVerbs in-ī; orVerbs in-ārī,-ērī, or-īrī, respectively.
738.The several stems of the verb come from a form called theTheme. In primitives, the theme is a root; in denominatives, the theme is a noun stem.
Thus,reg-inreg-ōis a root; whilevesti-investi-ō,dress, is a noun stem. The noun stem is sometimes modified in form. Oftentimes the noun stem is only presumed: as,audi-inaudi-ō.
739.Some verbs have a denominative theme in the present system, and a primitive theme in the perfect system, others have the reverse.
740.Most verbs with an infinitive of more than two syllables in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, or, if deponent, in-ārī,-ērī, or-īrī, are denominative; most other verbs are primitive.
Thus,laudāre,monēre,audīre;mīrārī,verērī,partīrī, are denominative; whileesse,dare, (dē)lēre,regere,querī, are primitive. A few verbs, however, which have the appearance of denominatives, are thought to be primitive in their origin.
741.Verbs are divided into two classes, according to the form of the present system: I. Root verbs, and verbs in-ere, mostly primitive; II. Verbs in-āre,-ēre, or-īre, mostly denominative.
742.Verbs are sometimes arranged without regard to difference of kind, in the alphabetical order of the vowel before -s of the second person singular of the present indicative active,ā,ē,i,ī: thus,laudās,monēs,regis,audīs, sometimes called thefirst,second,third, andfourth conjugationrespectively.
743.A few of the oldest and commonest verbs of everyday life have a bare root as stem in the present indicative or in parts of it; and some of them have other peculiarities; such are calledRoot Verbs, or by some,irregular(744-781). Most primitives are verbs in-ere, likeregō(782).
Irregular Verbs.
(a.)With a Prevalent Bare Root.
744.Primitives with the bare root as present indicative stem in almost all their forms aresum,am,dō,give,put, and compounds; and with the root doubled,bibō,drink,serō,sow, andsistō,set.
(1.)sum,am(es-,s-).
745.sum,am, is used only in the present system (720). The perfect system is supplied by forms offuī(fu-).
fuī,I have been, orwas
fuimus,we have been, orwere
fuistī,thou hast been, orwert
fuistis,you have been, orwere
fuit,he has been, orwas
fuēruntor-re,they have been, orwere
sītis,be you,may you be
sit,let him be,may he be
sint,let them be,may they be
fuissēmus,we should have been
fuissēs,thou wouldst have been
fuissētis,you would have been
fuissent,they would have been
esorestō,be thou,thou shalt be
esteorestōte,be you,you shall be
746.For the first personsum, Varro mentionsesumas an archaic form. Thisewas probably prefixed by analogy with the other forms; for the-m, and fores, see728. Forsim, &c., andsiem, &c., see841. In the imperfecteram, &c., and the futureerō, &c.,shas becomer(154).
747.The indicative and imperativeesis for olderess(171, 1), and is regularly used long by Plautus and Terence. Theeofesandestis not pronounced after a vowel or-m, and is often omitted in writing: asexperrēcta es, pronouncedexperrēctas;epistula est, pronouncedepistulast;cōnsilium est, pronouncedcōnsiliumst. In the dramatists,-spreceded by a vowel, which is usually short, unites with a followingesorest: thus,tū servos esbecomestū servos;similis est,similist;virtūs est,virtūst;rēs est,rēst.
748.Old forms are:SONT(inscr. about 120B.C.); with suffix-scō(834),escit(for*esscit),gets to be,will be,escunt; present subjunctive,siem,siēs,siet, andsient(841), common in inscriptions down to 100B.C., and in old verse; also in compounds; imperativeestōdrare.
749.The present participle is used only as an adjective. It has two forms:sontem(accusative, no nominative), which has entirely lost its original meaning ofbeing,actual,the real man, and has only the secondary meaning ofguilty, andīnsōns,innocent; and-sēnsinabsēns,away,praesēns,at hand,dī cōnsentēs,gods collective; also onceINSENTIBVS.sumhas no gerund or gerundive.
750.A subjunctive presentfuam,fuās,fuat, andfuantoccurs in old Latin; and an imperfectforem,forēs,foret, andforent, in all periods. The present infinitivefore,to get to be,become, has a future meaning. Old forms in the perfect system areFVVEIT(29, 1),FVET;fūit,fūimus,fūerim,fūerit,fūerint,fūisset(Plaut., Enn.).fuīhas no perfect participle or supine.
751.
possum,can.
752.possumis formed frompote,able, andsum, juxtaposed (166, 2;396). The separate formspotis sum, &c., orpote sum, &c., are also used, and sometimes evenpotisorpotealone takes the place of a verb; in either casepotisandpoteare indeclinable, and are applied to gender words and neuters both.
753.tis retained before a vowel, except inpossem, &c., forpotessem, &c., and inposse;tbeforeschanges tos(166, 2). Old forms are:possiem, &c., (748),potessem,potisset,potesse. Rare forms arePOTESTO(inscr. 58B.C.), and passives, aspotestur, &c., with a passive infinitive (1484).possumhas no participles; the perfect system,potuī, &c., is likefuī, &c. (745).
(2.)dō,give,put(dā-,da-).
754.There are two verbsdō, one meaninggive, and one meaningput. Thedōmeaningputis oftenest used in compounds; the simple verb has been crowded out bypōnō. The present system ofdōis as follows:
dabam,dabās,dabat
dabāmus,dabātis,dabant
dabimus,dabitis,dabunt
darem,darēs,daret
darēmus,darētis,darent
dateordatōte,dantō
——,darisor-re,datur
damur,daminī,dantur
dabar,dabāreor-ris,dabātur
dabāmur,dabāminī,dabantur
dabor,dabereor-ris,dabitur
dabimur,dabiminī,dabuntur
——,dēreor-ris,dētur
——,dēminī,dentur
darer,darēreor-ris,darētur
darēmur,darēminī,darentur
dareordator,dator
755.In the present systemais short throughout in the first syllable, except indāsanddā. Fordedī,datus, and supinesdatum,datū, see859and900.
756.Old forms:danuntof uncertain origin (833) fordant. From another form of the root comeduis,duit;interduō,concrēduō, perfectconcrēduī; subjunctiveduim,duīs(duās),duitandduint(841), and compounds, used especially in law language, and in praying and cursing;crēduam,crēduāsorcrēduīs,crēduatorcrēduit.
757.Real compounds ofdōhave a present system likeregō(782); in the perfect and the perfect participle,eandabecomei: as,abdō,put away,abdere,abdidī,abditus;crēdō,put trust in.perdō,fordo,destroy, andvēndō,put for sale, have gerundivesperdendus,vēndundus, and perfect participlesperditus,vēnditus; the rest of the passive is supplied by forms of pereō andvēneō.reddō,give back, has futurereddibō3 times (Plaut.). In the apparent compounds withcircum,pessum,satis, andvēnum,dōremains without change, as in754.
(3.)bibō,serō, andsistō.
758.bibō,drink,serō,sow(for*si-sō,154), andsistō,set, form their present stem by reduplication of the root (189). The vowel before the person endings is the root vowel, which becomes variable, like a formative vowel (824). These verbs have the present system likeregō(782).
(b.)With the Bare Root in Parts.
inquam,eō, andqueō.
759.inquam,eō, andqueōhave the bare root as present stem, in almost all their parts; in a few parts only the root is extended by a formative vowel (829).
(1.)inquam,say I,quoth I.
760.inquam,say I, is chiefly used in quoting a person’s direct words; and, from its meaning, is naturally very defective. The only parts in common use are the following:
inquam,inquis,inquit
——,——,inquiunt
——,inquiēs,inquiet
——,——,——
761.Rare forms are: subjunctiveinquiat(Cornif.), indicative imperfectinquiēbat(Cic.), used twice each; indicative presentinquimus(Hor.), perfectinquiī(Catull.),inquīstī(Cic.), once each; imperativeinque, 4 times (Plaut. 2, Ter. 2),inquitō, 3 times (Plaut.). Forinquam, see728.
762.
(2.)eō,go(ī-forei-,i-)
ībāmus,ībātis,ībant
ībimus,ībitis,ībunt
iī,īstī,iītorīt
iimus,īstis,iēruntor-re
ieram,ierās,ierat
ierāmus,ierātis,ierant
ierimus,ieritis,ierint
īrēmus,īrētis,īrent
ierim,ierīs,ierit
ierīmus,ierītis,ierint
īssem,īssēs,īsset
īssēmus,īssētis,īssent
īteorītōte,euntō
763.The passive is only used impersonally, and has a neuter gerundiveeundumand participleitum; but transitive compounds, asadeō,go up to, have a complete passive: as,adeor,adīris, &c.ambiō,go round,canvass, follows denominatives in-īre(796), but has once or twice the imperfectambībat,ambībant,ambībātur(Liv., Tac., Plin.Ep.), and once the futureambībunt(Plin.); future perfectambīssit,ambīssint, once each (prol. Plaut.).
764.Theīis weakened fromei(98): as,eis,eit,eite,abeis,abei(Plaut.);EITVR,ABEI,ADEITVR(inscr. 130B.C.),VENEIRE(49B.C.),PRAETEREIS. Beforeo,u, ora, the root becomese. Foruineuntis, see902.
765.Old forms are:īerō(Plaut.),īī,īerant(Ter.), once each (126); in an inscription of 186B.C.,ADIESET,ADIESENT,ADIESE, and of 146B.C.,REDIEIT(29, 2;132);INTERIEISTI. A future in-iet, astrānsiet(Sen.), is late and rare.
766.A doubleiis found iniissēsandiissetonce each (Ciris, Nepos), also sometimes in compounds of these forms: asrediissēs,interiisset. Compounds sometimes have it also in the perfect infinitive and in the second person singular of the perfect indicative: as,abiisse,abiistī; also inrediistisonce (Stat.). In the first person of the perfect indicative a single longīis found rarely in late writers in the singular: as,adī(Val. Fl.).
767.A few examples are found of a perfect system withv, asīvī, &c. This form is confined almost exclusively to poetry and late prose.
(a) Examples of simple forms withvare:īvisse(Plaut.),īvit(Cato),īvī(Varro),īverat(Catull.). (b) Compound forms:exīvī(Plaut.),obīvit(Verg.),subīvit(Stat.);trānsīvisse(Claud. ap. Tac.),inīvimus,trānsīvī,trānsīvimus(Curt.),trānsīvit,trānsīverant(Sen.),exīvit(Gell.). Apparent compounds (396):īntrō īvit(C. Gracch., Piso, Gell.).
(3.)queō,can.
768.queō,can, andnequeō,can’t, have the perfectquīvī, the rest likeeō(762); but they have no imperative, gerundive, or future participle, and the present participle is rare.queōis commonly used with a negative, and some parts only so. Passive forms are rare, and only used with a passive infinitive (1484).
edō;volō(nōlō,mālō) andferō.
(1.)edō,eat(ed-,ēd-).
769.edō,eat, has a present system with a formative vowel likeregōthroughout (782); but in some parts of the present, and of the imperfect subjunctive, parallel root forms are usually found, withdof the root changed tos, and the vowel lengthened (135), as may be seen in the following:
edō,ēsoredis,ēstoredit
edimus,ēstisoreditis,edunt
edim,edīs,editoredam,edās,edat
edīmus,edītis,edintoredāmus,edātis,edant
ēssem,ēssēs,ēssetorederem,ederēs,ederet
ēssēmus,——,ēssentorederēmus,ederētis,ederent
770.Forēs, see728; foredim, &c.,841. In the passive, the indicative presentēsturis used, and imperfect subjunctiveēssētur. The perfect participleēsusis for an olderēssus(170, 7). Supinesēssum,ēssū(Plaut.).
771.comedō,eat up, has also the following root forms:comēs,comēst,comēstis;comēstō;comēsse;comēssēs,comēsset,comēssēmus. The present subjunctive has alsocomedim,comedīs,comedint. The participle perfect iscomēssus,comēsus, orcomēstus, futurecomēssūrus.exedō,eat out, hasexēstandexēsse; subjunctiveexedint.adedō,eat at, hasadēst.
772.volō(nōlō,mālō) andferōhave the bare root in some parts only of the present system; in other parts the root extended by a formative vowel, likeregō(782).volō(nōlō,mālō) lack some forms, as will be seen below.
773.
(2.)volō,will,wish,want,am willing(vol-,vel-).
volō,vīs,voltorvult
volumus,voltisorvultis,volunt
volēbam,volēbās,volēbat
volēbāmus,volēbātis,volēbant
volam,volēs,volet
volēmus,volētis,volent
voluī,voluistī,voluit
voluimus,voluistis,voluēruntor-re
volueram,voluerās,voluerat
voluerāmus,voluerātis,voluerant
voluerō,volueris,voluerit
voluerimus,volueritis,voluerint
velim,velīs,velit
velīmus,velītis,velint
vellem,vellēs,vellet
vellēmus,vellētis,vellent
voluerim,voluerīs,voluerit
voluerīmus,voluerītis,voluerint
voluissem,voluissēs,voluisset
voluissēmus,voluissētis,voluissent
774.voloforvolōis rare (2443).voltandvoltisbecamevultandvultisabout the time of Augustus (141). Forvolumus, see142;velim, &c.,841;vellem, &c.,velle,166, 8.sīs,an thou wilt, is common forsī vīs(Plaut.,Ter., Cic., Liv.).sultis,an ‘t please you, is used by Plautus forsī voltis.
775.nōlō,won’t, is formed fromne-,not, andvolō, juxtaposed, andmālō,like better, abbreviated frommāvolōfor*magsvolo(779,170, 2).
776.nōlō,won’t,don’t want,object,am not willing.
nōlō,nōn vīs,nōn voltorvult
nōlumus,nōn voltisorvultis,nōlunt
nōlēbam,nōlēbās,nōlēbat
nōlēbāmus,nōlēbātis,nōlēbant
——,nōlēs,nōlet
nōlēmus,nōlētis,nōlent
nōlim,nōlīs,nōlit
nōlīmus,nōlītis,nōlint
nōllem,nōllēs,nōllet
nōllēmus,nōllētis,nōllent
777.nevīsandnevolt, fromne-,not, are found in Plautus.nōlōhas usually no participles, but oblique cases ofnōlēnsare used a few times by post-Augustan writers (Cels., Luc., Quintil., Ta., Juv., Mart., Plin.). The perfect system,nōluī, &c., is like that ofvolō(772).
778.mālō,like better,choose rather.
mālō,māvīs,māvoltormāvult
mālumus,māvoltisormāvultis,mālunt
mālēbam,mālēbās,mālēbat
mālēbāmus,mālēbātis,mālēbant
——,mālēs,mālet
mālēmus,mālētis,mālent
mālim,mālīs,mālit
mālīmus,mālītis,mālint
māllem,māllēs,māllet
māllēmus,māllētis,māllent
779.Old forms aremāvolō,māvolunt;māvolet;māvelim,māvelīs,māvelit;māvellem. The perfect system,māluī, &c., is like that ofvolō(772).
(3.)ferō,carry(fer-).
780.ferō,carry, is used only in the present system (720). The other parts are supplied by forms oftollō,lift(tol-,tlā-). The present system offerōis as follows:
ferimus,fertis,ferunt
ferēbam,ferēbās,ferēbat
ferēbāmus,ferēbātis,ferēbant
feram,ferēs,feret
ferēmus,ferētis,ferent
feram,ferās,ferat
ferāmus,ferātis,ferant
ferrem,ferrēs,ferret
ferrēmus,ferrētis,ferrent
feror,ferrisor-re,fertur
ferimur,feriminī,feruntur
ferēbar,ferēbāreor-ris,ferēbātur
ferēbāmur,ferēbāminī,ferēbantur
ferar,ferēreor-ris,ferētur
ferēmur,ferēminī,ferentur
ferar,ferāreor-ris,ferātur
ferāmur,ferāminī,ferantur
ferrer,ferrēreor-ris,ferrētur
ferrēmur,ferrēminī,ferrentur
781.Fortulī, see860; the full formtetulī, &c., is found in old Latin, andTOLI, &c., in inscriptions; the compound withre-isrettulīfor*retetulī(861). For the participlelātus, see169, 1.
The Third Conjugation.
782.
regō,rule.
regō,I rule, oram ruling
regimus,we rule, orare ruling
regis,thou rulest, orart ruling
regitis,you rule, orare ruling
regit,he rules, oris ruling
regunt,they rule, orare ruling
regēbam,I was ruling, orI ruled
regēbāmus,we were ruling, orwe ruled
regēbās,thou wert ruling, orthou ruledst
regēbātis,you were ruling, oryou ruled
regēbat,he was ruling, orhe ruled
regēbant,they were ruling, orthey ruled
rēxī,I have ruled, orI ruled
rēximus,we have ruled, orwe ruled
rēxistī,thou hast ruled, orthou ruledst
rēxistis,you have ruled, oryou ruled
rēxit,he has ruled, orhe ruled
rēxēruntor-re,they have ruled, orthey ruled
rēxerimus,we shall have ruled
rēxeritis,you will have ruled
rēxerint,they will have ruled
rēxerīs,thou mayst have ruled
rēxissēmus,we should have ruled
rēxissēs,thou wouldst have ruled
rēxissētis,you would have ruled
rēxissent,they would have ruled
regeorregitō,rule,thou shalt rule
regiteorregitōte,rule,you shall rule
Perf.rēxisse,to have ruled
Gen.regendī,of ruling
Dat.regendō,for ruling
Acc.regendum,ruling
Acc.*rēctum,to rule, not used
Abl.regendō,by ruling
Abl.*rēctū,in ruling, not used