FUTURE PERFECT.882.The future perfect stem ends in-erō-and-eri-: as,rēxerō,rēxeri-s,rēxeri-t,rēxeri-mus,rēxeri-tis,rēxeri-nt.883.In the future perfect, shortiis found before the person endings-s,-mus, and-tis, some 40 times, as follows:-is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1);-imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.);-itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).884.In the future perfect, longīis found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus:-īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each),-īmus, once (Catull.),-ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).SHORT OR OLD FORMS.885.(1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.886.(a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in-s-(867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as,dīxtī(Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as,accestis(Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as,exstīnxem(Verg.),intellēxēs(Plaut.),vīxet(Verg.); plural, once only,ērēpsēmus(Hor.). Infinitive,dīxe(Plaut.),cōnsūmpse(Lucr.).887.(b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in-sī-or in-ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in-so|e-or in-sso|e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,Perfect subjunctive:faxim,faxīs,FAXSEIS(inscr. 145B.C.),faxit,faxīmus,faxītis,faxint;ausim,ausīs,ausit;locāssim,amāssīs,servāssit,amāssint,prohibēssīs,prohibēssit,cohibēssit,licēssit.Future perfect indicative:faxō,faxis,faxit,faxitis,capsō,recepsō,iussō,occīsit,capsimus;levāssō,invītāssitis,mulcāssitis,exoculāssitis,prohibēssis,prohibēssint. Denominatives in-ārehave also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as,impetrāssere.888.Passive inflections, as future perfectfaxitur,turbāssitur, deponentMERCASSITVR(inscr. 111B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception offaxōandausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150B.C.Denominatives in-īrenever have the above formations. Butambiō,canvass, is thought to have a future perfectambīssittwice (Plaut. prol.).889.(2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix-v-(869) are very common in all periods.890.(a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in-āv-,-ēv-, and-ōv-,vis often dropped before-is-,-ēr-, or-er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,laudāvistī,laudāstī;laudāvistis,laudāstis;laudāvērunt,laudārunt(but the form in-re, aslaudāvēre, is never contracted);laudāverim,laudārim, &c.;laudāveram,laudāram, &c.;laudāvissem,laudāssem, &c.;laudāverō,laudārō, &c.;laudāvisse,laudāsse.-plēvistī,-plēstī;-plēvistis,-plēstis;-plēvērunt,-plērunt;plēverim,-plērim, &c.;-plēveram,-plēram, &c.;-plēvissem,-plēssem, &c.;-plēverō,-plērō, &c.;-plēvisse,-plēsse.nōvistī,nōstī;nōvistis,nōstis;nōvērunt,nōrunt;nōverim,nōrim, &c.;nōveram,nōram, &c.;nōvissem,nōssem, &c.;nōverōalways retains thev, butcōgnōrō, &c.;nōvisse,nōsse.891.The verbs in whichvbelongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, exceptmoveō, mostly in compounds. Fromiuvō,iuerint(Catull.),adiuerō(Enn.), once each, and twiceadiuerit(Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.892.Contractions in the perfect before-tand-musare rare: as,inrītāt,disturbāt;suēmusorsu͡emus(Lucr.),nōmus(Enn.),cōnsu͡emus(Prop.).893.(b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in-īv-,vis often dropped before-is-,-ēr-, or-er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have-is-: as,audīvistī,audīstī;audīvistis,audīstis;audīvērunt,audiērunt;audīverim,audierim, &c.;audīveram,audieram, &c.;audīvissem,audīssem, &c.;audīverō,audierō, &c.;audīvisse,audīsse. Sometimesaudiī,audiit,audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms areaudīerāsandaudīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive,sinōhassīverīs(Plaut., Cato),sīrīs(Plaut., Cato, Liv.),sīreis(Pac.), orseirīs(Plaut.),sīrit(Plaut., Liv.),sīrītis(Plaut.),sīverint(Plaut., Curt.),sierint(Cic., Curt.), orsīrint(Plaut.).dēsinōis thought to havedēsīmusin the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin.Ep.).NOUNS OF THE VERB.INFINITIVE.894.The active infinitive has the ending-rein the present, and-issein the perfect: as,dare;regere,capere;laudāre,monēre,audīre.rēxisse;laudāvisseorlaudāsse,monuisse,audīvisseoraudīsse.895.For-rēin old Latin, see134, 2. The infinitive offīō,become, ends in-rī,fī̆erī, with a passive ending (789); twicefīere(Enn. Laev.). An older form for-reis-se, found inesse,to be,ēsse,to eat, and their compounds. Forvelle,to wish(mālle,nōlle), see166, 8. In the perfect,eō,go, sometimes has-iissein compounds (766), and in poetry,petō,go to, has rarelypetiisse.896.The present infinitive passive of verbs in-erehas the ending-ī; that of other verbs has-rī: as,regī,capī;laudārī,monērī,audīrī.ferō,carry, hasferrī. The length of theīis sometimes indicated by the spellingei(29, 2): as,DAREI.897.A longer form in-ierfor-ī, and-rierfor-rī, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as,FIGIER,to be posted,GNOSCIER,to be read(inscr. 186B.C.);dīcier,to be said,cūrārier,to be looked after(Plaut.);dominārier,to be lord paramount(Verg.).898.The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect-āssere, see887.GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.899.The gerundive stem is formed by adding-ndo-, nominative-ndus,-nda,-ndum, to the present stem: as,dandus, stemdando-;regendus,capiendus;laudandus,monendus,audiendus. Verbs in-ereand-īreoften have-undus, when not preceded byuorv, especially in formal style: as,capiundus;eō,go, always haseundum, andorior,rise,oriundus. For the adjective use, see288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For-bundus, see289;-cundus,290.SUPINE.900.The supine stem is formed by the suffix-tu-, which is often changed to-su-(912).This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as,nūntiātum,to report,nūntiātū,in reporting, stemnūntiātu-. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as,sum,eō,ferō;regō,emō,tegō;amō,dēleō,doceō, &c., &c.PRESENT PARTICIPLE.901.The present participle stem is formed by adding-nt-or-nti-, nominative-ns, to the present stem: as,dāns,giving, stemsdant-,danti-;regēns,capiēns;laudāns,monēns,audiēns.902.The adjectivesontem(accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle ofsum, hasobefore the suffix, andabsēnsandpraesēnshavee; the participle ofeōhasēin the nominative singular, otherwiseu,iēns,euntis, &c.nrarely drops before-s(63): as,LIBES(inscr.),exsultās(Enn.),animās(Lucr.).903.Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as,clēmēns,merciful,ēlegāns,choice,ēvidēns,clear,frequēns,thick,petulāns,wanton,recēns,fresh,repēns,sudden, &c., &c. Forpotēns,powerful, see922.FUTURE PARTICIPLE.904.The future participle suffix is-tūro-, nominative-tūrus,-tūra,-tūrum, which is often changed to-sūro-, nominative-sūrus,-sūra,-sūrum(912).This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as,rēctūrus,going to guide;laudātūrus,going to praise.905.Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as,mortuus,dead,moritūrus; see also in the dictionaryarguō,fruor,orior,ruō,secō. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as,āgnōscō,īgnōscō,hauriō,iuvō,pariō. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as,acquiēscō,appāreō,ardeō,caleō,careō,doleō,ēsuriō,fugiō,haereō,incidō,iaceō,-nuō,parcō,rauciō,recidō,sonō,stō,valeō.PERFECT PARTICIPLE.906.The perfect participle suffix is-to-, nominative-tus,-ta,-tum, which is often changed to-so-, nominative-sus,-sa,-sum(912).907.The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,adultus,grown up;ēmersus,rising out from;exōsus,perōsus,hating bitterly;placitus,engaging;iūrātus,sworn,coniūrātus,conspiring;prānsus,having lunched,cēnātus,having dined,pōtus,drunk, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as,meditātus,having studied, orstudied. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in-ēre, with a parallel adjective in-idus(287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participlememinēnsis said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).908.The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:909.(1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in-ereand-ēreare formed: as,gestus,carried,aptus,fit,solūtus,loosed(142),iūnctus,joined(831),sparsus,sprinkled(170, 3);doctus,taught.910.In some consonant root participles of verbs in-ere,-āre, or-ēre, which have the suffix-u-in the perfect stem (873), the-to-is preceded by a shorti: as,genitus,born(971-976);domitus,tamed(993);monitus,warned(1003,1004,1009). In old Latin,eoccurs: as,MERETA(41);eis retained invegetus,sprightly. One participle has-tuo-:mortuus,dead.911.Some verbs in-ārehave participles from consonant roots: as,frictus,rubbed,fricō,fricāre; see993. Also some in-īre: as,fartus,stuffed(170, 3),farciō,farcīre;fultus,propped,fulciō,fulcīre; see1011-1015, and1017,1019,1020.912.Roots in-d-and-t-change-to-to-so-, before which the dentals change tos(159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the doublessis simplified tos: as,fossus,dug, butdīvīsus,divided;vorsusorversus,turned. The suffix-so-is also found with some roots in-l-,-m-, or-r-and a few others: as,pulsus(159).913.(2.) From a theme in longāor in longī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in-āreor-īrerespectively: as,laudātus,praised;audītus,heard.914.A few perfect participles of verbs in-ereare formed from a presumed theme in longī, or longē, or from one in longū: as,petītus,aimed at;exolētus,grown out; see967-970;tribūtus,assigned; see947,948.915.(1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,adspectus,beheld;captus,taken;coctus,cooked;commentus,devising;cultus,tilled;dictus,said, verbdīcō;ductus,led,dūcō;factus,made;fossus,dug;gestus,carried;inlectus,allured;questus,complaining;raptus,seized;tersus,neat;textus,woven;vorsus,turned.916.(2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1;122,f): as,fīxus,fastened, verbfīgō;-flīctus,dashed,-flīgō;pāstus,fed,pāscō;pollūctus,offered up,pollūceō;scrīptus,written,scrībō;-cāsus,fallen,cadō. Alsoāctus,driven,agō;vīsus,seen,videō;frūctus,enjoying,fruor;lēctus,culled,legō;pīctus,painted,pingō;rēctus,ruled,regō;ēsus,eaten,edō;strūctus,piled,struō;tēctus,covered,tegō;ūnctus,anointed,unguō;frāctus,broken,frangō;pāctus,fixed,pangō. Furthermore,iūnctus,joined,iungō;sānctus,hallowed,sanciō(831); also,fūnctus,having performed,fungor.917.(1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,lātus,borne(169,1);nātus,born;-plētus,filled;trītus,worn;nōtus,known;sūtus,sewed. So also an isolatedrūtus, in the law phraserūta caesa, orrūta et caesa,diggings and cuttings, i.e.minerals and timber.918.(2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:citus,datus,hurried,givenitum,ratus,gone,thinking-rutus,satus,fallen,plantedsitus,status,lying,setlitus,quitus,besmeared,been able919.Ascitus, so alwayspercitusandincitus(onceincītus, doubtful); usuallyconcitus, rarelyconcītus;excitusandexcītusequally common; alwaysaccītus.ambītusalways has longī(763).āgnitus,recognized,cōgnitus,known, and the adjectivesinclutusorinclitus,of high renown, andputus,clean, have a short root vowel. Fordēfrūtum,dēfrutum, see134, 1.LIST OF VERBSARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPAL PARTS.920.I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in-ereare formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).921.II. The principal parts of verbs in-āre,-ēre, and-īre, are usually formed as follows:laudō,praiselaudārelaudāvīlaudātusmoneō,advisemonēremonuīmonitusaudiō,hearaudīreaudīvīaudītusFor other formations, see989-1022.I. Primitive Verbs.(A.) ROOT VERBS.922.Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:sum,amesse——————,become,get,amforefuī——Forfuam, &c.,forem, &c.,fore, see750.fuī, &c., serves as the perfect system ofsum.pos-sum,canpos-se——————,can——potuī——potuī, &c., serves as the perfect system ofpossum. Of the present system ofpotuī, onlypotēns,powerful, is used, and only as an adjective.dō,give,putdarededīdatusFor compounds, see757.bibō,drinkbiberebibīpōtusSo the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system (860).serō,sowsereresēvīsatusCompounds haveiforain the perfect participle: as,cōn-situs.sistō,setsistere-stitī, rarelystitīstatusinquam,quoth I——inquiīonce——eō,goīreiī, very rarelyīvīitum,-itusqueō,canquīrequīvīquitusne-queō,can’tne-quīrene-quīvīne-quitusedō,eatēsseēdīēsusvolō,will,wish,wantvellevoluī——nōlō,won’tnōllenōluī——mālō,like bettermāllemāluī——ferō,carryferre(tulī)(lātus)Fortulī, oldtetulī, andlātus, see780; for the perfect ofre-ferō,861.(B.) VERBS IN-ere.(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.923.(1a.) The following verbs in-erehave a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:924.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).canō,make musiccanerececinī(cantātus)Forcon-cinō,oc-cinō, andprae-cinō, see971and823.tendō,stretchtenderetetendītentusFortennitur(Ter.),dis-tennite(Plaut.), see166, 4; late participletēnsus. Compounds have-tendī(860) and-tentus. But sometimesex-tēnsus, and in late writers,dē-tēnsus,dis-tēnsus,os-tēnsus, andre-tēnsus.925.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).pangō,fixpangerepepigī,agreedpāctusIn meaning, the perfectpepigīcorresponds topacīscor;pānxit,made,set in verse(Enn.),pānxerit,set(Col.),pēgit(Pac.),pēgerit(Cic.),fixed, once each. Forcom-pingōandim-pingō, see938.pungō,punchpungerepupugīpūnctusForcom-pungōandex-pungō, see954and823.tangō,touchtangeretetigītāctusIn old Latin:tagō(Turp.),tagit,tagam(Pac.). Compounds haveiforain the present system: as,con-tingō,con-tingere,con-tigī(860),con-tāctus; in old Latin:at-tigās(Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.),at-tigat(Pac.),at-tigātis(Plaut., Pac.).926.(c.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).tollō,take offtollere(sus-tulī)(sub-lātus)As the perfect and perfect participle oftollōare appropriated byferō,tollōtakes those ofsus-tollō. The original perfect istetulī(860).927.(d.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).discō,learndisceredidicī——poscō,demandposcerepoposcī——Forpoposcī, see855. For-didicīand-poposcī, see860.928.(e.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).pariō,bring forthparerepeperīpartusFor forms in-īre, see791.com-periō,1012;re-periō,1011.929.(1b.) The following verbs in-erehave a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, is-sus(912).930.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).cadō,fallcaderececidī-cāsusCompounds haveiforain the present system: as,oc-cidō,oc-cidere,oc-cidī(860),oc-cāsus. Rarelyein the present and perfect systems (Enn.,Lucr., Varr.): as,ac-cedere,ac-cedisset(109). For the perfect ofre-cidō, see861.caedō,fell,cutcaederececīdīcaesusCompounds haveīforae: as,ac-cīdō,ac-cīdere, ac-cīdī (860),ac-cīsus.parcō,spareparcerepepercī——pepercī, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Oldparsī, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); onceparcuit(Naev.). Compounds:com-perce(Plaut.),con-parsit(Ter.),in-perce,im-percitō,re-percis(Plaut.),re-parcent(Lucr.).pendō,weigh,paypenderepependīpēnsus931.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).tundō,poundtunderetutudīnot usedtūnsusFor the perfect ofre-tundō, see861; other compounds have the perfect-tudī(861), but oncecon-tūdit(Enn.). Perfect participle,tūsus(Plin., Mart.); compounds:con-tūnsus(Plin.),con-tūsus(Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.);ob-tūnsus(Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.),op-tūsus,ob-tūsus(Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.);per-tūssus(Plaut.),per-tūsus(Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.);re-tūnsus(Plaut., Verg.),re-tūsus(Cic., Lucr., Hor.);sub-tūsus(Tib.).932.(c.) With the present stem in-ro|e-, or-lo|e-(833).currō,runcurrerecucurrīcursumFor perfect of compounds, see860.fallō,cheatfallerefefellīfalsusCompoundre-fellō,re-fellere,re-fellī(860),——.pellō,pushpellerepepulīpulsusFor the perfect ofre-pellō, see861. Other compounds have-pulī(860).933.(1c.) The following verbs in-ereare without the reduplication (861):934.(a.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).findō,split apartfindere-fidī, rarelyfidīfissusscindō,rendscindere-scidī, rarelyscidīscissus935.(b.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).per-cellō,knock downper-cellereper-culīper-culsus936.(2a.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:937.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).agō,driveagereēgīāctusReal compounds haveiforain the present system: as,ab-igō,ab-igere,ab-ēgī,ab-āctus; butper-agōretainsa.cōgōanddēgōare contracted:cōgō,cōgere,co-ēgī,co-āctus;dēgō,dēgere,——,——.emō,take,buyemereēmīemptusco-emōretainsein the present system, and usuallyinter-emōandper-emō; other compounds have-imō. Forcōmō,dēmō,prōmō, andsūmō, see952.——,strike——īcīictusForms of the present system areīcit(Plaut., Lucr.),īcitur(Plin.),īcimur(Lucr.).legō,pick up,readlegerelēgīlēctusCompounds withad,inter,nec-,per,prae, andre-, have-legōin the present system, others-ligō. Fordī-ligō,intel-legō,neg-legō, see952.938.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).com-pingō,fix togethercom-pingerecom-pēgīcom-pāctusA compound ofpangō(925,823).frangō,smashfrangerefrēgīfrāctusCompounds haveiforain the present system: as,cōn-fringō,cōn-fringere,cōn-frēgī,cōn-frāctus.im-pingō,drive inim-pingereim-pēgīim-pāctusA compound ofpangō(925,823). So alsoop-pēgī.linquō,leavelinquerelīquī-lictusrumpō,burstrumpererūpīruptusSo the compounds. But Plautus hascon-rumptusanddir-rumptus.vincō,conquervincerevīcīvictus939.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).pavēscō,get afraidpavēscereex-pāvī——940.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).capiō,takecaperecēpīcaptusCompounds haveiforain the present system andein the perfect participle: as,in-cipiō,in-cipere,in-cēpī,in-ceptus. In the present system,eis rare: as,re-cepit(Lucr.);uis frequent in old Latin.coepiō,beginrarecoepereoncecoepīcoeptusSee812-814.faciō,makefacerefēcīfactusForfac, see846; for passive,788. Compounds haveiforain the present system andein the perfect participle: as,ef-ficiō,ef-ficere,ef-fēcī,ef-fectus.fugiō,run awayfugerefūgī——iaciō,throwiacereiēcīiactusCompounds have-iciō(104,c),-icere,-iēcī,-iectus: as,ē-iciō,ē-icere,ē-iēcī,ē-iectus. In old Latin the present system has rarely-ieciō;-iecere.dis-siciōis sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) fordis-iciō.941.(2b.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912).942.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).cūdō,hammercūdere-cūdī-cūsus943.(b.) With reduplication and-o|e-in the present stem (829).sīdō,settlesīderesīdī,-sīdī,-sēdī-sessus944.(c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).fundō,pourfunderefūdīfūsus945.(d.) With the present stem in-so|e-for-to|e-(835).vīsō,go to seevīserevīsī——946.(e.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).fodiō,digfoderefōdīfossusFor forms in-īre, see791.947.(2c.) The following verbs in-ere(367) with the present stem in-o|e-(837,840), have the perfect stem in-u-or in-v-of the theme (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:acuō,sharpenacuereacuīacūtusadjectivearguō,make cleararguerearguīargūtusrarecon-gruō,agreecon-gruerecon-gruī——ex-uō,doffex-uereex-uīex-ūtusim-buō,give a smack ofim-buereim-buīim-būtusind-uō,donind-uereind-uīind-ūtusin-gruō,impendin-gruerein-gruī——luō,pay,atone forluereluī-lūtus,washedmetuō,fearmetueremetuīmetūtusonce-nuō,nod-nuere-nuī——pluit,it rainspluerepluit,plūvit——ruō,tumble downruereruī-rutusso-lvō,looseso-lvereso-lvīso-lūtusspuō,spitspuere-spuī——statuō,setstatuerestatuīstatūtusCompounds haveiforathroughout: as,cōn-stituō,cōn-stituere, &c.volvō,rollvolverevolvīvolūtussuō,sewsuere-suīsūtustribuō,assigntribueretribuītribūtus948.Two verbs in-erewith the present stem in-nuo|e-(833), have the perfect stem in-nu-(865), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:minuō,lessenminuereminuīminūtussternuō,sneezesternueresternuī——949.(3.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle in-sus(912):950.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829); most have a nasal (831).-cendō,light-cendere-cendī-cēnsus-fendō,hit-fendere-fendī-fēnsusmandō,chewmanderemandīoncemānsuspandō,openpanderepandīpassus,pānsusFordis-pennite(Plaut.), see166, 4.dis-pandō,dis-pendō, has perfect participledis-pessus(Plaut., Lucr.),dis-pānsus(Lucr., Plin., Suet.).pre-hendō,seizepre-henderepre-hendīpre-hēnsusRarelyprae-hendō; but very oftenprēndō,prēndere,prēndī,prēnsus.scandō,climbscandere-scendī-scēnsus
FUTURE PERFECT.
882.The future perfect stem ends in-erō-and-eri-: as,
rēxerō,rēxeri-s,rēxeri-t,rēxeri-mus,rēxeri-tis,rēxeri-nt.
883.In the future perfect, shortiis found before the person endings-s,-mus, and-tis, some 40 times, as follows:-is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1);-imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.);-itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).
884.In the future perfect, longīis found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus:-īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each),-īmus, once (Catull.),-ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).
SHORT OR OLD FORMS.
885.(1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.
886.(a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in-s-(867), occur chiefly in verse: thus,
Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as,dīxtī(Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as,accestis(Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as,exstīnxem(Verg.),intellēxēs(Plaut.),vīxet(Verg.); plural, once only,ērēpsēmus(Hor.). Infinitive,dīxe(Plaut.),cōnsūmpse(Lucr.).
887.(b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in-sī-or in-ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in-so|e-or in-sso|e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,
Perfect subjunctive:faxim,faxīs,FAXSEIS(inscr. 145B.C.),faxit,faxīmus,faxītis,faxint;ausim,ausīs,ausit;locāssim,amāssīs,servāssit,amāssint,prohibēssīs,prohibēssit,cohibēssit,licēssit.
Future perfect indicative:faxō,faxis,faxit,faxitis,capsō,recepsō,iussō,occīsit,capsimus;levāssō,invītāssitis,mulcāssitis,exoculāssitis,prohibēssis,prohibēssint. Denominatives in-ārehave also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as,impetrāssere.
888.Passive inflections, as future perfectfaxitur,turbāssitur, deponentMERCASSITVR(inscr. 111B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception offaxōandausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150B.C.Denominatives in-īrenever have the above formations. Butambiō,canvass, is thought to have a future perfectambīssittwice (Plaut. prol.).
889.(2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix-v-(869) are very common in all periods.
890.(a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in-āv-,-ēv-, and-ōv-,vis often dropped before-is-,-ēr-, or-er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,
laudāvistī,laudāstī;laudāvistis,laudāstis;laudāvērunt,laudārunt(but the form in-re, aslaudāvēre, is never contracted);laudāverim,laudārim, &c.;laudāveram,laudāram, &c.;laudāvissem,laudāssem, &c.;laudāverō,laudārō, &c.;laudāvisse,laudāsse.
-plēvistī,-plēstī;-plēvistis,-plēstis;-plēvērunt,-plērunt;plēverim,-plērim, &c.;-plēveram,-plēram, &c.;-plēvissem,-plēssem, &c.;-plēverō,-plērō, &c.;-plēvisse,-plēsse.
nōvistī,nōstī;nōvistis,nōstis;nōvērunt,nōrunt;nōverim,nōrim, &c.;nōveram,nōram, &c.;nōvissem,nōssem, &c.;nōverōalways retains thev, butcōgnōrō, &c.;nōvisse,nōsse.
891.The verbs in whichvbelongs to the root (864), are not thus shortened, exceptmoveō, mostly in compounds. Fromiuvō,iuerint(Catull.),adiuerō(Enn.), once each, and twiceadiuerit(Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.
892.Contractions in the perfect before-tand-musare rare: as,inrītāt,disturbāt;suēmusorsu͡emus(Lucr.),nōmus(Enn.),cōnsu͡emus(Prop.).
893.(b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in-īv-,vis often dropped before-is-,-ēr-, or-er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have-is-: as,
audīvistī,audīstī;audīvistis,audīstis;audīvērunt,audiērunt;audīverim,audierim, &c.;audīveram,audieram, &c.;audīvissem,audīssem, &c.;audīverō,audierō, &c.;audīvisse,audīsse. Sometimesaudiī,audiit,audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms areaudīerāsandaudīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive,sinōhassīverīs(Plaut., Cato),sīrīs(Plaut., Cato, Liv.),sīreis(Pac.), orseirīs(Plaut.),sīrit(Plaut., Liv.),sīrītis(Plaut.),sīverint(Plaut., Curt.),sierint(Cic., Curt.), orsīrint(Plaut.).dēsinōis thought to havedēsīmusin the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin.Ep.).
INFINITIVE.
894.The active infinitive has the ending-rein the present, and-issein the perfect: as,
dare;regere,capere;laudāre,monēre,audīre.rēxisse;laudāvisseorlaudāsse,monuisse,audīvisseoraudīsse.
895.For-rēin old Latin, see134, 2. The infinitive offīō,become, ends in-rī,fī̆erī, with a passive ending (789); twicefīere(Enn. Laev.). An older form for-reis-se, found inesse,to be,ēsse,to eat, and their compounds. Forvelle,to wish(mālle,nōlle), see166, 8. In the perfect,eō,go, sometimes has-iissein compounds (766), and in poetry,petō,go to, has rarelypetiisse.
896.The present infinitive passive of verbs in-erehas the ending-ī; that of other verbs has-rī: as,
regī,capī;laudārī,monērī,audīrī.ferō,carry, hasferrī. The length of theīis sometimes indicated by the spellingei(29, 2): as,DAREI.
897.A longer form in-ierfor-ī, and-rierfor-rī, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as,FIGIER,to be posted,GNOSCIER,to be read(inscr. 186B.C.);dīcier,to be said,cūrārier,to be looked after(Plaut.);dominārier,to be lord paramount(Verg.).
898.The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect-āssere, see887.
GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.
899.The gerundive stem is formed by adding-ndo-, nominative-ndus,-nda,-ndum, to the present stem: as,
dandus, stemdando-;regendus,capiendus;laudandus,monendus,audiendus. Verbs in-ereand-īreoften have-undus, when not preceded byuorv, especially in formal style: as,capiundus;eō,go, always haseundum, andorior,rise,oriundus. For the adjective use, see288. The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For-bundus, see289;-cundus,290.
SUPINE.
900.The supine stem is formed by the suffix-tu-, which is often changed to-su-(912).
This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as,nūntiātum,to report,nūntiātū,in reporting, stemnūntiātu-. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as,sum,eō,ferō;regō,emō,tegō;amō,dēleō,doceō, &c., &c.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
901.The present participle stem is formed by adding-nt-or-nti-, nominative-ns, to the present stem: as,
dāns,giving, stemsdant-,danti-;regēns,capiēns;laudāns,monēns,audiēns.
902.The adjectivesontem(accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle ofsum, hasobefore the suffix, andabsēnsandpraesēnshavee; the participle ofeōhasēin the nominative singular, otherwiseu,iēns,euntis, &c.nrarely drops before-s(63): as,LIBES(inscr.),exsultās(Enn.),animās(Lucr.).
903.Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as,clēmēns,merciful,ēlegāns,choice,ēvidēns,clear,frequēns,thick,petulāns,wanton,recēns,fresh,repēns,sudden, &c., &c. Forpotēns,powerful, see922.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE.
904.The future participle suffix is-tūro-, nominative-tūrus,-tūra,-tūrum, which is often changed to-sūro-, nominative-sūrus,-sūra,-sūrum(912).
This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle (906): as,rēctūrus,going to guide;laudātūrus,going to praise.
905.Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as,mortuus,dead,moritūrus; see also in the dictionaryarguō,fruor,orior,ruō,secō. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as,āgnōscō,īgnōscō,hauriō,iuvō,pariō. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as,acquiēscō,appāreō,ardeō,caleō,careō,doleō,ēsuriō,fugiō,haereō,incidō,iaceō,-nuō,parcō,rauciō,recidō,sonō,stō,valeō.
PERFECT PARTICIPLE.
906.The perfect participle suffix is-to-, nominative-tus,-ta,-tum, which is often changed to-so-, nominative-sus,-sa,-sum(912).
907.The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,
adultus,grown up;ēmersus,rising out from;exōsus,perōsus,hating bitterly;placitus,engaging;iūrātus,sworn,coniūrātus,conspiring;prānsus,having lunched,cēnātus,having dined,pōtus,drunk, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as,meditātus,having studied, orstudied. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle (811), particularly verbs in-ēre, with a parallel adjective in-idus(287). Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participlememinēnsis said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).
908.The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:
909.(1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in-ereand-ēreare formed: as,
gestus,carried,aptus,fit,solūtus,loosed(142),iūnctus,joined(831),sparsus,sprinkled(170, 3);doctus,taught.
910.In some consonant root participles of verbs in-ere,-āre, or-ēre, which have the suffix-u-in the perfect stem (873), the-to-is preceded by a shorti: as,genitus,born(971-976);domitus,tamed(993);monitus,warned(1003,1004,1009). In old Latin,eoccurs: as,MERETA(41);eis retained invegetus,sprightly. One participle has-tuo-:mortuus,dead.
911.Some verbs in-ārehave participles from consonant roots: as,frictus,rubbed,fricō,fricāre; see993. Also some in-īre: as,fartus,stuffed(170, 3),farciō,farcīre;fultus,propped,fulciō,fulcīre; see1011-1015, and1017,1019,1020.
912.Roots in-d-and-t-change-to-to-so-, before which the dentals change tos(159). After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the doublessis simplified tos: as,fossus,dug, butdīvīsus,divided;vorsusorversus,turned. The suffix-so-is also found with some roots in-l-,-m-, or-r-and a few others: as,pulsus(159).
913.(2.) From a theme in longāor in longī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in-āreor-īrerespectively: as,
laudātus,praised;audītus,heard.
914.A few perfect participles of verbs in-ereare formed from a presumed theme in longī, or longē, or from one in longū: as,petītus,aimed at;exolētus,grown out; see967-970;tribūtus,assigned; see947,948.
915.(1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,
adspectus,beheld;captus,taken;coctus,cooked;commentus,devising;cultus,tilled;dictus,said, verbdīcō;ductus,led,dūcō;factus,made;fossus,dug;gestus,carried;inlectus,allured;questus,complaining;raptus,seized;tersus,neat;textus,woven;vorsus,turned.
916.(2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1;122,f): as,
fīxus,fastened, verbfīgō;-flīctus,dashed,-flīgō;pāstus,fed,pāscō;pollūctus,offered up,pollūceō;scrīptus,written,scrībō;-cāsus,fallen,cadō. Alsoāctus,driven,agō;vīsus,seen,videō;frūctus,enjoying,fruor;lēctus,culled,legō;pīctus,painted,pingō;rēctus,ruled,regō;ēsus,eaten,edō;strūctus,piled,struō;tēctus,covered,tegō;ūnctus,anointed,unguō;frāctus,broken,frangō;pāctus,fixed,pangō. Furthermore,iūnctus,joined,iungō;sānctus,hallowed,sanciō(831); also,fūnctus,having performed,fungor.
917.(1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,
lātus,borne(169,1);nātus,born;-plētus,filled;trītus,worn;nōtus,known;sūtus,sewed. So also an isolatedrūtus, in the law phraserūta caesa, orrūta et caesa,diggings and cuttings, i.e.minerals and timber.
918.(2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:
citus,datus,hurried,givenitum,ratus,gone,thinking-rutus,satus,fallen,plantedsitus,status,lying,setlitus,quitus,besmeared,been able
citus,datus,hurried,given
itum,ratus,gone,thinking
-rutus,satus,fallen,planted
situs,status,lying,set
litus,quitus,besmeared,been able
919.Ascitus, so alwayspercitusandincitus(onceincītus, doubtful); usuallyconcitus, rarelyconcītus;excitusandexcītusequally common; alwaysaccītus.ambītusalways has longī(763).āgnitus,recognized,cōgnitus,known, and the adjectivesinclutusorinclitus,of high renown, andputus,clean, have a short root vowel. Fordēfrūtum,dēfrutum, see134, 1.
920.I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in-ereare formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).
921.II. The principal parts of verbs in-āre,-ēre, and-īre, are usually formed as follows:
For other formations, see989-1022.
(A.) ROOT VERBS.
922.Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:
Forfuam, &c.,forem, &c.,fore, see750.fuī, &c., serves as the perfect system ofsum.
potuī, &c., serves as the perfect system ofpossum. Of the present system ofpotuī, onlypotēns,powerful, is used, and only as an adjective.
For compounds, see757.
So the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system (860).
Compounds haveiforain the perfect participle: as,cōn-situs.
Fortulī, oldtetulī, andlātus, see780; for the perfect ofre-ferō,861.
(B.) VERBS IN-ere.
(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.
923.(1a.) The following verbs in-erehave a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
924.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Forcon-cinō,oc-cinō, andprae-cinō, see971and823.
Fortennitur(Ter.),dis-tennite(Plaut.), see166, 4; late participletēnsus. Compounds have-tendī(860) and-tentus. But sometimesex-tēnsus, and in late writers,dē-tēnsus,dis-tēnsus,os-tēnsus, andre-tēnsus.
925.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
In meaning, the perfectpepigīcorresponds topacīscor;pānxit,made,set in verse(Enn.),pānxerit,set(Col.),pēgit(Pac.),pēgerit(Cic.),fixed, once each. Forcom-pingōandim-pingō, see938.
Forcom-pungōandex-pungō, see954and823.
In old Latin:tagō(Turp.),tagit,tagam(Pac.). Compounds haveiforain the present system: as,con-tingō,con-tingere,con-tigī(860),con-tāctus; in old Latin:at-tigās(Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.),at-tigat(Pac.),at-tigātis(Plaut., Pac.).
926.(c.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).
As the perfect and perfect participle oftollōare appropriated byferō,tollōtakes those ofsus-tollō. The original perfect istetulī(860).
927.(d.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
Forpoposcī, see855. For-didicīand-poposcī, see860.
928.(e.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
For forms in-īre, see791.com-periō,1012;re-periō,1011.
929.(1b.) The following verbs in-erehave a reduplicated perfect stem (858), and the perfect participle, when used, is-sus(912).
930.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Compounds haveiforain the present system: as,oc-cidō,oc-cidere,oc-cidī(860),oc-cāsus. Rarelyein the present and perfect systems (Enn.,Lucr., Varr.): as,ac-cedere,ac-cedisset(109). For the perfect ofre-cidō, see861.
Compounds haveīforae: as,ac-cīdō,ac-cīdere, ac-cīdī (860),ac-cīsus.
pepercī, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Oldparsī, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); onceparcuit(Naev.). Compounds:com-perce(Plaut.),con-parsit(Ter.),in-perce,im-percitō,re-percis(Plaut.),re-parcent(Lucr.).
931.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
For the perfect ofre-tundō, see861; other compounds have the perfect-tudī(861), but oncecon-tūdit(Enn.). Perfect participle,tūsus(Plin., Mart.); compounds:con-tūnsus(Plin.),con-tūsus(Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.);ob-tūnsus(Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.),op-tūsus,ob-tūsus(Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.);per-tūssus(Plaut.),per-tūsus(Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.);re-tūnsus(Plaut., Verg.),re-tūsus(Cic., Lucr., Hor.);sub-tūsus(Tib.).
932.(c.) With the present stem in-ro|e-, or-lo|e-(833).
For perfect of compounds, see860.
Compoundre-fellō,re-fellere,re-fellī(860),——.
For the perfect ofre-pellō, see861. Other compounds have-pulī(860).
933.(1c.) The following verbs in-ereare without the reduplication (861):
934.(a.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
935.(b.) With the present stem in-lo|e-(833).
936.(2a.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
937.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
Real compounds haveiforain the present system: as,ab-igō,ab-igere,ab-ēgī,ab-āctus; butper-agōretainsa.cōgōanddēgōare contracted:cōgō,cōgere,co-ēgī,co-āctus;dēgō,dēgere,——,——.
co-emōretainsein the present system, and usuallyinter-emōandper-emō; other compounds have-imō. Forcōmō,dēmō,prōmō, andsūmō, see952.
Forms of the present system areīcit(Plaut., Lucr.),īcitur(Plin.),īcimur(Lucr.).
Compounds withad,inter,nec-,per,prae, andre-, have-legōin the present system, others-ligō. Fordī-ligō,intel-legō,neg-legō, see952.
938.(b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
A compound ofpangō(925,823).
Compounds haveiforain the present system: as,cōn-fringō,cōn-fringere,cōn-frēgī,cōn-frāctus.
A compound ofpangō(925,823). So alsoop-pēgī.
So the compounds. But Plautus hascon-rumptusanddir-rumptus.
939.(c.) With the present stem in-sco|e-(834).
940.(d.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
Compounds haveiforain the present system andein the perfect participle: as,in-cipiō,in-cipere,in-cēpī,in-ceptus. In the present system,eis rare: as,re-cepit(Lucr.);uis frequent in old Latin.
See812-814.
Forfac, see846; for passive,788. Compounds haveiforain the present system andein the perfect participle: as,ef-ficiō,ef-ficere,ef-fēcī,ef-fectus.
Compounds have-iciō(104,c),-icere,-iēcī,-iectus: as,ē-iciō,ē-icere,ē-iēcī,ē-iectus. In old Latin the present system has rarely-ieciō;-iecere.dis-siciōis sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) fordis-iciō.
941.(2b.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (862), and the perfect participle, when used, in-sus(912).
942.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829).
943.(b.) With reduplication and-o|e-in the present stem (829).
944.(c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by-o|e-(831).
945.(d.) With the present stem in-so|e-for-to|e-(835).
946.(e.) With the present stem in-io|e-(836).
For forms in-īre, see791.
947.(2c.) The following verbs in-ere(367) with the present stem in-o|e-(837,840), have the perfect stem in-u-or in-v-of the theme (865), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
Compounds haveiforathroughout: as,cōn-stituō,cōn-stituere, &c.
948.Two verbs in-erewith the present stem in-nuo|e-(833), have the perfect stem in-nu-(865), and the perfect participle, when used, in-tus:
949.(3.) The following verbs in-erehave a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants (866), and the perfect participle in-sus(912):
950.(a.) With the present stem in-o|e-(829); most have a nasal (831).
Fordis-pennite(Plaut.), see166, 4.dis-pandō,dis-pendō, has perfect participledis-pessus(Plaut., Lucr.),dis-pānsus(Lucr., Plin., Suet.).
Rarelyprae-hendō; but very oftenprēndō,prēndere,prēndī,prēnsus.